Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the components of climate and Earth-system models. The components of current climate models are gray. The additional components required to construct Earth-system m...

Figure 2: (a) Observed and modeled seasonal cycle showing the extent of Arctic sea ice. (b) Observed (54) and (c) modeled (55) March-minus-September differences in fractional Arctic sea-ice coverage.

Figure 3: Spatial distributions of correlations of SST anomalies with anomalies averaged over the white box that defines the Niño 3 region from (a) the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST data set (HadISST)...

Figure 4: Temperatures during the twentieth century in 19 simulations by five climate models. Reprinted with permission from Reference 51, Figure SPM.4, p. 11.

Figure 5: Relative changes in precipitation for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emissions scenario A1B for 2090–2099 relative to 1980–1999 (51). The left panel shows changes for D...

Figure 1: Annual energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, 1980–2006. Sources: U.S. annual emissions amounts reported by U.S. Energy Information Administration in the 2006 Annual Energy Review (2) and ...

Figure 2: Annual energy-related carbon emissions, 1950–2006. Source: Historical 1950–2003 U.S. and global emissions data from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Cen...

Figure 3: Average global, Chinese (PRC), and U.S. per capita energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, 1950–2004. Source: China's emissions are derived from the revised total energy consumption data pu...

Figure 4: Cumulative energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, 1950–2006. Source: Historical 1800–1980 U.S. emissions data from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center...

Figure 5: China's historical carbon dioxide emissions estimates, 1980–2006. Sources: IEA, Carbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion 2007 (post-1997 estimates include Hong Kong) (6, 31); ORNL, Carbo...

Figure 6: Historical and forecast Chinese carbon emissions (World Energy Outlook), 1990–2030. Note: forecasts are displayed as linearly continuous on the basis of published periodic data (4, 5, 7–11).

Figure 7: Historical and forecast Chinese carbon emissions (International Energy Outlook), 1990–2030. Note: forecasts are displayed as linearly continuous on the basis of published periodic data (4, 5...

Figure 8: Historical and forecast Chinese carbon emissions, 1990–2030. Note: forecasts are displayed as linearly continuous on the basis of published periodic or future single-point data (4, 5, 34–36)...

Figure 9: China's GDP, carbon dioxide emissions, and population growth, 1980–2006. Source: emissions are derived from revised total energy consumption data published in the 2007 China Statistical Year...

Figure 10: Carbon intensity of China's GDP Growth, 1980–2006. The numbers in this figure are calculated according to the revised total energy consumption data published in the 2007 China Statistical Y...

Figure 11: Carbon elasticity of GDP growth, 1981–2006. Sources: China's National Bureau of Statistics revised deflated GDP data (4); emissions data are calculated according to the revised total energy...

Figure 12: China's fossil fuel reserve base, 2006. Source: China's National Bureau of Statistics (4).

Figure 13: Carbon intensity of energy production, 1980–2006. Note: China's emissions are derived from the revised total energy consumption data published in the 2007 China Statistical Yearbook (4) and...

Figure 14: China's global trade by value (current U.S. dollars), 1995–2006. Source: China Customs Bureau (4).

Figure 15: Annual appliance-related carbon emissions reductions, 2000–2020 (67).

Figure 1: Summary of the state and transition approach to ecosystem degradation and restoration. States are indicated in boxes, and possible transitions between states are shown by arrows. Hypothesize...

Figure 2: Representative restoration activities across a spectrum of levels of intervention. Modified from (9, 150).

Figure 3: Relative preference of spontaneous succession and technical reclamation along the productivity-stress gradient. Characteristics relevant to restoration are also related to the gradient (56).

Figure 4: Value of restored habitat versus the financial input to the restoration project for a number of different scenarios. 1. Habitat value increases linearly with the amount spent on the restorat...

Figure 5: Interactions among global change drivers, ecosystem and societal responses, potential outcomes, and management actions (note: diagram illustrates indicative factors and is not meant to provi...

Figure 1: Fuel economy versus vehicle efficiency for (a) U.S. passenger cars and (b) light trucks (pickups, minivans, SUVs), 1975–2004, Lutsey & Sperling (26).

Figure 2: U.S. hybrid market historical sales (1999–2007) (83–84).

Figure 1: The U.S. Drought Monitor for the week of March 25, 2008. The map was downloaded from the Web site of the National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (23a). See the te...

Figure 1: Schematic illustrating potential combinations of sanitation components and corresponding sections of this text. Abbreviations: NTS, natural treatment system; PF, pour-flush; VIP, ventilated ...

Figure 1: Trends in landings for reduction fisheries 1960 to 2001, by major regions. Region-specific information is not available between 1970 and 1976 (48, 49).

Figure 2: Trends in the composition of fishmeal on the basis of the top species destined for reduction that made up at least 75% of the fish used by volume for reduction in 1976 and 2001; (a) top five...

Figure 3: Trend in weighted mean trophic level of fish destined for reduction from 1976 to 2001 (49). The mean trophic level was calculated as described in Pauly & Watson (17).

Figure 4: Map of predicted global small pelagic fish consumption rate by all seabirds combined for an average year in the 1990s.

Figure 5: Distribution of estimated marine mammal food consumption rates (tkm−2year−1) of small pelagics for an average year in the 1990s (22).

Figure 6: Map of estimated overlap in resource exploitation of small pelagics by marine mammals and fisheries for an average year in the 1990s.

Figure 7: Forage fish landed and consumed directly by humans as a percentage of global landings (49, 50).

Figure 8: Per capita consumption of small fish from 1961 to 2002 (51).

Figure 9: Proportion of fishmeal consumed in aquaculture for major aquaculture-producing countries in 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2001 (52–55).

Figure 1: Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC)–certified areas by country and areas as a percentage of total national forest areas. From the PEFC (42) and the UN Food and Agricul...

Figure 2: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certified areas and as percentages of a country's total forest lands from the FSC (44) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (43).

Figure 3: Areas FSC and PEFC certified as percentage of national forest cover versus per annum change in forest cover for 2000 to 2005. Sources: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (43), Program for ...

Figure 1: Material flows and derived utilities in a generalized production (P) and consumption (C) system that draws on environmental resources (E) and adds waste to sinks (S). Solid lines are flows. ...

Figure 1: Simplified lineage of the human-environmental traditions addressed. Notes: Other interpretations of the research clusters identified in this figure exist (1, 57). Land-change science, for ex...

Figure 1: MODIS-derived 500-m true-color global data set for January (top) and July (bottom). From http://onearth.jpl.nasa.gov/.

Figure 2: Volumetric renderings of canopy structure of an approximately 1-km2 area of the La Selva Biological Research Station, Costa Rica. Data were collected using NASA's Laser Vegetation Imaging Se...

Figure 3: Linkages between human society and terrestrial vegetation. Remote sensing data contribute to understanding these linkages through mapping crop yields, land cover, vegetation productivity, ur...

Figure 4: Annual change from 1998 to 2003 in forest degradation from selective logging and burning in the Sinop region, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Data from Landsat 5 (bands 5, 4, and 3). Color bar in...

Figure 1: John Constable: Cloud Study, 1822, Tate Britain, (NO6065). Inscribed: “27 augt 11, o clock Noon/looking Eastward/large Silvery (clouds?) wind Gentle at S West”

Figure 2: Richard Long: A Line Made By Walking, 1967, Tate Britain, (Po7149).

Figure 3: Andy Goldsworthy: Hanging Trees. Oxley Bank, Yorkshire Sculpture Park. 2006 (Detail). Photo; Jonty Wilde.

Figure 4: James Turrell: Deer Shelter, an Art Fund Commission, A Skyspace, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, 2006, concrete, stone, brick. Photo; Jonty Wilde.

Figure 1: Temporal patterns in production of energy in panel (a), fertilizer in panel (b), cereal in panel (c), and meat in panel (d) for Asia and the world, and the percentage contribution from Asia.

Figure 2: South Asia and East Asia according to the Task Force for Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (12). The gray boxes indicate the geographical extent of these regions.

Figure 3: Total annual average anthropogenic emissions of NOx (g N m−2 yr−1) in panel (a), SO2 (g S m−2 yr−1) in panel (b), NH3 (g N m−2 yr−1) in panel (c), black carbon (g C m−2 yr−1) in panel (d), a...

Figure 4: Annual total depositions (wet and dry) of NOy (g N m−2 yr−1) in panel (a), NHx (g N m−2 yr−1) in panel (b), total N (NOy + NHx) (g N m−2 yr−1) in panel (c), total S (SO4 and SO2) (g S m−2 yr...

Figure 5: Changes in annual total deposition of nitrogen (mg N m−2 yr−1) in panels (a,b), sulfur (mg S m−2 yr−1) in panels (c,d), and black carbon (mg C m−2 yr−1) in panels (e,f), and annual average s...

Figure 6: Relative increases in nitrogen (NOy + NHx) in panels (a,c) and sulfur deposition in panels (b,d) for the CLE and IPCC-A2 scenarios in 2030 relative to the year 2000 (23, 24).

Figure 7: Temporal trends in China and India in the consumption of energy in panel (a), N fertilizer in panel (b), cereal in panel (c) and meat in panel (d) (, ).

Figure 8: Temporal variation of total consumption of N fertilizers in China from 1961 to 2006 (35, 36).

Figure 9: Cereal (circles) and vegetable (squares) production in China from 1961 to 2004 (3).

Figure 10: Number of cattle, pigs, and chickens in China from 1961 to 2005 (35).

Figure 11: Intensive and extensive transformation of agricultural land use in India (57).