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Annual Review of Nutrition

Volume 37, 2017

Trimethylamine -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease

Abstract

Trimethylamine -oxide (TMAO) is a biologically active molecule and is a putative promoter of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis in humans. Host intestinal bacteria produce its precursor trimethylamine (TMA) from carnitine, choline, or choline-containing compounds. Most of the TMA produced is passively absorbed into portal circulation, and hepatic flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) efficiently oxidize TMA to TMAO. Both observational and experimental studies suggest a strong positive correlation between increased plasma TMAO concentrations and adverse cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. However, a clear mechanistic link between TMAO and such diseases is not yet validated. Therefore, it is debated whether increased TMAO concentrations are the cause or result of these diseases. Here, we have tried to review the current understanding of the properties and physiological functions of TMAO, its dietary sources, and its effects on human metabolism. Studies that describe the potential role of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and other diseases are also discussed.

Keyword(s): cardiovascular disease, carnitine, choline, gut bacteria, kidney disease, TMA, TMAO
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2017-08-21
2024-04-24
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Trimethylamine N-Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease
Annual Review of Nutrition 37, 157 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064732
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064732
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064732
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