1932

Abstract

The most important impacts of social movements are often cultural, but the sheer variety of potential cultural impacts—from shifts in public opinion to new portrayals of a group on television to the metrics guiding funding in a federal agency—presents unique challenges to scholars. Rather than treating culture as a social sphere separate from politics and the economy, we conceptualize it as the ideas, values, and assumptions underpinning policies and practices in all spheres. We review recent research on movements’ impacts on public opinion and everyday behavior; the media and popular culture; nonpolitical institutions such as science, medicine, and education; and politics. We focus on cultural impacts that have mattered for movements’ constituencies and address why movements have had those impacts. We conclude with an agenda for future research, seeking greater connection between the literatures on movements and the literatures on the institutions that matter to movements.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022342
2019-07-30
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/45/1/annurev-soc-073018-022342.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022342&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adamczyk A. 2017. Cross-National Public Opinion About Homosexuality: Examining Attitudes Across the Globe Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  2. Adams J, Clemens ES, Orloff AS 2005. Introduction: social theory, modernity, and the three waves of historical sociology. Remaking Modernity: Politics, History, and Sociology J Adams, ES Clemens, AS Orloff 1–72 Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Allport GW, Clark K, Pettigrew T 1954. The Nature of Prejudice Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
  4. Amenta E. 2006. When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  5. Amenta E, Caren N, Chiarello E, Su Y 2010. The political consequences of social movements. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 36:287–307
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Amenta E, Caren N, Olasky SJ, Stobaugh J 2009. All the movements fit to print: who, what, when, where, and why SMO families appeared in the New York Times in the twentieth century. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74:636–56
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Amenta E, Elliott TA, Shortt N, Tierney AC, Türkoğlu D, Vann B 2019. Making good news: what explains the quality of coverage of the civil rights movement. Mobilization 24:119–37
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Amenta E, Gardner BG, Tierney AC, Yerena A, Elliott TA 2012. A story-centered approach to the coverage of high-profile SMOs. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 33 Media, Movements, and Political Change, ed. J Earl, DA Rohlinger 83–107 Bingley, UK: Emerald Group
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Amenta E, Young MP. 1999. Making an impact: the conceptual and methodological implications of the collective benefits criterion. How Movements Matter: Theoretical and Comparative Studies on the Consequences of Social Movements MG Giugni, D McAdam, C Tilly 22–41 Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Andrews KT, Beyerlein K, Farnum TT 2016. The legitimacy of protest: explaining white southerners' attitudes toward the civil rights movement. Soc. Forces 94:31021–44
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Andrews KT, Caren N. 2010. Making the news: movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. Am. Sociol. Rev. 75:841–66
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Archibald M. 2007. The Evolution of Self-Help New York: Palgrave Macmillan
  13. Armstrong EA. 2002. Forging Gay Identities: Organizing Sexuality in San Francisco, 1950–1994 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  14. Armstrong EA, Bernstein M. 2008. Culture, power, and institutions: a multi‐institutional politics approach to social movements. Sociol. Theory 26:174–99
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Armstrong EA, Crage SM. 2006. Movements and memory: the making of the Stonewall myth. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71:5724–51
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Arthur MML. 2011. Student Activism and Curricular Change in Higher Education Burlington, VT: Ashgate
  17. Bail CA. 2014. Terrified: How Anti-Muslim Fringe Organizations Became Mainstream Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  18. Bail CA, Brown TW, Mann M 2017. Channeling hearts and minds: advocacy organizations, cognitive-emotional currents, and public conversation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 82(6):1188–213
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Banaszak LA, Ondercin HL. 2016. Public opinion as a movement outcome: the case of the U.S. women's movement. Mobilization 21:3361–78
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Banerjee T. 2013. Media, movements, and mobilization: Tea Party protests in the United States, 2009–2010. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Vol. 36 PG Coy 39–75 Bingley, UK: Emerald Group
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bartels LM. 2016. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age New York: Russell Sage
  22. Bartley T, Child C. 2014. Shaming the corporation: the social production of targets and the anti-sweatshop movement. Am. Sociol. Rev. 79:4653–79
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Baumgartner FR, De Boef SL, Boydstun AE 2008. The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  24. Baumgartner FR, Mahoney C. 2005. Social movements, the rise of new issues, and the public agenda. Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy DS Meyer, V Jenness, HM Ingram 65–86 Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Baumle AK, Compton DLR. 2017. Love wins. Contexts 16:130–35
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Bearman PS, Brückner H. 2015. Promising the future: virginity pledges and first intercourse. Am. J. Sociol. 106:4859–912
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Béland D. 2005. Ideas and social policy: an institutionalist perspective. Soc. Policy Adm. 39:11–18
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Béland D. 2009. Ideas, institutions, and policy change. J. Eur. Public Policy 16:5701–18
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Bell JM. 2014. The Black Power Movement and American Social Work New York: Columbia Univ. Press
  30. Bennett WL, Segerberg A, Knüpfer CB 2018. The democratic interface: technology, political organization, and diverging patterns of electoral representation. Inf. Commun. Soc. 21:111655–80
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Bernstein M. 2018. Same-sex marriage and the assimilationist dilemma: a research agenda on marriage equality and the future of LGBTQ activism, politics, communities, and identities. J. Homosex. 65:141941–56
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Best RK. 2012. Disease politics and medical research funding: three ways advocacy shapes policy. Am. Sociol. Rev. 77:5780–803
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Binder AJ. 2002. Contentious Curricula: Afrocentrism and Creationism in American Public Schools Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  34. Blee K, McDowell A. 2012. Social movement audiences. Sociol. Forum 27:11–20
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Bonastia C. 2012. Southern Stalemate: Five Years Without Public Education in Prince Edward County, Virginia Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Bond BJ, Compton BL. 2015. Gay on-screen: the relationship between exposure to gay characters on television and heterosexual audiences' endorsement of gay equality. J. Broadcast. Electron. Media 59:4717–32
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Bosi L, Giugni MG, Uba K 2016. The consequences of social movements: taking stock and looking forward. The Consequences of Social Movements L Bosi, MG Giugni, K Uba 3–38 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Boykoff J, Laschever E. 2011. The Tea Party movement, framing, and the U.S. media. Soc. Mov. Stud. 10:341–66
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Briscoe F, Gupta A. 2016. Social activism in and around organizations. Acad. Manag. Ann. 10:1671–727
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Brown P, Zavestoski S, McCormick S, Mayer B, Morello-Frosch R, Gasior Altman R 2004. Embodied health movements: new approaches to social movements in health. Sociol. Health Illn. 26:150–80
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Brulle R, Carmichael J, Jenkins JC 2012. Shifting public opinion on climate change: an empirical assessment of factors influencing concern over climate change in the US, 2002–2010. Clim. Change 114:2169–88
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Burstein P. 1985. Discrimination, Jobs, and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States Since the New Deal Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  43. Cary TE, Branton RP, Martinez-Eberz V 2014. The influence of social protest on issue salience among Latinos. Political Res. Q. 67:3615–27
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Cherry E. 2015. “I was a teenage vegan”: motivation and maintenance of lifestyle movements. Sociol. Inq. 85:155–74
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Chong D, Druckman JN. 2007. Framing theory. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 10:103–26
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Clair M, Daniel C, Lamont M 2016. Destigmatization and health: cultural constructions and the long-term reduction of stigma. Soc. Sci. Med. 165:223–32
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Clemens ES. 1997. The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890–1925 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  48. Cockrill K, Biggs A. 2018. Can stories reduce abortion stigma? Findings from a longitudinal cohort study. Cult. Health Sex. 20:3335–50
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Coe AB. 2012. Policy change as one piece of the picture: outcomes among reproductive rights advocates in Peru. J. Gend. Stud. 21:2151–67
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Cornelissen G, Pandelaere M, Warlop L, Dewitte S 2008. Positive cueing: promoting sustainable consumer behavior by cueing common environmental behaviors as environmental. Int. J. Res. Mark. 25:146–55
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Cunningham D, Nugent C, Slodden C 2010. The durability of collective memory: reconciling the “Greensboro massacre.”. Soc. Forces 88:41517–42
    [Google Scholar]
  52. d'Anjou L. 1996. Social Movements and Cultural Change: The First Abolition Campaign Revisited Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter
  53. Dixon M, Martin AW, Nau M 2016. Social protest and corporate change: brand visibility, third-party influence, and the responsiveness of corporations to activist campaigns. Mobilization 21:165–82
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Dobbin F. 2009. Inventing Equal Opportunity Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  55. Dubuisson-Quellier S. 2013. A market mediation strategy: how social movements seek to change firms’ practices by promoting new principles of product valuation. Organ. Stud. 34:5–6683–703
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Dyck JJ, Pearson-Merkowitz S. 2014. To know you is not necessarily to love you: the partisan mediators of intergroup contact. Political Behav 36:3553–80
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Earl J. 2004. The cultural consequences of social movements. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements DA Snow, SA Soule, H Kriesi 508–30 Malden, MA: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Earl J, Garrett RK. 2017. The new information frontier: toward a more nuanced view of social movement communication. Soc. Mov. Stud. 16:4479–93
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Earl J, Martin A, McCarthy JD, Soule SA 2004. The use of newspaper data in the study of collective action. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:65–80
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Eisenstein H. 1996. Inside Agitators: Australian Femocrats and the State Philadelphia, PA: Temple Univ. Press
  61. Elliott TA, Amenta E, Caren N 2016. Recipes for attention: policy reforms, crises, organizational characteristics, and the newspaper coverage of the LGBT movement, 1969–2009. Sociol. Forum 31:926–47
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Epstein S. 1995. The construction of lay expertise: AIDS activism and the forging of credibility in the reform of clinical trials. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 20:4408–37
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Epstein S. 2007. Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  64. Epstein S. 2016. The politics of health mobilization in the United States: the promise and pitfalls of “disease constituencies.”. Soc. Sci. Med. 165:246–54
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Evans RL, Kay T. 2008. How environmentalists “greened” trade policy: strategic action and the architecture of field overlap. Am. Sociol. Rev. 73:6970–91
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Eyerman R. 2015. Social movements and memory. Routledge International Handbook of Memory Studies AL Tota, T Hagen 101–5 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Eyerman R, Jamison A. 1991. Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach University Park: Pa. State Press
  68. Ferree MM, Gamson WA, Gerhards J, Rucht D 2002. Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  69. Fetner T. 2016. U.S. attitudes toward lesbian and gay people are better than ever. Contexts 15:220–27
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Gaby S, Caren N. 2016. The rise of inequality: how social movements shape discursive fields. Mobilization 21:4413–29
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Gamson WA. 1992. Talking Politics Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  72. Gamson WA, Wolfsfeld G. 1993. Movements and media as interacting systems. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 528:114–25
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Gans HJ. 1979. Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time New York: Random House
  74. Garretson J, Suhay E. 2016. Scientific communication about biological influences on homosexuality and the politics of gay rights. Political Res. Q. 69:117–29
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Ghaziani A, Taylor VA, Stone A 2016. Cycles of sameness and difference in LGBT social movements. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 42:165–83
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Gitlin T. 1980. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  77. Giugni MG, Grasso MT. 2016. The biographical impact of participation in social movement activities: beyond highly committed New Left activism. The Consequences of Social Movements L Bosi, MG Giugni, K Uba 85–105 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Gottfried J, Shearer E. 2016. News use across social media platforms 2016 Rep., Pew Res. Cent Washington, DC: http://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/
  79. Gray H. 1997. Remembering civil rights: television, memory, and the sixties. The Revolution Wasn't Televised: Sixties Television and Social Conflict L Spigel, M Curtin 349–58 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Griffin LJ, Bollen KA. 2009. What do these memories do? Civil rights remembrance and racial attitudes. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74:594–614
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Guilbeault D, Becker J, Centola D 2018. Complex contagions: a decade in review. Complex Spreading Phenomena in Social Systems S Lehmann, Y Ahn3–25 Berlin: Springer Nature
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Guo C, Saxton GD. 2018. Speaking and being heard: how nonprofit advocacy organizations gain attention on social media. Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q. 47:15–26
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Haenfler R, Johnson B, Jones E 2012. Lifestyle movements: exploring the intersection of lifestyle and social movements. Soc. Mov. Stud. 11:11–20
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Halfmann D. 2011. Doctors and Demonstrators: How Political Institutions Shape Abortion Law in the United States, Britain, and Canada Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  85. Hall PA. 1993. Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: the case of economic policymaking in Britain. Comp. Politics 25:275–96
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Haltom W, McCann M. 2004. Distorting the Law: Politics, Media, and the Litigation Crisis Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  87. Harlow S, Salaverría R, Kilgo DK, García-Perdomo V 2017. Protest paradigm in multimedia: social media sharing of coverage about the crime of Ayotzinapa, Mexico. J. Commun. 67:3328–49
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Hertel-Fernandez A. 2019. State Capture: How Conservative Activists, Big Businesses, and Wealthy Donors Reshaped the American States—and the Nation New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  89. Inglehart R, Norris P 2003. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  90. Isaac L. 2009. Movements, aesthetics, and markets in literary change: making the American labor problem novel. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74:938–65
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Jaffee D. 2012. Weak coffee: certification and co-optation in the fair trade movement. Soc. Probl. 59:194–116
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Jansen R. 2007. Resurrection and appropriation: reputational trajectories, memory work, and the political use of historical figures. Am. J. Sociol. 112:4953–1007
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Jasper JM. 2015. Introduction. Players and Arenas: The Interactive Dynamics of Protest JM Jasper, JW Duyvendak 9–32 Amsterdam: Univ. Amsterdam Press
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Jenness V, Grattet RG. 2001. Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement to Law Enforcement New York: Russell Sage
  95. Jenson J. 2009. Lost in translation: the social investment perspective and gender equality. Soc. Politics 16:4446–83
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Katzenstein MF. 1999. Faithful and Fearless: Moving Feminist Protest Inside the Church and Military Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  97. Kilmer B, MacCoun RJ. 2017. How medical marijuana smoothed the transition to marijuana legalization in the United States. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 13:181–202
    [Google Scholar]
  98. King BG. 2008. A political mediation model of corporate response to social movement activism. Admin. Sci. Q. 53:3395–421
    [Google Scholar]
  99. King BG. 2016. Reputation, risk, and anti-corporate activism: how social movements influence corporate outcomes. The Consequences of Social Movements L Bosi, MG Giugni, K Uba 215–36 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  100. King BG, Pearce NA. 2010. The contentiousness of markets: politics, social movements, and institutional change in markets. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 36:249–67
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Lamont M. 2012. Toward a comparative sociology of valuation and evaluation. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 38:201–21
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Lee T. 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion: Black Insurgency and Racial Attitudes in the Civil Rights Era Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  103. Lopez LK. 2016. Asian American Media Activism: Fighting for Cultural Citizenship New York: NYU Press
  104. Lounsbury M, Ventresca MJ, Hirsch PM 2003. Social movements, field frames and industry emergence: a cultural-political perspective on U.S. recycling. Socio-Econ. Rev. 1:71–104
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Luders J. 2010. The Civil Rights Movement and the Logic of Social Change New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  106. Luker K. 1984. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  107. Mansbridge JJ. 1986. Why We Lost the ERA Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  108. Mansbridge JJ, Flaster K. 2007. The cultural politics of everyday discourse: the case of “male chauvinist.”. Crit. Sociol. 33:4627–60
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Martin IW. 2008. The Permanent Tax Revolt: How the Property Tax Transformed American Politics Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
  110. Martin IW. 2013. Rich People's Movements: Grassroots Campaigns to Untax the One Percent New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  111. Mazumder S. 2018. The persistent effect of U.S. civil rights protests on political attitudes. Am. J. Political Sci. 62:4922–35
    [Google Scholar]
  112. McAdam D, Kloos K. 2014. Democracy Imperiled: Race, Class and the Emerging Politics of Inequality, 1960–2012 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  113. McAdam D, Su Y. 2002. The war at home: antiwar protests and congressional voting, 1965 to 1973. Am. Sociol. Rev. 67:696–721
    [Google Scholar]
  114. McCarthy JD, McPhail C, Smith J 1996. Images of protest: estimating selection bias in media coverage of Washington demonstrations, 1982 and 1991. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61:478–99
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Meyer DS, Staggenborg S. 1996. Movements, countermovements, and the structure of political opportunity. Am. J. Sociol. 101:61628–60
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Montgomery KC. 1989. Target: Prime Time; Advocacy Groups and the Struggle over Entertainment Television New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  117. Moore K. 1999. Political protest and institutional change: the anti-Vietnam War movement and American science. How Social Movements Matter M Giugni, D McAdam, C Tilly 97–118 Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Moore K. 2008. Disrupting Science: Social Movements, American Scientists, and the Politics of the Military, 1945–1975 Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  119. Mulligan K, Grant T, Bennett D 2013. The dynamics of public opinion on cultural policy issues in the U.S., 1972–2010. Political Behav 35:4807–29
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Oliver PE, Maney GM. 2000. Political process and local newspaper coverage of protest events: from selection bias to triadic interactions. Am. J. Sociol. 106:463–505
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Oliver PE, Myers DJ. 1999. How events enter the public sphere: conflict, location, and sponsorship in local newspaper coverage of public events. Am. J. Sociol. 105:38–87
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Page B, Shapiro RY, Dempsey G 1987. What moves public opinion. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 81:23–44
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Perlman A. 2016. Public Interests: Media Advocacy and Struggles over US Television New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
  124. Perrin AJ. 2009. Citizen Speak: The Democratic Imagination in American Life Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
  125. Pescosolido BA, Grauerholz E, Milkie MA 1997. Culture and conflict: the portrayal of blacks in U.S. children's picture books through the mid- and late-twentieth century. Am. Sociol. Rev. 62:3443–64
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Pew Res. Cent 2010. How news happens: a study of the news ecosystem of one American city Rep., Pew Res. Cent Washington, DC: http://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/how_news_happens/
  127. Pew Res. Cent 2015. State of the news media 2015 Rep., Pew Res. Cent Washington, DC: http://www.journalism.org/2015/04/29/state-of-the-news-media-2015
  128. Poell T. 2014. Social media and the transformation of activist communication: exploring the social media ecology of the 2010 Toronto G20 protests. Inf. Commun. Soc. 17:6716–31
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Polletta F. 1998. Legacies and liabilities of an insurgent past: remembering Martin Luther King, Jr., on the House and Senate floor. Soc. Sci. Hist. 22:479–512
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Polletta F. 2008. Culture and movements. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 619:78–96
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Polletta F, Gardner B. 2015. Culture and movements. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences R Scott, M Buchmann, S Kosslyn Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0108
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. Polletta F, Jasper JM. 2001. Collective identity and social movements. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:283–305
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Polletta F, Tomlinson C. 2014. Date rape after the afterschool special: narrative trends in the televised depiction of social problems. Sociol. Forum 29:3527–48
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Powell B, Bolzendahl C, Geist C, Steelman LC 2010. Counted Out: Same-Sex Relations and Americans’ Definitions of Family New York: Russell Sage
  135. Raeburn N. 2004. Changing Corporate America from Inside Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
  136. Ramasubramanian S. 2011. The impact of stereotypical versus counterstereotypical media exemplars on racial attitudes, causal attributions, and support for affirmative action. Comm. Res. 38:4497–516
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Rao H. 1998. Caveat emptor: the construction of nonprofit consumer watchdog organizations. Am. J. Sociol. 103:4912–61
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Ray R, Brown M, Fraistat N, Summers E 2017. Ferguson and the death of Michael Brown on Twitter: #BlackLivesMatter, #TCOT, and the evolution of collective identities. Ethnic Racial Stud 40:111797–813
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Rochon TR. 1998. Culture Moves: Ideas, Activism, and Changing Values Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  140. Rohlinger DA. 2015. Abortion Politics, Mass Media, and Social Movements in America New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  141. Rohlinger DA, Kail B, Taylor M, Conn S 2012. Outside the mainstream: social movement media coverage in mainstream and partisan news outlets. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 33 Media, Movements, and Political Change J Earl, DA Rohlinger51–80 Bingley, UK: Emerald Group
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Rojas F. 2006. Social movement tactics, organizational change, and the spread of African-American studies. Soc. Forces 84:2139–58
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Rossman G. 2000. Hostile and cooperative advocacy. Advocacy Groups and the Entertainment Industry M Suman, G Rossman 85–103 Westport, CT: Praeger
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Roy WG. 2013. Reds, Whites, and Blues: Social Movements, Folk Music, and Race in the United States Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  145. Saguy AC. 2012. What's Wrong with Fat? New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  146. Schneiberg M, Lounsbury M. 2017. Social movements and institutional analysis. Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism R Greenwood, C Oliver, K Sahlin-Andersson, R Suddaby 650–72 London: Sage
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Schudson M. 2011. The Sociology of the News New York: Norton, 2nd ed..
  148. Seguin C. 2016. Cascades of coverage: dynamics of media attention to social movement organizations. Soc. Forces 94:997–1020
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Seidman GW. 2007. Beyond the Boycott: Labor Rights, Human Rights, and Transnational Activism Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
  150. Seidman S. 2002. Beyond the Closet: The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Life New York: Routledge
  151. Sine WD, Lee BH. 2009. Tilting at windmills? The environmental movement and the emergence of the U.S. wind energy sector. Adm. Sci. Q. 54:123–55
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Skrentny JD. 2006. Policy‐elite perceptions and social movement success: understanding variations in group inclusion in affirmative action. Am. J. Sociol. 111:61762–815
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Smith J, McCarthy JD, McPhail C, Augustyn B 2001. From protest to agenda building: description bias in media coverage of protest events in Washington, DC. Soc. Forces 79:1397–423
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Snow DA, Soule SA, Kriesi H 2004. Mapping the terrain. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements DA Snow, SA Soule, H Kriesi 3–16 Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Soule SA. 2009. Contention and Corporate Social Responsibility Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  156. Steensland B. 2006. Cultural categories and the American welfare state: the case of guaranteed income policy. Am. J. Sociol. 111:1273–326
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Stone DA. 1989. Causal stories and the formation of policy agendas. Political Sci. Q. 104:281–300
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Suh D. 2011. Institutionalizing social movements: the dual strategy of the Korean women's movement. Sociol. Q. 52:3442–71
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Szymanski AE. 2003. Pathways to Prohibition: Radicals, Moderates, and Social Movement Outcomes Raleigh, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  160. Tarrow S. 2013. The Language of Contention: Revolutions in Words, 1688–2012 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  161. Taylor VA. 1996. Rock-a-by Baby: Feminism, Self-Help, and Postpartum Depression New York: Routledge
  162. Taylor VA, Rupp LJ. 2006. Learning from drag queens. Contexts 5:12–17
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Taylor VA, Van Dyke N 2004.. “ Get Up, Stand Up”: tactical repertoires of social movements. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements DA Snow, SA Soule, H Kriesi 262–93 Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Van Dyke N, Taylor VA 2018. The cultural outcomes of social movements. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements DA Snow, SA Soule, H Kriesi, HJ McCammon 482–98 Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Vasi IB. 2011. Winds of Change: The Environmental Movement and the Global Development of the Wind Energy Industry New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  166. Walker E, Martin A, McCarthy J 2008. Confronting the state, the corporation, and the academy: the influence of institutional targets on social movement repertoires. Am. J. Sociol. 114:135–76
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Weber K, Thomas LG, Rao H 2009. From streets to suites: how the anti-biotech movement affected German pharmaceutical firms. Am. Sociol. Rev. 74:1106–27
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Weir M. 1993. Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policies in the United States Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
  169. Whittier N. 2004. The consequences of social movements for each other. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements DA Snow, SA Soule, H Kriesi 331–552 Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Whittier N. 2009. The Politics of Child Sexual Abuse: Emotion, Social Movements, and the State New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  171. Willis MM, Schor JB. 2012. Does changing a light bulb lead to changing the world? Political action and the conscious consumer. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 644:160–90
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Woodly DR. 2015. The Politics of Common Sense: How Social Movements Use Public Discourse to Change Politics and Win Acceptance New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  173. Yankelovich D. 1974. The New Morality: A Profile of American Youth in the '70s New York: McGraw-Hill
  174. Zaller J. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
  175. Zippel KS. 2006. The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union, and Germany Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022342
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error