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Plant mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) constitute a network of signaling cascades responsible for transducing extracellular stimuli and decoding them to dedicated cellular and developmental responses that shape the plant body. Over the last decade, we have accumulated information about how MAPK modules control the development of reproductive tissues and gametes and the embryogenic and postembryonic development of vegetative organs such as roots, root nodules, shoots, and leaves. Of key importance to understanding how MAPKs participate in developmental and environmental signaling is the characterization of their subcellular localization, their interactions with upstream signal perception mechanisms, and the means by which they target their substrates. In this review, we summarize the roles of MAPK signaling in the regulation of key plant developmental processes, and we survey what is known about the mechanisms guiding the subcellular compartmentalization of MAPK modules.
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Supplemental Video 1: Time-lapse movie from advanced light-sheet microscopy showing cell-cycle dependent developmental localization of MPK6 in meristematic zone of growing Arabidopsis primary root of mpk6-2 mutant phenotypically rescued by the expression of proMPK6::GFP:MPK6 construct. Recording time of 2 h and 30 min, frames acquired every 2 min, 77 frames in total, video rate of 6 fps.