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Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 58, 2020

The Cosmic Baryon and Metal Cycles

Abstract

Characterizing the relationship between stars, gas, and metals in galaxies is a critical component of understanding the cosmic baryon cycle. We compile contemporary censuses of the baryons in collapsed structures and their chemical makeup and dust content. We show the following:

  • ▪   The mass density of the Universe is well determined to redshifts and shows minor evolution with time. New observations of molecular hydrogen reveal its evolution mirrors that of the global star-formation rate density, implying a universal cosmic molecular gas depletion timescale. The low-redshift decline of the star-formation history is thus driven by the lack of molecular gas supply due to a drop in net accretion rate related to the decreased growth of dark matter halos.
  • ▪   The metal mass density in cold gas ( K) contains virtually all the metals produced by stars for . At lower redshifts, the contributors to the total amount of metals are more diverse; at , most of the observed metals are bound in stars. Overall, there is little evidence for a “missing metals problem” in modern censuses.
  • ▪   We characterize the dust content of neutral gas over cosmic time, finding the dust-to-gas and dust-to-metals ratios fall with decreasing metallicity. We calculate the cosmological dust mass density in the neutral gas up to . There is good agreement between multiple tracers of the dust content of the Universe.

Keyword(s): atomic and molecular gas, baryon density, cosmic abundances, galaxy chemical evolution, interstellar dust, quasar absorption line spectroscopy
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-021820-120014
2020-08-18
2025-04-22
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-021820-120014
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The Cosmic Baryon and Metal Cycles
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 58, 363 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-021820-120014
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-021820-120014
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-021820-120014
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Supplementary Data

  • Download Supplemental Tables 1-6 (ZIP file containing tables in ASC format). Revised files posted on Nov. 12, 2021.

  • Article Type: Review Article

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