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Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 61, 2023

Quasars and the Intergalactic Medium at Cosmic Dawn

Abstract

Quasars at cosmic dawn provide powerful probes of the formation and growth of the earliest supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the Universe, their connections to galaxy and structure formation, and the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at the epoch of reionization (EoR). Hundreds of quasars have been discovered in the first billion years of cosmic history, with the quasar redshift frontier extended to ∼ 7.6. Observations of quasars at cosmic dawn show the following:

  • ▪  The number density of luminous quasars declines exponentially at > 5, suggesting that the earliest quasars emerge at ∼ 10; the lack of strong evolution in their average spectral energy distribution indicates a rapid buildup of the active galactic nucleus environment.
  • ▪  Billion-solar-mass black holes (BHs) already exist at > 7.5; they must form and grow in less than 700 Myr, by a combination of massive early BH seeds with highly efficient and sustained accretion.
  • ▪  The rapid quasar growth is accompanied by strong star formation and feedback activity in their host galaxies, which show diverse morphological and kinetic properties, with typical dynamical mass lower than that implied by the local BH/galaxy scaling relations.
  • ▪  H absorption in quasar spectra probes the tail end of cosmic reionization at ∼ 5.3–6 and indicates the EoR midpoint at 6.9 < < 7.6, with large spatial fluctuations in IGM ionization. Observations of heavy element absorption lines suggest that the circumgalactic medium also experiences evolution in its ionization structure and metal enrichment during the EoR.

Keyword(s): cosmic reionization, galaxy evolution, supermassive black hole
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2023-08-18
2025-04-28
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-102455
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Quasars and the Intergalactic Medium at Cosmic Dawn
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 61, 373 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-102455
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-102455
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-102455
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Supplementary Data

  • This database contains basic properties of all quasars at z > 5.3 published in the literature by October 2022. To be included in the database, we require the object to have a spectroscopically confirmed redshift at z > 5.3, with at least one broad emission line (full-width at half-maximum > 2,000 km s1) detected in the rest-frame UV. For each quasar, the database includes information of the quasar name, coordinates, redshift, UV continuum luminosity, the properties of MgII emission line and MgII-based black hole mass, as well as the references for the initial discovery, redshift determination, and BH mass measurements.

    Download the Supplemental Database (CSV).

    Download the Supplemental Database References (CSV).

  • Article Type: Review Article

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