1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 60, 2022
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 60, 2022

Spirals in Galaxies

Abstract

Spirals in galaxies have long been thought to be caused by gravitational instability in the stellar component of the disk, but discerning the precise mechanism had proved elusive. Tidal interactions, and perhaps bars, may provoke some spiral responses, but spirals in many galaxies must be self-excited. We survey the relevant observational data and aspects of disk dynamical theory. The origin of the recurring spiral patterns in simulations of isolated disk galaxies has recently become clear, and it is likely that the mechanism is the same in real galaxies, although evidence to confirm this supposition is hard to obtain. As transient spiral activity increases random motion, the patterns must fade over time unless the disk also contains a dissipative gas component. Continuing spiral activity alters the structure of the disks in other ways: reducing metallicity gradients and flattening rotation curves are two of the most significant. The overwhelming majority of spirals in galaxies have two- or three-fold rotational symmetry, indicating that the cool, thin disk component is massive. Spirals in simulations of halo-dominated disks instead manifest many arms and, consequently, do not capture the expected full spiral-driven evolution. We conclude by identifying areas where further work is needed.

Keyword(s): disk galaxies, kinematics and dynamics, structure and evolution
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104505
2022-08-18
2024-10-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/60/1/annurev-astro-052920-104505.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104505&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abraham RG, Tanvir NR, Santiago BX et al. 1996. MNRAS 279:L47–52
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Antoja T, Helmi A, Romero-Gómez M et al. 2018. Nature 561:360–62
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Athanassoula E. 1984. Phys. Rep. 114:321–403
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Athanassoula E. 2002. Ap. J. Lett. 569:L83–86
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Athanassoula E. 2012. MNRAS 426:L46–50
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Athanassoula E, Bosma A, Papaioannou S. 1987. Astron. Astrophys. 179:23–40
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Aumer M, Binney J, Schönrich R. 2016. MNRAS 459:3326–48
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Avila-Reese V, González-Samaniego A, Coln P, Ibarra-Medel H, Rodríguez-Puebla A. 2018. Ap. J. 854:152
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Baba J. 2015. MNRAS 454:2954–64
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Berrier J, Sellwood JA. 2016. Ap. J. 831:65
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Berrier JC, Sellwood JA. 2015. Ap. J. 799:213
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bertin G, Lin CC. 1996. Spiral Structure in Galaxies Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Bertin G, Lin CC, Lowe SA, Thurstans RP. 1989. Ap. J. 338:78–103
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Bertin G, Romeo AB. 1989. Astron. Astrophys. 195:105–13
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Binney J. 2016. MNRAS 462:2792–803
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Binney J. 2020. MNRAS 496:767–83
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Binney J, Tremaine S 2008. Galactic Dynamics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. , 2nd ed..
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Bird JC, Kazantzidis S, Weinberg DH et al. 2013. Ap. J. 773:43
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Bittner A, Gadotti DA, Elmegreen BG et al. 2017. MNRAS 471:1070
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Bland-Hawthorn J, Gerhard O 2016. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54:529–96
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Block DL, Elmegreen BG, Wainscoat RJ 1996. Nature 381:674–76
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Buta R, Combes F. 1996. Fundam. Cosmic Phys. 17:95–281
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Buta R, Crocker DA, Byrd GG. 1992. Astron. J. 103:1526–35
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Buta RJ, Knapen JH, Elmegreen BG et al. 2009. Astron. J. 137:4487–516
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Buta RJ, Sheth K, Athanassoula E et al. 2015. Ap. J. Suppl. 217:32
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Buta RJ, Sheth K, Regan M et al. 2010. Ap. J. Suppl. 190:147–65
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Carlberg RG, Freedman WL. 1985. Ap. J. 298:486–92
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Casamiquela L, Castro-Ginard A, Anders F, Soubiran C 2021. Astron. Astrophys. 654:A151
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Castro-Ginard A, McMillan PJ, Luri X et al. 2021. Astron. Astrophys. 652:A162
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Chandar R, Chien L-H, Meidt S et al. 2017. Ap. J. 845:78
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Churchwell E, Babler BL, Meade MR et al. 2009. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121:213–30
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Clutton-Brock M. 1972. Ap. Space Sci. 16:101–19
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Daniel KJ, Wyse RFG. 2018. MNRAS 476:1561–80
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Davis BL, Berrier JC, Shields DW et al. 2012. Ap. J. Suppl. 199:33
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Davis BL, Kennefick D, Kennefick J et al. 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 802:L13
     [Google Scholar]
  36. De Rijcke S, Fouvry J-B, Pichon C. 2019. MNRAS 484:3198–208
     [Google Scholar]
  37. De Rijcke S, Voulis I. 2016. MNRAS 456:2024–40
     [Google Scholar]
  38. De Silva GM, Freeman KC, Bland-Hawthorn J et al. 2015. MNRAS 449:2604–17
     [Google Scholar]
  39. de Vaucouleurs G. 1958. Ap. J. 127:487–503
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Díaz-García S, Salo H, Knapen JH et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 631:A94
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Dixon ME. 1971. Ap. J. 164:411–23
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Dobbs C, Baba J. 2014. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 31:E035
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Dobbs CL, Pringle JE. 2010. MNRAS 409:396–404
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Dobbs CL, Theis C, Pringle JE, Bate MR. 2010. MNRAS 403:625–45
     [Google Scholar]
  45. D'Onghia E, Vogelsberger M, Hernquist L. 2013. Ap. J. 766:34
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Drury LO'C. 1980. MNRAS 193:337–43
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Earn DJD, Sellwood JA. 1995. Ap. J. 451:533–41
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Efstathiou G, Lake G, Negroponte J. 1982. MNRAS 199:1069–88
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Eilers A-C, Hogg DW, Rix H-W et al. 2020. Ap. J. 900:186
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Elmegreen BG, Elmegreen DM, Leitner SN. 2003. Ap. J. 590:271–83
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Elmegreen BG, Thomasson M. 1993. Astron. Astrophys. 272:37–58
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Elmegreen DM, Elmegreen BG. 1982. MNRAS 201:1021–34
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Elmegreen DM, Elmegreen BG. 2014. Ap. J. 781:11
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Elmegreen DM, Elmegreen BG, Marcus MT et al. 2009. Ap. J. 701:306–29
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Elmegreen DM, Elmegreen BG, Yau A et al. 2011. Ap. J. 737:32
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Erroz-Ferrer S, Knapen JH, Leaman R et al. 2015. MNRAS 451:1004–24
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Eskridge PB, Frogel JA, Pogge RW et al. 2002. Ap. J. Suppl. 143:73–111
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Evans NW, Read JCA. 1998a. MNRAS 300:83–105
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Evans NW, Read JCA. 1998b. MNRAS 300:106–30
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Feldman SI, Lin CC. 1973. Stud. Appl. Math. 52:1–20
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Ferrière K. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 335:488–99
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Font J, Beckman JE, Querejeta et al. 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 210:2
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Fouvry J-B, Pichon C. 2015. MNRAS 449:1982–95
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Foyle K, Rix H-W, Dobbs CL, Leroy AK, Walter F. 2011. Ap. J. 735:101
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Foyle K, Rix H-W, Walter F, Leroy AK 2010. Ap. J. 725:534–41
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Frankel N, Sanders J, Ting Y-S, Rix H-W. 2020. Ap. J. 896:15
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Fraser-McKelvie A, Aragón-Salamanca A, Merrifield M et al. 2018. MNRAS 481:5580–91
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Fraser-McKelvie A, Brown MJI, Pimbblet KA et al. 2016. MNRAS 462:L11–15
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Freeman KC 1992. Physics of Nearby Galaxies: Nature or Nurture? TX Thuan, C Balkawski, JTT Van 201–14 Gif-sur-Yvette, Fr: Editions Frontiéres
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Fujii MS, Baba J, Saitoh TR et al. 2011. Ap. J. 730:109
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Gaia Collab., Katz D, Antoja T et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 616A:11
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Genzel R, Burkert A, Bouché N et al. 2008. Ap. J. 687:59–77
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Goldreich P, Lynden-Bell D. 1965. MNRAS 130:125–58
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Goldreich P, Tremaine S 1978. Ap. J. 222:850–58
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Grand RJJ, Kawata D, Cropper M. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 553:A77
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Gunn JE 1982. Astrophysical Cosmology HA Brück, GV Coyne, MS Longair 233–59 Vatican City: Pont. Acad. Sci.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Hänninen J, Flynn C. 2002. MNRAS 337:731–42
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Hart RE, Bamford SP, Casteels KRV et al. 2017a. MNRAS 468:1850–63
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Hart RE, Bamford SP, Hayes WB et al. 2017b. MNRAS 472:2263–79
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Hart RE, Bamford SP, Keel WC et al. 2018. MNRAS 478:932–49
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Hart RE, Bamford SP, Willett KW et al. 2016. MNRAS 461:3663–82
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Hayden MR, Bovy J, Holtzman JA et al. 2015. Ap. J. 808:132
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Herpich J, Tremaine S, Rix H-W. 2017. MNRAS 467:5022–32
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Hewitt IB, Treuthardt P. 2020. MNRAS 493:3854–65
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Hill GW. 1878. Am. J. Math. 1:5
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Hockney RW, Brownrigg DRK. 1974. MNRAS 167:351–58
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Hohl F. 1971. Ap. J. 168:343–59
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Holmberg J, Nordström B, Andersen J. 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 501:941–47
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Hubble EP. 1926. Ap. J. 64:321–69
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Hunt JAS, Hong J, Bovy J, Kawata D, Grand RJJ. 2018. MNRAS 481:3794–803
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Ida S, Kokubo E, Makino J. 1993. MNRAS 263:875–89
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Jalali MA. 2007. Ap. J. 669:218–31
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Jarrett TH, Chester T, Cutri R, Schneider SE, Huchra JP. 2003. Astron. J. 125:525–54
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Jog CJ, Combes F. 2009. Phys. Rep. 471:75–111
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Julian WH, Toomre A. 1966. Ap. J. 146:810–30
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Kalnajs AJ. 1965. The stability of highly flattened galaxies. PhD Thesis Harvard Univ.
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Kalnajs AJ. 1971. Ap. J. 166:275–93
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Kalnajs AJ. 1973. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 2:174–77
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Kalnajs AJ. 1977. Ap. J. 212:637–44
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Kalnajs AJ 1978. Structure and Properties of Nearby Galaxies, IAU Symp. 77 EM Berkhuisjen, R Wielebinski 113–24 Dordrecht, Neth: Reidel
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Kalnajs AJ. 1983. Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, IAU Symp. 100 E Athanassoula 87–88 Dordrecht, Neth: Reidel
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Kawata D, Hunt JAS, Grand RJJ, Pasetto S, Cropper M. 2014. MNRAS 443:2757–65
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Kendall S, Kennicutt RC, Clarke C. 2011. MNRAS 414:538–64
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Kennicutt RC Jr. 1981. Astron. J. 86:1847–58
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Kennicutt RC Jr. 1998. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36:189–232
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Kennicutt RC Jr., Armus L, Bendo G et al. 2003. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 115:928–52
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Kent SM. 1986. Astron. J. 91:1301–27
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Kent SM. 1987. Astron. J. 31:816–32
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Khoperskov AV, Just A, Korchagin VI, Jalali MA. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 473:31–40
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Khoperskov S, Gerhard O, Di Matteo P et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys. 634:L8
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Khoperskov SA, Khrapov SS. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. 609:A104
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Kim W-T, Kim C-G, Ostriker EC. 2020. Ap. J. 898:35
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Kordopatis G, Binney J, Gilmore G et al. 2015. MNRAS 447:3526–35
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Kormendy J. 1979. Ap. J. 227:714–28
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Kormendy J, Kennicutt RC. 2004. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:603–83
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Kormendy J, Norman CA. 1979. Ap. J. 233:539–52
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Kranz T, Slyz A, Rix H-W. 2003. Ap. J. 586:143–51
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Kumamoto J, Noguchi M. 2016. Ap. J. 822:110
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Larson RB, Tinsley BM, Caldwell CN. 1980. Ap. J. 237:692–707
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Lelli F, McGaugh SS, Schombert J. 2016. Astron. J. 152:157
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Li Z, Gerhard O, Shen J, Portail M, Wegg C. 2016. Ap. J. 824:13
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Lieb E, Collier A, Madigan A. 2022. MNRAS 509:685–92
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Lin CC, Shu FH. 1966. PNAS 55:229–34
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Lingard T, Masters KL, Krawczyk C et al. 2021. MNRAS 504:3364–74
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Lintott C, Schawinski K, Bamford S et al. 2011. MNRAS 410:166–78
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Lovelace RVE, Hohlfeld RG. 1978. Ap. J. 221:51–61
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Ludlow AD, Fall SM, Schaye J, Obreschkow D. 2021. MNRAS 508:5114–137
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Lynden-Bell D, Kalnajs AJ 1972. MNRAS 157:1–30
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Macció AV, Courteau S, Ouellette NN-Q, Dutton AA. 2020. MNRAS 496:L101–5
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Mackereth JT, Bovy J, Leung HW et al. 2019. MNRAS 489:176–95
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Majewski SR, Schiavon RP, Frinchaboy PM et al. 2017. Astron. J. 154:94
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Mark JW-K. 1974. Ap. J. 193:539–59
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Mark JW-K. 1976. Ap. J. 205:363–78
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Mark JW-K. 1977. Ap. J. 212:645–58
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Masters KL, Lintott CJ, Hart RE et al. 2019. MNRAS 487:1808–20
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Masters KL, Mosleh M, Romer AK et al. 2010. MNRAS 405:783–99
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Masters KL, Nichol RC, Hoyle B et al. 2011. MNRAS 411:2026–34
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Michikoshi S, Kokubo E. 2018. MNRAS 481:185–93
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Michikoshi S, Kokubo E. 2020. Ap. J. 897:65
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Mikkola D, McMillan PJ, Hobbs D. 2020. MNRAS 495:3295–306
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Miller R, Kennefick D, Kennefick J et al. 2019. Ap. J. 874:177
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Miller RH, Prendergast KH, Quirk WJ. 1970. Ap. J. 161:903–16
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Minchev I, Famaey B, Quillen AC et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 548:A126
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Monari G, Famaey B, Siebert A, Wegg C, Gerhard O 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 626:A41
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Oort JH. 1962. Interstellar Matter in Galaxies L Woltjer 234–44 New York: Benjamin
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Ostriker JP, Peebles PJE. 1973. Ap. J. 186:467–80
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Pakmor R, Gómez FA, Grand RJJ et al. 2017. MNRAS 469:3185–99
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Palunas P, Williams TB. 2000. Astron. J. 120:2884–903
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Papaloizou JCB, Lin DNC. 1989. Ap. J. 344:645–68
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Parker EN. 1955. Ap. J. 122:293–314
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Pasha II. 1985. Sov. Astron. Lett. 11:1–4
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Pasha II. 2002. Istoriko-Astronomicheskie Issledovaniya 27:102–56 (From Russian). arXiv:astro-ph/0406142
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Pasha II. 2004. Istoriko-Astronomicheskie Issledovaniya 29:8–77 (From Russian). arXiv:astro-ph/0406143
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Peek JEG, Tchernyshyov K, Miville-Deschenes M-A. 2022. Ap. J. 925:201
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Peschken N, Łokas EL. 2019. MNRAS 483:2721–35
     [Google Scholar]
  156. Peterken TG, Merrifield MR, Aragón-Salamanca A et al. 2019. Nat. Astron. 3:178–82
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Polyachenko EV. 2005. MNRAS 357:559–64
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Posti L, Marasco A, Fraternali F, Famaey B. 2019. Astron. Astrophys. 629:A59
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Pringle JE, Dobbs CL. 2019. MNRAS 490:1470–73
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Purcell CW, Bullock JS, Tollerud EJ, Rocha M, Chakrabarti S. 2011. Nature 477:301–3
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Querejeta M, Meidt SE, Schinnerer E et al. 2015. Ap. J. Suppl. 219:5
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Rafikov RR. 2001. MNRAS 323:445–52
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Rees MJ. 1994. Cosmical Magnetism NATO ASI Series C , Vol. 422 D Lynden-Bell 155–60 Dordrecht: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Reid MJ, Menten KM, Brunthaler A et al. 2019. Ap. J. 885:131
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Rix H-W, Rieke MJ. 1993. Ap. J. 418:123–34
     [Google Scholar]
  166. Roberts WW. 1969. Ap. J. 158:123–43
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Roberts WW Jr., Roberts MS, Shu FH. 1975. Ap. J. 196:381–405
     [Google Scholar]
  168. Roberts-Borsani GW, Saintonge A 2019. MNRAS 482:4111–45
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Romeo AB. 1992. MNRAS 256:307–20
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Roškar R, Debattista VP, Quinn TR, Stinson GS, Wadsley J. 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 684:L79–82
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Roškar R, Debattista VP, Quinn TR, Wadsley J. 2012. MNRAS 426:2089–106
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Rosse, Earl of, 1846. Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Held at Cambridge in June 1845. page 4
  173. Saha K, Naab T. 2013. MNRAS 434:1287–99
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Salo H, Laurikainen E. 2000. MNRAS 319:393–413
     [Google Scholar]
  175. Salo H, Laurikainen E, Buta R, Knapen JH. 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 715:L56–61
     [Google Scholar]
  176. Sandage A. 1961. The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies Washington, DC: Carnegie Inst. Washington
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Sanders RH, Huntley JM. 1976. Ap. J. 209:53–65
     [Google Scholar]
  178. Sawala T, Pihajoki P, Johansson PH et al. 2017. MNRAS 467:4383–400
     [Google Scholar]
  179. Schönrich R, Binney J. 2009. MNRAS 396:203–22
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Seigar MS, Bullock JS, Barth AJ, Ho LC. 2006. Ap. J. 645:1012–23
     [Google Scholar]
  181. Sellwood JA 1989a. Dynamics of Astrophysical Discs JA Sellwood 155–71 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  182. Sellwood JA. 1989b. MNRAS 238:115–31
     [Google Scholar]
  183. Sellwood JA. 2008. Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Disks, Vol. 396 JG Funes SJ, EM Corsini 341–46 San Francisco: ASP
     [Google Scholar]
  184. Sellwood JA. 2011. MNRAS 410:1637–46
     [Google Scholar]
  185. Sellwood JA. 2012. Ap. J. 751:44
     [Google Scholar]
  186. Sellwood JA. 2014. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86:1–46
     [Google Scholar]
  187. Sellwood JA. 2021. MNRAS 506:3018–23
     [Google Scholar]
  188. Sellwood JA, Athanassoula E. 1986. MNRAS 221:195–212
     [Google Scholar]
  189. Sellwood JA, Binney JJ. 2002. MNRAS 336:785–96
     [Google Scholar]
  190. Sellwood JA, Carlberg RG. 1984. Ap. J. 282:61–74
     [Google Scholar]
  191. Sellwood JA, Carlberg RG. 2014. Ap. J. 785:137
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Sellwood JA, Carlberg RG. 2019. MNRAS 489:116–31
     [Google Scholar]
  193. Sellwood JA, Carlberg RG. 2021. MNRAS 500:5043–55
     [Google Scholar]
  194. Sellwood JA, Evans NW. 2001. Ap. J. 546:176–88
     [Google Scholar]
  195. Sellwood JA, Kahn FD. 1991. MNRAS 250:278–99
     [Google Scholar]
  196. Sellwood JA, Lin DNC. 1989. MNRAS 240:991–1007
     [Google Scholar]
  197. Sellwood JA, Preto M 2002. Disks of Galaxies: Kinematics Dynamics and Perturbations, Vol. 275 E Athanassoula, A Bosma 281–92 San Francisco: ASP
     [Google Scholar]
  198. Sellwood JA, Shen J, Li Z. 2019. MNRAS 486:4710–23
     [Google Scholar]
  199. Sellwood JA, Sparke LS. 1988. MNRAS 231:25P–31P
     [Google Scholar]
  200. Sellwood JA, Trick WH, Carlberg RG, Coronado J, Rix H-W. 2019. MNRAS 484:3154–67
     [Google Scholar]
  201. Shen J, Zheng X-W. 2020. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20:159
     [Google Scholar]
  202. Sheth K, Regan M, Hinz JL et al. 2010. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 122:1397–414
     [Google Scholar]
  203. Shetty R, Vogel SN, Ostriker EC, Teuben PJ. 2007. Ap. J. 665:1138–58
     [Google Scholar]
  204. Shiidsuka K, Ida S 1999. MNRAS 307:737–49
     [Google Scholar]
  205. Shu FH. 2016. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 54:667–724
     [Google Scholar]
  206. Simmons BD, Lintott C, Willett KW et al. 2017. MNRAS 464:4420–47
     [Google Scholar]
  207. Slipher VM. 1922. Publ. Am. Astron. Soc. 4:232–33
     [Google Scholar]
  208. Smethurst RJ, Masters KL, Simmons BD et al. 2022. MNRAS 510:4126–33
     [Google Scholar]
  209. Solway M, Sellwood JA, Schönrich R. 2012. MNRAS 422:1363–83
     [Google Scholar]
  210. Somerville RS, Davé R. 2015. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 53:51–113
     [Google Scholar]
  211. Speights JC, Rooke PC. 2016. Ap. J. 826:2
     [Google Scholar]
  212. Sridhar S. 2019. Ap. J. 884:3
     [Google Scholar]
  213. Steinmetz M, Zwitter T, Siebert A et al. 2006. Astron. J. 132:1645–68
     [Google Scholar]
  214. Strauss MA, Weinberg DH, Lupton RH et al. 2002. Astron. J. 124:1810–24
     [Google Scholar]
  215. Thornley MD. 1996. Ap. J. Lett. 469:L45–48
     [Google Scholar]
  216. Thornley MD, Mundy LG. 1997. Ap. J. 484:202–21
     [Google Scholar]
  217. Toomre A. 1964. Ap. J. 139:1217–38
     [Google Scholar]
  218. Toomre A. 1969. Ap. J. 158:899–13
     [Google Scholar]
  219. Toomre A. 1977. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 15:437–78
     [Google Scholar]
  220. Toomre A. 1981. The Structure and Evolution of Normal Galaxies SM Fall, D Lynden-Bell 111–36 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  221. Toomre A. 1989. Dynamics of Astrophysical Discs JA Sellwood 153–54 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  222. Toomre A. 1990. Dynamics & Interactions of Galaxies R Wielen 292–303 Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
     [Google Scholar]
  223. Toomre A, Kalnajs AJ 1991. Dynamics of Disc Galaxies B Sundelius 341–58 Gothenburg, Swed: Göteborgs University
     [Google Scholar]
  224. Toomre A, Toomre J. 1972. Ap. J. 178:623–66
     [Google Scholar]
  225. Vallée JP. 2018. Ap. Space Sci. 363:243
     [Google Scholar]
  226. van den Bergh S. 1976. Ap. J. 206:883–87
     [Google Scholar]
  227. Vera-Ciro C, D'Onghia E, Navarro J, Abadi M 2014. Ap. J. 794:173
     [Google Scholar]
  228. Villumsen JV. 1985. Ap. J. 290:75–85
     [Google Scholar]
  229. Visser HCD. 1978. The dynamics of the spiral galaxy M81 PhD Thesis Univ Groningen:
     [Google Scholar]
  230. Vogelsberger M, Marinacci F, Torrey P, Puchwein E 2020. Nat. Rev. Phys. 2:42–66
     [Google Scholar]
  231. Wibking BD, Krumholz MR. 2021. arXiv:2105.04136
  232. Wielen R. 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 60:263–75
     [Google Scholar]
  233. Willett KW, Galloway MA, Bamford SP et al. 2017. MNRAS 464:4176–203
     [Google Scholar]
  234. Willett KW, Lintott CJ, Bamford SP et al. 2013. MNRAS 435:2835–60
     [Google Scholar]
  235. Yu S, Bullock JS, Klein C et al. 2021. MNRAS 505:889–902
     [Google Scholar]
  236. Yu S-Y, Ho LC. 2018. Ap. J. 869:29
     [Google Scholar]
  237. Yu S-Y, Ho LC. 2019. Ap. J. 871:194
     [Google Scholar]
  238. Yu S-Y, Ho LC. 2020. Ap. J. 900:150
     [Google Scholar]
  239. Yu S-Y, Ho LC, Wang J. 2021. Ap. J. 917:88
     [Google Scholar]
  240. Yuan C. 1969. Ap. J. 158:871–88
     [Google Scholar]
  241. Zang TA. 1976. The stability of a model galaxy. PhD Thesis MIT
     [Google Scholar]
  242. Zaritsky D, Rix H-W. 1997. Ap. J. 477:118–27
     [Google Scholar]
  243. Zibetti S, Charlot S, Rix H-W 2009. MNRAS 400:1181–98
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104505
Loading
Spirals in Galaxies
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 60, 73 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104505
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104505
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104505
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary Data

  • Supplemental Video 1. Animation redrawn from Sellwood & Carlberg (2021).

    The top left panel of the animation, which loops back after a short pause, shows the time evolution of the net overdensity of the disk response to two rings at R=2.5R0 and R=4R0 each of three very light disturbance masses that are driven at the local corotation speed. These rings of particles, marked by large dots and each having a mass of 10-4R0V02/G or almost 1000 times the mass of a background disk particle, were added into a simulation of the stable half-mass Mestel disk in which Q=1.5.

    The disk response in the simulation was fitted by two steadily rotating m=3 waves of fixed shape and amplitude that are illustrated in the top panel. The fitted pattern speeds of each of the responses are Ωp,1=0.404 and Ωp,2=0.252, and the principal resonances are marked by circles. As in the animation, distances are in units of R0 and times are in units of R0/V0.

    The top right panel of the animation shows the time evolution of the superposed fitted disturbances, each turning at the fitted rate, that appear as a shearing transient pattern. From time to time, the pattern breaks into two separate spiral segments that quickly rejoin into a more open spiral that winds up again. The similarity of the more intense parts of the disturbances in the top left and top right panels is evident.

    The bottom two panels illustrate the evolution of the logarithmic spiral spectrum in the simulation on the left and the superposed two waves on the right. The abscissa in these panels is tan γ, where γ is the angle between the radius vector and the tangent to the spiral; it is therefore the complement to the pitch angle α. Here one can see a repeating pattern of a peak moving to the right from leading to trailing as the amplitude rises to a maximum near tan γ = +2, followed by a decrease as the spiral begins to wind more tightly.

    This is a clear demonstration that the superposition of two steady disturbances can create the appearance of swing amplification.

    Reference: Sellwood, J. A. & Carlberg, R. G. 2021, MNRAS, 500:5043-5055

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error