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Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 61, 2023

Atomic Hydrogen in the Milky Way: A Stepping Stone in the Evolution of Galaxies

Abstract

Atomic hydrogen (H) is a critical stepping stone in the gas evolution cycle of the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Milky Way. H traces both the cold, premolecular state before star formation and the warm, diffuse ISM before and after star formation. This review describes new, sensitive H absorption and emission surveys, which, together with high angular and spectral resolution H emission data, have revealed the physical properties of H, its structure, and its association with magnetic fields. We give an overview of the H phases and discuss how H properties depend on the environment and what its structure can tell us about feedback in the ISM. Key findings include the following:

  • ▪  The mass fraction of the cold neutral medium is ≲40% on average, increasing with due to the increase of mean gas density.
  • ▪  The cold disk extends to at least ∼ 25 kpc.
  • ▪  Approximately 40% of the H is warm, with structural characteristics that derive from feedback events.
  • ▪  Cold H is highly filamentary, whereas warm H is more smoothly distributed.

We summarize future observational and simulation opportunities that can be used to unravel the 3D structure of the atomic ISM and the effects of heating and cooling on H properties.

Keyword(s): atomic hydrogen, galaxy evolution, Hi, interstellar medium, magnetic fields
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2023-08-18
2025-04-22
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
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Atomic Hydrogen in the Milky Way: A Stepping Stone in the Evolution of Galaxies
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 61, 19 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-104851
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