1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 53, 2015
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 53, 2015

Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework

Abstract

Modeling galaxy formation in a cosmological context presents one of the greatest challenges in astrophysics today due to the vast range of scales and numerous physical processes involved. Here we review the current status of models that employ two leading techniques to simulate the physics of galaxy formation: semianalytic models and numerical hydrodynamic simulations. We focus on a set of observational targets that describe the evolution of the global and structural properties of galaxies from roughly cosmic high noon ( ∼ 2–3) to the present. Although minor discrepancies remain, overall, models show remarkable convergence among different methods and make predictions that are in qualitative agreement with observations. Modelers have converged on a core set of physical processes that are critical for shaping galaxy properties. This core set includes cosmological accretion, strong stellar-driven winds that are more efficient at low masses, black hole feedback that preferentially suppresses star formation at high masses, and structural and morphological evolution through merging and environmental processes. However, all cosmological models currently adopt phenomenological implementations of many of these core processes, which must be tuned to observations. Many details of how these diverse processes interact within a hierarchical structure formation setting remain poorly understood. Emerging multiscale simulations are helping to bridge the gap between stellar and cosmological scales, placing models on a firmer, more physically grounded footing. Concurrently, upcoming telescope facilities will provide new challenges and constraints for models, particularly by directly constraining inflows and outflows through observations of gas in and around galaxies.

Keyword(s): cosmology, galaxy evolution, galaxy formation, numerical simulations
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951
2015-08-18
2024-12-13
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/53/1/annurev-astro-082812-140951.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Agertz O, Kravtsov AV. 2014. arXiv1404.2613
  2. Agertz O, Moore B, Stadel J. et al. 2007. MNRAS 380:963 [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrews BH, Martini P. 2013. Ap. J. 765:140 [Google Scholar]
  4. Anglés-Alcázar D, Özel F, Davé R. 2013. Ap. J. 770:5 [Google Scholar]
  5. Anglés-Alcázar D, Özel F, Davé R, Oppenheimer BD. 2014. MNRAS 782:84 [Google Scholar]
  6. Arrigoni M, Trager SC, Somerville RS, Gibson BK. 2010. MNRAS 402:173 [Google Scholar]
  7. Aumer M, White SDM, Naab T, Scannapieco C. 2013. MNRAS 434:3142 [Google Scholar]
  8. Avila-Reese V, Firmani C, Hernández X. 1998. Ap. J. 505:37 [Google Scholar]
  9. Babul A, Sharma P, Reynolds CS. 2013. Ap. J. 768:11 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bagla JS. 2005. Curr. Sci. 88:1088 [Google Scholar]
  11. Baldry IK, Glazebrook K, Brinkmann J. et al. 2004. Ap. J. 600:681 [Google Scholar]
  12. Baldry IK, Glazebrook K, Driver SP. 2008. MNRAS 388:945 [Google Scholar]
  13. Balogh ML, Baldry IK, Nichol R. et al. 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 615:L101 [Google Scholar]
  14. Barnes J, Hut P. 1986. Nature 324:446 [Google Scholar]
  15. Barnes JE. 1988. Ap. J. 331:699 [Google Scholar]
  16. Barnes JE. 1992. Ap. J. 393:484 [Google Scholar]
  17. Barro G, Faber SM, Pérez-González PG. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 765:104 [Google Scholar]
  18. Bastian N, Covey KR, Meyer MR. 2010. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48:339 [Google Scholar]
  19. Baugh CM. 2006. Rep. Prog. Phys. 69:3101 [Google Scholar]
  20. Baugh CM, Cole S, Frenk CS. 1996. MNRAS 283:1361 [Google Scholar]
  21. Baugh CM, Lacey CG, Frenk CS. et al. 2005. MNRAS 356:1191 [Google Scholar]
  22. Behroozi PS, Conroy C, Wechsler RH. 2010. Ap. J. 717:379 [Google Scholar]
  23. Behroozi PS, Wechsler RH, Conroy C. 2013a. Ap. J. 770:57 [Google Scholar]
  24. Behroozi PS, Wechsler RH, Wu HY. et al. 2013b. Ap. J. 763:18 [Google Scholar]
  25. Bell EF, van der Wel A, Papovich C. et al. 2012. Ap. J. 753:167 [Google Scholar]
  26. Bell EF, Wolf C, Meisenheimer K. et al. 2004. Ap. J. 608:752 [Google Scholar]
  27. Bell EF, Zheng XZ, Papovich C. et al. 2007. Ap. J. 663:834 [Google Scholar]
  28. Bender R, Burstein D, Faber SM. 1992. Ap. J. 399:462 [Google Scholar]
  29. Benson AJ. 2010. Phys. Rep. 495:33 [Google Scholar]
  30. Benson AJ, Dzanovic D, Frenk CS, Sharples R. 2007. MNRAS 379:841 [Google Scholar]
  31. Benson AJ, Pearce FR, Frenk CS, Baugh CM, Jenkins A. 2001. MNRAS 320:261 [Google Scholar]
  32. Berlind AA, Weinberg DH. 2002. Ap. J. 575:587 [Google Scholar]
  33. Bernardi M, Meert A, Sheth RK. et al. 2013. MNRAS 436:697 [Google Scholar]
  34. Bernardi M, Shankar F, Hyde JB. et al. 2010. MNRAS 404:2087 [Google Scholar]
  35. Berry M, Somerville RS, Haas MR. et al. 2014. MNRAS 441:939 [Google Scholar]
  36. Bertschinger E. 1998. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 36:599 [Google Scholar]
  37. Bigiel F, Leroy A, Walter F. et al. 2008. Astron. J. 136:2846 [Google Scholar]
  38. Bigiel F, Leroy AK, Walter F. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 730:L13 [Google Scholar]
  39. Binggeli B, Sandage A, Tammann GA. 1988. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 26:509 [Google Scholar]
  40. Bird S, Vogelsberger M, Haehnelt M. et al. 2014. MNRAS 445:2313 [Google Scholar]
  41. Birnboim Y, Dekel A. 2003. MNRAS 345:349 [Google Scholar]
  42. Birnboim Y, Dekel A. 2011. MNRAS 415:2566 [Google Scholar]
  43. Blandford RD, Begelman MC. 1999. MNRAS 303:1 [Google Scholar]
  44. Blanton MR, Moustakas J. 2009. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:159 [Google Scholar]
  45. Blitz L, Rosolowsky E. 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 612:L29 [Google Scholar]
  46. Bluck AFL, Mendel JT, Ellison SL. et al. 2014. MNRAS 441:599 [Google Scholar]
  47. Blumenthal GR, Faber SM, Primack JR, Rees M. 1984. Nature 311:517 [Google Scholar]
  48. Bolatto AD, Wolfire M, Leroy AK. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:207 [Google Scholar]
  49. Bondi H. 1952. MNRAS 112:195 [Google Scholar]
  50. Booth CM, Schaye J. 2009. MNRAS 398:53 [Google Scholar]
  51. Bothwell MS, Maiolino R, Kennicutt R. et al. 2013a. MNRAS 433:1425 [Google Scholar]
  52. Bothwell MS, Smail I, Chapman SC. et al. 2013b. MNRAS 429:3047 [Google Scholar]
  53. Bournaud F, Chapon D, Teyssier R. et al. 2011a. Ap. J. 730:4 [Google Scholar]
  54. Bournaud F, Dekel A, Teyssier R. et al. 2011b. Ap. J. Lett. 741:L33 [Google Scholar]
  55. Bournaud F, Elmegreen BG, Elmegreen DM. 2007. Ap. J. 670:237 [Google Scholar]
  56. Bournaud F, Elmegreen BG, Teyssier R, Block DL, Puerari I. 2010. MNRAS 409:1088 [Google Scholar]
  57. Bournaud F, Perret V, Renaud F. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 780:57 [Google Scholar]
  58. Bower RG, Benson AJ, Malbon R. et al. 2006. MNRAS 370:645 [Google Scholar]
  59. Bower RG, Vernon I, Goldstein M. et al. 2010. MNRAS 407:2017 [Google Scholar]
  60. Boylan-Kolchin M, Bullock JS, Kaplinghat M. 2011. MNRAS 415:40 [Google Scholar]
  61. Boylan-Kolchin M, Ma CP, Quataert E. 2005. MNRAS 362:184 [Google Scholar]
  62. Boylan-Kolchin M, Ma CP, Quataert E. 2008. MNRAS 383:93 [Google Scholar]
  63. Brammer GB, Whitaker KE, van Dokkum PG. et al. 2011. Ap. J. 739:24 [Google Scholar]
  64. Brennan R, Pandya V, Somerville RS. et al. 2015. MNRAS. Accepted arXiv:1501.06840 [Google Scholar]
  65. Brinchmann J, Charlot S, White SDM. et al. 2004. MNRAS 351:1151 [Google Scholar]
  66. Brook CB, Stinson G, Gibson BK. et al. 2012. MNRAS 419:771 [Google Scholar]
  67. Brooks AM, Governato F, Booth CM. et al. 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 655:L17 [Google Scholar]
  68. Brooks AM, Solomon AR, Governato F. et al. 2011. Ap. J. 728:51 [Google Scholar]
  69. Brooks AM, Zolotov A. 2014. Ap. J. 786:87 [Google Scholar]
  70. Bryan GL, Norman ML. 1998. Ap. J. 495:80 [Google Scholar]
  71. Bryan GL, Norman ML, O'Shea BW. et al. 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 211:19 [Google Scholar]
  72. Bullock JS, Dekel A, Kolatt TS. et al. 2001. Ap. J. 555:240 [Google Scholar]
  73. Burstein D, Bender R, Faber S, Nolthenius R. 1997. Astron. J. 114:1365 [Google Scholar]
  74. Buta RJ. 2013. Secular Evolution of Galaxies J Falcón-Barroso, JH Knapen 155–258 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  75. Cappellari M, di Serego Alighieri S, Cimatti A. et al. 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 704:L34 [Google Scholar]
  76. Caputi KI, Cirasuolo M, Dunlop JS. et al. 2011. MNRAS 413:162 [Google Scholar]
  77. Carilli CL, Walter F. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:105 [Google Scholar]
  78. Cattaneo A, Dekel A, Devriendt J, Guiderdoni B, Blaizot J. 2006. MNRAS 370:1651 [Google Scholar]
  79. Cenarro AJ, Trujillo I. 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 696:L43 [Google Scholar]
  80. Ceverino D, Dekel A, Bournaud F. 2010. MNRAS 404:2151 [Google Scholar]
  81. Ceverino D, Klypin A, Klimek ES. et al. 2014. MNRAS 442:1545 [Google Scholar]
  82. Cheung E, Faber SM, Koo DC. et al. 2012. Ap. J. 760:131 [Google Scholar]
  83. Choi E, Naab T, Ostriker JP, Johansson PH, Moster BP. 2014a. MNRAS 442:440 [Google Scholar]
  84. Choi E, Ostriker JP, Naab T, Johansson PH. 2012. Ap. J. 754:125 [Google Scholar]
  85. Choi E, Ostriker JP, Naab T, Oser L, Moster BP. 2014b. MNRAS 442:440 [Google Scholar]
  86. Christensen C, Quinn T, Governato F. et al. 2012. MNRAS 425:3058 [Google Scholar]
  87. Christensen CR, Governato F, Quinn T. et al. 2014. MNRAS 440:2843 [Google Scholar]
  88. Cielo S, Antonuccio-Delogu V, Macciò AV, Romeo AD, Silk J. 2014. MNRAS 439:2903 [Google Scholar]
  89. Cimatti A, Daddi E, Renzini A. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 453:29 [Google Scholar]
  90. Cole S, Aragón-Salamanca A, Frenk CS, Navarro JF, Zepf SE. 1994. MNRAS 271:781 [Google Scholar]
  91. Cole S, Lacey CG, Baugh CM, Frenk CS. 2000. MNRAS 319:168 [Google Scholar]
  92. Combes F, Debbasch F, Friedli D, Pfenniger D. 1990. Astron. Astrophys. 233:82 [Google Scholar]
  93. Conroy C. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:393 [Google Scholar]
  94. Conroy C, Wechsler RH. 2009. Ap. J. 696:620 [Google Scholar]
  95. Conroy C, Wechsler RH, Kravtsov AV. 2006. Ap. J. 647:201 [Google Scholar]
  96. Conselice CJ. 2014. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52:291–337 [Google Scholar]
  97. Courteau S, Dutton AA, van den Bosch FC. et al. 2007. Ap. J. 671:203 [Google Scholar]
  98. Covington M, Dekel A, Cox TJ, Jonsson P, Primack JR. 2008. MNRAS 384:94 [Google Scholar]
  99. Covington MD, Primack JR, Porter LA. et al. 2011. MNRAS 415:3135 [Google Scholar]
  100. Cox TJ, Jonsson P, Primack JR, Somerville RS. 2006. MNRAS 373:1013 [Google Scholar]
  101. Cox TJ, Jonsson P, Somerville RS, Primack JR, Dekel A. 2008. MNRAS 384:386 [Google Scholar]
  102. Croton DJ, Springel V, White SDM. et al. 2006. MNRAS 365:11 [Google Scholar]
  103. Daddi E, Dickinson M, Morrison G. et al. 2007. Ap. J. 670:156 [Google Scholar]
  104. Dalcanton J, Spergel D, Summers F. 1997. Ap. J. 482:659 [Google Scholar]
  105. Dalla Vecchia C, Schaye J. 2008. MNRAS 387:1431 [Google Scholar]
  106. Dalla Vecchia C, Schaye J. 2012. MNRAS 426:140 [Google Scholar]
  107. Danovich M, Dekel A, Hahn O, Ceverino D, Primack J. 2014. arXiv1407.7129
  108. Davé R. 2008. MNRAS 385:147 [Google Scholar]
  109. Davé R, Finlator K, Oppenheimer BD. 2011a. MNRAS 416:1354 [Google Scholar]
  110. Davé R, Finlator K, Oppenheimer BD. 2012. MNRAS 421:98 [Google Scholar]
  111. Davé R, Katz N, Oppenheimer BD, Kollmeier JA, Weinberg DH. 2013. MNRAS 434:2645 [Google Scholar]
  112. Davé R, Oppenheimer BD, Finlator K. 2011b. MNRAS 415:11 [Google Scholar]
  113. Debuhr J, Quataert E, Ma CP. 2011. MNRAS 412:1341 [Google Scholar]
  114. Debuhr J, Quataert E, Ma CP, Hopkins P. 2010. MNRAS 406:55 [Google Scholar]
  115. Dehnen W, Read JI. 2011. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 126:55 [Google Scholar]
  116. Dekel A, Birnboim Y, Engel G. et al. 2009a. Nature 457:451 [Google Scholar]
  117. Dekel A, Mandelker N. 2014. MNRAS 444:2071 [Google Scholar]
  118. Dekel A, Sari R, Ceverino D. 2009b. Ap. J. 703:785 [Google Scholar]
  119. Dekel A, Silk J. 1986. Ap. J. 303:39 [Google Scholar]
  120. De Lucia G, Blaizot J. 2007. MNRAS 375:2 [Google Scholar]
  121. De Lucia G, Fontanot F, Wilman D, Monaco P. 2011. MNRAS 414:1439 [Google Scholar]
  122. De Lucia G, Springel V, White SDM, Croton D, Kauffmann G. 2006. MNRAS 366:499 [Google Scholar]
  123. Di Matteo T, Springel V, Hernquist L. 2005. Nature 433:604 [Google Scholar]
  124. Djorgovski S, Davis M. 1987. Ap. J. 313:59 [Google Scholar]
  125. Dobbs CL, Krumholz MR, Ballesteros-Paredes J. et al. 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, R Klessen, C Dullemond, T Henning 3–26 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press arXiv1312.3223 [Google Scholar]
  126. Duffy AR, Kay ST, Battye RA. et al. 2012. MNRAS 420:2799 [Google Scholar]
  127. Duncan K, Conselice CJ, Mortlock A. et al. 2014. MNRAS 444:2960 [Google Scholar]
  128. Dutton AA, van den Bosch FC. 2009. MNRAS 396:141 [Google Scholar]
  129. Dutton AA, van den Bosch FC. 2012. MNRAS 421:608 [Google Scholar]
  130. Dutton AA, van den Bosch FC, Faber SM. et al. 2011. MNRAS 410:1660 [Google Scholar]
  131. Eisenstein DJ, Hu W. 1999. Ap. J. 511:5 [Google Scholar]
  132. Elmegreen BG. 1989. Ap. J. 338:178 [Google Scholar]
  133. Elmegreen BG, Bournaud F, Elmegreen DM. 2008. Ap. J. 688:67 [Google Scholar]
  134. Elmegreen BG, Elmegreen DM. 2005. Ap. J. 627:632 [Google Scholar]
  135. Erb DK, Shapley AE, Pettini M. et al. 2006. Ap. J. 644:813 [Google Scholar]
  136. Faber SM, Dressler A, Davies RL, Burstein D, Lynden-Bell D. 1987. Nearly Normal Galaxies. From the Planck Time to the Present SM Faber, p. 175 New York: Springer [Google Scholar]
  137. Faber SM, Jackson RE. 1976. Ap. J. 204:668 [Google Scholar]
  138. Faber SM, Willmer CNA, Wolf C. et al. 2007. Ap. J. 665:265 [Google Scholar]
  139. Fabian AC. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:455 [Google Scholar]
  140. Fall SM, Efstathiou G. 1980. MNRAS 193:189 [Google Scholar]
  141. Fanidakis N, Baugh CM, Benson AJ. et al. 2011. MNRAS 410:53 [Google Scholar]
  142. Faucher-Giguère CA, Kereš D, Ma CP. 2011. MNRAS 417:2982 [Google Scholar]
  143. Faucher-Giguère CA, Lidz A, Zaldarriaga M, Hernquist L. 2009. Ap. J. 703:1416 [Google Scholar]
  144. Faucher-Giguère CA, Quataert E. 2012. MNRAS 425:605 [Google Scholar]
  145. Faucher-Giguère CA, Quataert E, Hopkins PF. 2013. MNRAS 433:1970 [Google Scholar]
  146. Finlator K, Davé R. 2008. MNRAS 385:2181 [Google Scholar]
  147. Finlator K, Davé R, Özel F. 2011. Ap. J. 743:169 [Google Scholar]
  148. Finlator K, Oh SP, Özel F, Davé R. 2012. MNRAS 427:2464 [Google Scholar]
  149. Firmani C, Avila-Reese V. 2009. MNRAS 396:1675 [Google Scholar]
  150. Fisher DB, Drory N. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 733:L47 [Google Scholar]
  151. Font AS, Bower RG, McCarthy IG. et al. 2008. MNRAS 389:1619 [Google Scholar]
  152. Fontanot F, De Lucia G, Monaco P, Somerville RS, Santini P. 2009. MNRAS 397:1776 [Google Scholar]
  153. Fontanot F, Monaco P, Cristiani S, Tozzi P. 2006. MNRAS 373:1173 [Google Scholar]
  154. Förster Schreiber NM, Genzel R, Bouché N. et al. 2009. Ap. J. 706:1364 [Google Scholar]
  155. Fu J, Guo Q, Kauffmann G, Krumholz MR. 2010. MNRAS 409:515 [Google Scholar]
  156. Furlong M, Bower RG, Theuns T, Schaye J, Crain RA. et al. 2014. arXiv1410.3485
  157. Gabor JM, Bournaud F. 2013. MNRAS 434:606 [Google Scholar]
  158. Gabor JM, Davé R. 2012. MNRAS 427:1816 [Google Scholar]
  159. Gabor JM, Davé R. 2015. MNRAS 447:374 [Google Scholar]
  160. Gabor JM, Davé R, Oppenheimer BD, Finlator K. 2011. MNRAS 417:2676 [Google Scholar]
  161. Gadotti DA, Kauffmann G. 2009. MNRAS 399:621 [Google Scholar]
  162. Gallazzi A, Charlot S, Brinchmann J, White SDM, Tremonti CA. 2005. MNRAS 362:41 [Google Scholar]
  163. Gaspari M, Melioli C, Brighenti F, D'Ercole A. 2011. MNRAS 411:349 [Google Scholar]
  164. Geach JE, Smail I, Moran SM. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 730:L19 [Google Scholar]
  165. Geha M, Blanton MR, Yan R, Tinker JL. 2012. Ap. J. 757:85 [Google Scholar]
  166. Genel S, Dekel A, Cacciato M. 2012a. MNRAS 425:788 [Google Scholar]
  167. Genel S, Naab T, Genzel R. et al. 2012b. Ap. J. 745:11 [Google Scholar]
  168. Genzel R, Newman S, Jones T. et al. 2011. Ap. J. 733:101 [Google Scholar]
  169. Genzel R, Tacconi LJ, Lutz D. et al. 2014. arXiv1409.1171
  170. Gnedin NY. 2000. Ap. J. 542:535 [Google Scholar]
  171. Gnedin NY, Draine BT. 2014. Ap. J. 795:37 [Google Scholar]
  172. Gnedin NY, Kravtsov AV. 2011. Ap. J. 728:88 [Google Scholar]
  173. Gnedin NY, Tassis K, Kravtsov AV. 2009. Ap. J. 697:55 [Google Scholar]
  174. Gonzalez-Perez V, Lacey CG, Baugh CM. et al. 2014. MNRAS 439:264 [Google Scholar]
  175. Governato F, Brook C, Mayer L. et al. 2010. Nature 463:203 [Google Scholar]
  176. Governato F, Brook CB, Brooks AM. et al. 2009. MNRAS 398:312 [Google Scholar]
  177. Governato F, Willman B, Mayer L. et al. 2007. MNRAS 374:1479 [Google Scholar]
  178. Guedes J, Callegari S, Madau P, Mayer L. 2011. Ap. J. 742:76 [Google Scholar]
  179. Guo Q, White S, Boylan-Kolchin M. et al. 2011. MNRAS 413:101 [Google Scholar]
  180. Guo Y, Giavalisco M, Ferguson HC, Cassata P, Koekemoer AM. 2012. Ap. J. 757:120 [Google Scholar]
  181. Haardt F, Madau P. 2012. Ap. J. 746:125 [Google Scholar]
  182. Haas MR, Schaye J, Booth CM. et al. 2013a. MNRAS 435:2931 [Google Scholar]
  183. Haas MR, Schaye J, Booth CM. et al. 2013b. MNRAS 435:2955 [Google Scholar]
  184. Hahn O, Abel T. 2011. MNRAS 415:2101 [Google Scholar]
  185. Hanasz M, Lesch H, Naab T. et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 777:L38 [Google Scholar]
  186. Hayward CC, Narayanan D, Kereš D. et al. 2013. MNRAS 428:2529 [Google Scholar]
  187. Hearin AP, Watson DF, van den Bosch FC. 2014. arXiv1404.6524
  188. Heckman T, Best P. 2014. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52:589 [Google Scholar]
  189. Henriques BMB, Thomas PA, Oliver S, Roseboom I. 2009. MNRAS 396:535 [Google Scholar]
  190. Henriques BMB, White SDM, Thomas PA. et al. 2013. MNRAS 431:3373 [Google Scholar]
  191. Hernquist L. 1992. Ap. J. 400:460 [Google Scholar]
  192. Hernquist L. 1993a. Ap. J. Suppl. 86:389 [Google Scholar]
  193. Hernquist L. 1993b. Ap. J. 409:548 [Google Scholar]
  194. Hernquist L, Bouchet FR, Suto Y. 1991. Ap. J. Suppl. 75:231 [Google Scholar]
  195. Hernquist L, Katz N. 1989. Ap. J. Suppl. 70:419 [Google Scholar]
  196. Hinshaw G, Larson D, Komatsu E. et al. 2013. Ap. J. Suppl. 208:19 [Google Scholar]
  197. Hirschmann M, De Lucia G, Wilman D. et al. 2014. MNRAS 444:2938 [Google Scholar]
  198. Hirschmann M, Naab T, Somerville RS, Burkert A, Oser L. 2012a. MNRAS 419:3200 [Google Scholar]
  199. Hirschmann M, Somerville RS, Naab T, Burkert A. 2012b. MNRAS 426:237 [Google Scholar]
  200. Hockney RW, Eastwood JW. 1988. Computer Simulation Using Particles Bristol: Hilger [Google Scholar]
  201. Hogg DW, Blanton MR, Brinchmann J. et al. 2004. Ap. J. Lett. 601:L29 [Google Scholar]
  202. Hohl F. 1971. Ap. J. 168:343 [Google Scholar]
  203. Hopkins PF. 2013. MNRAS 428:2840 [Google Scholar]
  204. Hopkins PF, Bundy K, Hernquist L, Wuyts S, Cox TJ. 2010. MNRAS 401:1099 [Google Scholar]
  205. Hopkins PF, Cox TJ, Kereš D, Hernquist L. 2008a. Ap. J. Suppl. 175:390 [Google Scholar]
  206. Hopkins PF, Cox TJ, Younger JD, Hernquist L. 2009a. Ap. J. 691:1168 [Google Scholar]
  207. Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Cox TJ. et al. 2005a. Ap. J. 630:716 [Google Scholar]
  208. Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Cox TJ, Kereš D. 2008b. Ap. J. Suppl. 175:356 [Google Scholar]
  209. Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Cox TJ, Kereš D, Wuyts S. 2009b. Ap. J. 691:1424 [Google Scholar]
  210. Hopkins PF, Hernquist L, Martini P. et al. 2005b. Ap. J. Lett. 625:L71 [Google Scholar]
  211. Hopkins PF, Kereš D, Murray N. 2013a. MNRAS 432:2639 [Google Scholar]
  212. Hopkins PF, Kereš D, Murray N, Quataert E, Hernquist L. 2012a. MNRAS 427:968 [Google Scholar]
  213. Hopkins PF, Kereš D, Onorbe J. et al. 2014. MNRAS 445:581 [Google Scholar]
  214. Hopkins PF, Quataert E. 2010. MNRAS 407:1529 [Google Scholar]
  215. Hopkins PF, Quataert E. 2011. MNRAS 415:1027 [Google Scholar]
  216. Hopkins PF, Quataert E, Murray N. 2012b. MNRAS 421:3522 [Google Scholar]
  217. Hopkins PF, Somerville RS, Cox TJ. et al. 2009. MNRAS 397:802 [Google Scholar]
  218. Hu CY, Naab T, Walch S, Moster BP, Oser L. 2014. MNRAS 443:1173 [Google Scholar]
  219. Hubble EP. 1926. Ap. J. 64:321 [Google Scholar]
  220. Iliev IT, Ciardi B, Alvarez MA. et al. 2006. MNRAS 371:1057 [Google Scholar]
  221. Iliev IT, Whalen D, Mellema G. et al. 2009. MNRAS 400:1283 [Google Scholar]
  222. Johansson PH, Burkert A, Naab T. 2009a. Ap. J. Lett. 707:L184 [Google Scholar]
  223. Johansson PH, Naab T, Ostriker JP. 2009b. Ap. J. Lett. 697:L38 [Google Scholar]
  224. Jonsson P, Groves BA, Cox TJ. 2010. MNRAS 403:17 [Google Scholar]
  225. Kassin SA, Brooks A, Governato F, Weiner BJ, Gardner JP. 2014. Ap. J. 790:89 [Google Scholar]
  226. Kassin SA, Weiner BJ, Faber SM. et al. 2007. Ap. J. Lett. 660:L35 [Google Scholar]
  227. Katz N. 1992. Ap. J. 391:502 [Google Scholar]
  228. Katz N, Weinberg DH, Hernquist L. 1996. Ap. J. Suppl. 105:19 [Google Scholar]
  229. Kauffmann G. 1996a. MNRAS 281:475 [Google Scholar]
  230. Kauffmann G. 1996b. MNRAS 281:487 [Google Scholar]
  231. Kauffmann G, Colberg JM, Diaferio A, White SDM. 1999. MNRAS 303:188 [Google Scholar]
  232. Kauffmann G, Haehnelt M. 2000. MNRAS 311:576 [Google Scholar]
  233. Kauffmann G, Heckman TM, White SDM. et al. 2003. MNRAS 341:54 [Google Scholar]
  234. Kauffmann G, Li C, Zhang W, Weinmann S. 2013. MNRAS 430:1447 [Google Scholar]
  235. Kauffmann G, White SDM, Guiderdoni B. 1993. MNRAS 264:201 [Google Scholar]
  236. Kennicutt RC Jr. 1998. Ap. J. 498:541 [Google Scholar]
  237. Kennicutt RC Jr, Evans NJ. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:531 [Google Scholar]
  238. Kereš D, Katz N, Weinberg DH, Davé R. 2005. MNRAS 363:2 [Google Scholar]
  239. Kewley LJ, Dopita MA, Leitherer C. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 774:100 [Google Scholar]
  240. Kewley LJ, Ellison SL. 2008. Ap. J. 681:1183 [Google Scholar]
  241. Khochfar S, Ostriker JP. 2008. Ap. J. 680:54 [Google Scholar]
  242. Kim J-H, Wise JH, Abel T. 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 694:L123 [Google Scholar]
  243. Kimm T, Devriendt J, Slyz A. et al. 2011. arXiv1106.0538
  244. Kimm T, Somerville RS, Yi SK. et al. 2009. MNRAS 394:1131 [Google Scholar]
  245. King A. 2005. Ap. J. Lett. 635:L121 [Google Scholar]
  246. Klypin AA, Trujillo-Gomez S, Primack J. 2011. Ap. J. 740:102 [Google Scholar]
  247. Knebe A, Knollmann SR, Muldrew SI. et al. 2011. MNRAS 415:2293 [Google Scholar]
  248. Kormendy J. 1977. Ap. J. 218:333 [Google Scholar]
  249. Kormendy J. 2013. Secular Evolution in Disk Galaxies J Falcón-Barroso, JH Knapen 1–159 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press arXiv1311.2609 [Google Scholar]
  250. Kormendy J, Bender R. 2012. Ap. J. Suppl. 198:2 [Google Scholar]
  251. Kormendy J, Drory N, Bender R, Cornell ME. 2010. Ap. J. 723:54 [Google Scholar]
  252. Kormendy J, Fisher DB, Cornell ME, Bender R. 2009. Ap. J. Suppl. 182:216 [Google Scholar]
  253. Kormendy J, Freeman KC. 2014. arXiv1411.2170
  254. Kormendy J, Ho LC. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:511 [Google Scholar]
  255. Kormendy J, Kennicutt RC Jr. 2004. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:603 [Google Scholar]
  256. Kotarba H, Lesch H, Dolag K. et al. 2011. MNRAS 415:3189 [Google Scholar]
  257. Kravtsov AV, Gnedin OY, Klypin AA. 2004. Ap. J. 609:482 [Google Scholar]
  258. Kravtsov AV, Klypin AA, Khokhlov AM. 1997. Ap. J. Suppl. 111:73 [Google Scholar]
  259. Krolik JH. 1999. Active Galactic Nuclei: From the Central Black Hole to the Galactic Environment Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  260. Krumholz MR, Dekel A. 2012. Ap. J. 753:16 [Google Scholar]
  261. Krumholz MR, Dekel A, McKee CF. 2012. Ap. J. 745:69 [Google Scholar]
  262. Krumholz MR, McKee CF, Tumlinson J. 2009. Ap. J. 699:850 [Google Scholar]
  263. Kuhlen M, Krumholz MR, Madau P, Smith BD, Wise J. 2012. Ap. J. 749:36 [Google Scholar]
  264. Lacey C, Cole S. 1993. MNRAS 262:627 [Google Scholar]
  265. Lagos CDP, Baugh CM, Lacey CG. et al. 2011a. MNRAS 418:1649 [Google Scholar]
  266. Lagos CDP, Davis TA, Lacey CG. et al. 2014. MNRAS 443:1002 [Google Scholar]
  267. Lagos CDP, Lacey CG, Baugh CM, Bower RG, Benson AJ. 2011b. MNRAS 416:1566 [Google Scholar]
  268. Lang P, Wuyts S, Somerville RS. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 788:11 [Google Scholar]
  269. Lara-López MA, Cepa J, Bongiovanni A. et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 521:53 [Google Scholar]
  270. Lara-López MA, Hopkins AM, López-Sánchez AR. et al. 2013. MNRAS 433:35 [Google Scholar]
  271. Larson RB. 1974. MNRAS 169:229 [Google Scholar]
  272. Leitner SN, Kravtsov AV. 2011. Ap. J. 734:48 [Google Scholar]
  273. Leroy AK, Walter F, Sandstrom K. et al. 2013. Astron. J. 146:19 [Google Scholar]
  274. Li Y, Bryan GL. 2014. Ap. J. 789:54 [Google Scholar]
  275. Lilly SJ, Carollo CM, Pipino A, Renzini A, Peng Y. 2013. Ap. J. 772:119 [Google Scholar]
  276. Lu Y, Mo HJ, Weinberg MD, Katz N. 2011. MNRAS 416:1949 [Google Scholar]
  277. Lu Y, Wechsler RH, Somerville RS. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 597:123 [Google Scholar]
  278. Mac Low MM, Glover SCO. 2012. Ap. J. 746:135 [Google Scholar]
  279. Madau P, Dickinson M. 2014. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52:415 [Google Scholar]
  280. Maller AH, Dekel A. 2002. MNRAS 335:487 [Google Scholar]
  281. Mandelker N, Dekel A, Ceverino D. et al. 2014. MNRAS 443:3675 [Google Scholar]
  282. Mannucci F, Cresci G, Maiolino R, Marconi A, Gnerucci A. 2010. MNRAS 408:2115 [Google Scholar]
  283. Marchesini D, van Dokkum PG, Förster Schreiber NM. et al. 2009. Ap. J. 701:1765 [Google Scholar]
  284. Marchesini D, Whitaker KE, Brammer G. et al. 2010. Ap. J. 725:1277 [Google Scholar]
  285. McKee CF, Krumholz MR. 2010. Ap. J. 709:308 [Google Scholar]
  286. McKee CF, Ostriker EC. 2007. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45:565 [Google Scholar]
  287. McKee CF, Ostriker JP. 1977. Ap. J. 218:148 [Google Scholar]
  288. McNamara BR, Nulsen PEJ. 2007. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45:117 [Google Scholar]
  289. Mendygral PJ, Jones TW, Dolag K. 2012. Ap. J. 750:166 [Google Scholar]
  290. Mihos JC, Hernquist L. 1996. Ap. J. 464:641 [Google Scholar]
  291. Miller SH, Bundy K, Sullivan M, Ellis RS, Treu T. 2011. Ap. J. 741:115 [Google Scholar]
  292. Miller SH, Ellis RS, Sullivan M. et al. 2012. Ap. J. 753:74 [Google Scholar]
  293. Mitchell PD, Lacey CG, Baugh CM, Cole S. 2013. MNRAS 435:87 [Google Scholar]
  294. Mo H, van den Bosch FC, White S. 2010. Galaxy Formation and Evolution Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  295. Mo HJ, Mao S, White SDM. 1998. MNRAS 295:319 [Google Scholar]
  296. Moe M, Arav N, Bautista MA, Korista KT. 2009. Ap. J. 706:525 [Google Scholar]
  297. Monaco P, Benson AJ, De Lucia G. et al. 2014. MNRAS 441:2058 [Google Scholar]
  298. Monaco P, Fontanot F, Taffoni G. 2007. MNRAS 375:1189 [Google Scholar]
  299. Monaghan JJ. 1992. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30:543 [Google Scholar]
  300. Moody CE, Guo Y, Mandelker N. et al. 2014. MNRAS 444:1389 [Google Scholar]
  301. Moster BP, Macciò AV, Somerville RS, Johansson PH, Naab T. 2010a. MNRAS 403:1009 [Google Scholar]
  302. Moster BP, Macciò AV, Somerville RS, Naab T, Cox TJ. 2011. MNRAS 415:3750 [Google Scholar]
  303. Moster BP, Macciò AV, Somerville RS, Naab T, Cox TJ. 2012. MNRAS 423:2045 [Google Scholar]
  304. Moster BP, Naab T, White SDM. 2013. MNRAS 428:3121 [Google Scholar]
  305. Moster BP, Somerville RS, Maulbetsch C. et al. 2010b. Ap. J. 710:903 [Google Scholar]
  306. Moustakas J, Coil AL, Aird JA. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 767:50 [Google Scholar]
  307. Munshi F, Governato F, Brooks AM. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 766:56 [Google Scholar]
  308. Murali C, Katz N, Hernquist L, Weinberg DH, Davé R. 2002. Ap. J. 571:1 [Google Scholar]
  309. Murray N, Quataert E, Thompson TA. 2005. Ap. J. 618:569 [Google Scholar]
  310. Muzzin A, Marchesini D, Stefanon M. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 777:18 [Google Scholar]
  311. Naab T, Johansson PH, Ostriker JP. 2009. Ap. J. Lett. 699:L178 [Google Scholar]
  312. Nagashima M, Lacey CG, Okamoto T. et al. 2005. MNRAS 363:31 [Google Scholar]
  313. Narayan R, Yi I. 1994. Ap. J. Lett. 428:L13 [Google Scholar]
  314. Narayanan D, Cox TJ, Kelly B. et al. 2008. Ap. J. Suppl. 176:331 [Google Scholar]
  315. Navarro JF, Frenk CS, White SDM. 1997. Ap. J. 490:493 [Google Scholar]
  316. Navarro JF, Steinmetz M. 2000. Ap. J. 538:477 [Google Scholar]
  317. Navarro JF, White SDM. 1993. MNRAS 265:271 [Google Scholar]
  318. Netzer H. 2013. The Physics and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  319. Niemi SM, Somerville RS, Ferguson HC. et al. 2012. MNRAS 421:1539 [Google Scholar]
  320. Noeske KG, Faber SM, Weiner BJ. et al. 2007a. Ap. J. 660:47 [Google Scholar]
  321. Noeske KG, Weiner BJ, Faber SM. et al. 2007b. Ap. J. Lett. 660:L43 [Google Scholar]
  322. Obreschkow D, Croton D, De Lucia G, Khochfar S, Rawlings S. 2009. Ap. J. 698:1467 [Google Scholar]
  323. Oh SH, Brook C, Governato F. et al. 2011. Astron. J. 142:24 [Google Scholar]
  324. Okamoto T, Gao L, Theuns T. 2008. MNRAS 390:920 [Google Scholar]
  325. Oppenheimer BD, Davé R. 2006. MNRAS 373:1265 [Google Scholar]
  326. Oppenheimer BD, Davé R. 2008. MNRAS 387:577 [Google Scholar]
  327. Oppenheimer BD, Davé R, Kereš D. et al. 2010. MNRAS 406:2325 [Google Scholar]
  328. Oser L, Naab T, Ostriker JP, Johansson PH. 2012. Ap. J. 744:63 [Google Scholar]
  329. Ostriker JP, Choi E, Ciotti L, Novak GS, Proga D. 2010. Ap. J. 722:642 [Google Scholar]
  330. Ostriker JP, Peebles PJE. 1973. Ap. J. 186:467 [Google Scholar]
  331. Papovich C, Finkelstein SL, Ferguson HC, Lotz JM, Giavalisco M. 2011. MNRAS 412:1123 [Google Scholar]
  332. Parkinson H, Cole S, Helly J. 2008. MNRAS 383:557 [Google Scholar]
  333. Parry OH, Eke VR, Frenk CS. 2009. MNRAS 396:1972 [Google Scholar]
  334. Pawlik AH, Schaye J. 2009. MNRAS 396:46 [Google Scholar]
  335. Pawlik AH, Schaye J. 2011. MNRAS 412:1943 [Google Scholar]
  336. Peebles PJE. 1969. Ap. J. 155:393 [Google Scholar]
  337. Peeples MS, Shankar F. 2011. MNRAS 417:2962 [Google Scholar]
  338. Peeples MS, Werk JK, Tumlinson J. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 786:54 [Google Scholar]
  339. Pen UL. 1998. Ap. J. Suppl. 115:19 [Google Scholar]
  340. Peng Y-j, Lilly SJ, Kovac K. et al. 2010. Ap. J. 721:193 [Google Scholar]
  341. Peng Y-j, Lilly SJ, Renzini A, Carollo M. 2012. Ap. J. 757:4 [Google Scholar]
  342. Pfrommer C. 2013. Ap. J. 779:10 [Google Scholar]
  343. Planck Collab., Ade PAR, Aghanim N. et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 571:16 [Google Scholar]
  344. Pontzen A, Governato F. 2012. MNRAS 421:3464 [Google Scholar]
  345. Popping A, Davé R, Braun R, Oppenheimer BD. 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 504:15 [Google Scholar]
  346. Popping G, Behroozi PS, Peeples MS. 2014a. arXiv1409.1574
  347. Popping G, Caputi KI, Somerville RS, Trager SC. 2012. MNRAS 425:2386 [Google Scholar]
  348. Popping G, Somerville RS, Trager SC. 2014b. MNRAS 442:2398 [Google Scholar]
  349. Porter LA, Somerville RS, Primack JR, Johansson PH. 2014. MNRAS 444:942 [Google Scholar]
  350. Primack JR. 2005. New Astron. Rev. 49:25 [Google Scholar]
  351. Prochaska JX, Hennawi JF, Simcoe RA. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 762:L19 [Google Scholar]
  352. Quinn T, Katz N, Efstathiou G. 1996. MNRAS 278:49 [Google Scholar]
  353. Rafieferantsoa M, Davé R, Anglés-Alcazar D. et al. 2014. arXiv1408.2531
  354. Rahmati A, Pawlik AH, Raicevic M, Schaye J. 2013. MNRAS 430:2427 [Google Scholar]
  355. Rahmati A, Schaye J. 2014. MNRAS 438:529 [Google Scholar]
  356. Read JI, Hayfield T. 2012. MNRAS 422:3037 [Google Scholar]
  357. Rees MJ, Ostriker JP. 1977. MNRAS 179:541 [Google Scholar]
  358. Ritchie BW, Thomas PA. 2001. MNRAS 323:743 [Google Scholar]
  359. Robaina AR, Bell EF, van der Wel A. et al. 2010. Ap. J. 719:844 [Google Scholar]
  360. Roberts MS, Haynes MP. 1994. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 32:115 [Google Scholar]
  361. Robertson B, Bullock JS, Cox TJ. et al. 2006a. Ap. J. 645:986 [Google Scholar]
  362. Robertson B, Cox TJ, Hernquist L. et al. 2006b. Ap. J. 641:21 [Google Scholar]
  363. Robertson B, Yoshida N, Springel V, Hernquist L. 2004. Ap. J. 606:32 [Google Scholar]
  364. Rodighiero G, Daddi E, Baronchelli I. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 739:L40 [Google Scholar]
  365. Rudie GC, Steidel CC, Trainor RF. et al. 2012. Ap. J. 750:67 [Google Scholar]
  366. Ruszkowski M, Brüggen M, Begelman MC. 2004. Ap. J. 615:675 [Google Scholar]
  367. Saintonge A, Lutz D, Genzel R. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 778:2 [Google Scholar]
  368. Saitoh TR, Makino J. 2013. Ap. J. 768:44 [Google Scholar]
  369. Salim S, Rich RM, Charlot S. et al. 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 173:267 [Google Scholar]
  370. Salmon B, Papovich C, Finkelstein SL. et al. 2014. arXiv1407.6012
  371. Sanders DB, Mirabel IF. 1996. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34:749 [Google Scholar]
  372. Sanders RL, Shapley AE, Kriek M. et al. 2015. Ap. J. 799:138 [Google Scholar]
  373. Savaglio S, Glazebrook K. Borgne D. , Le et al. 2005. Ap. J. 635:260 [Google Scholar]
  374. Scannapieco E, Brüggen M. 2008. Ap. J. 686:927 [Google Scholar]
  375. Scannapieco E, Brüggen M. 2010. MNRAS 405:1634 [Google Scholar]
  376. Schaye J. 2004. Ap. J. 609:667 [Google Scholar]
  377. Schaye J, Crain RA, Bower RG. et al. 2015. MNRAS 446:521 [Google Scholar]
  378. Schaye J, Dalla Vecchia C. 2008. MNRAS 383:1210 [Google Scholar]
  379. Schaye J, Dalla Vecchia C, Booth CM. et al. 2010. MNRAS 402:1536 [Google Scholar]
  380. Schechter P. 1976. Ap. J. 203:297 [Google Scholar]
  381. Schiminovich D, Wyder TK, Martin DC. et al. 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 173:315 [Google Scholar]
  382. Schmidt M. 1959. Ap. J. 129:243 [Google Scholar]
  383. Schreiber C, Pannella M, Elbaz D. et al. 2014. arXiv1409.5433
  384. Scoville N, Aussel H, Sheth K. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 783:84 [Google Scholar]
  385. Shankar F, Marulli F, Bernardi M. et al. 2010. MNRAS 403:117 [Google Scholar]
  386. Shankar F, Marulli F, Bernardi M. et al. 2013. MNRAS 428:109 [Google Scholar]
  387. Sharma P, Chandran BDG, Quataert E, Parrish IJ. 2009. Ap. J. 699:348 [Google Scholar]
  388. Shen S, Mo HJ, White SDM. et al. 2003. MNRAS 343:978 [Google Scholar]
  389. Sijacki D, Springel V. Matteo T, Hernquist L. , di 2007. MNRAS 380:877 [Google Scholar]
  390. Silk J, Rees MJ. 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 331:1 [Google Scholar]
  391. Simard L, Mendel JT, Patton DR, Ellison SL, McConnachie AW. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 196:11 [Google Scholar]
  392. Simha V, Weinberg DH, Davé R. et al. 2009. MNRAS 399:650 [Google Scholar]
  393. Simien F, de Vaucouleurs G. 1986. Ap. J. 302:564 [Google Scholar]
  394. Somerville RS. 2002. Ap. J. Lett. 572:L23 [Google Scholar]
  395. Somerville RS, Barden M, Rix H. et al. 2008a. Ap. J. 672:776 [Google Scholar]
  396. Somerville RS, Hopkins PF, Cox TJ, Robertson BE, Hernquist L. 2008b. MNRAS 391:481 [Google Scholar]
  397. Somerville RS, Kolatt TS. 1999. MNRAS 305:1 [Google Scholar]
  398. Somerville RS, Popping G, Trager SC. 2015. MNRAS. In press. arXiv:1503.00755
  399. Somerville RS, Primack JR. 1999. MNRAS 310:1087 [Google Scholar]
  400. Sommer-Larsen J, Gelato S, Vedel H. 1999. Ap. J. 519:501 [Google Scholar]
  401. Sparre M, Hayward CC, Springel V. et al. 2014. arXiv1409.0009
  402. Speagle JS, Steinhardt CL, Capak PL, Silverman JD. 2014. Ap. J. Suppl. 214:15 [Google Scholar]
  403. Springel V. 2000. MNRAS 312:859 [Google Scholar]
  404. Springel V. 2005. MNRAS 364:1105 [Google Scholar]
  405. Springel V. 2010a. MNRAS 401:791 [Google Scholar]
  406. Springel V. 2010b. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48:391 [Google Scholar]
  407. Springel V, Di Matteo T, Hernquist L. 2005a. Ap. J. Lett. 620:L79 [Google Scholar]
  408. Springel V, Di Matteo T, Hernquist L. 2005b. MNRAS 361:776 [Google Scholar]
  409. Springel V, Hernquist L. 2003. MNRAS 339:289 [Google Scholar]
  410. Springel V, White SDM, Jenkins A. et al. 2005c. Nature 435:629 [Google Scholar]
  411. Springel V, White SDM, Tormen G, Kauffmann G. 2001. MNRAS 328:726 [Google Scholar]
  412. Steidel CC, Rudie GC, Strom AL. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 795:165 [Google Scholar]
  413. Steinhardt CL, Speagle JS, Capak P. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 791:25 [Google Scholar]
  414. Steinmetz M. 1999. Ap. Space Sci. 269:513 [Google Scholar]
  415. Stewart KR, Brooks AM, Bullock JS. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 769:74 [Google Scholar]
  416. Stinson G, Seth A, Katz N. et al. 2006. MNRAS 373:1074 [Google Scholar]
  417. Stinson GS, Brook C, Macciò AV. et al. 2013. MNRAS 428:129 [Google Scholar]
  418. Sturm E, González-Alfonso E, Veilleux S. et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 733:L16 [Google Scholar]
  419. Sutherland RS, Dopita MA. 1993. Ap. J. Suppl. 88:253 [Google Scholar]
  420. Tacconi LJ, Genzel R, Neri R. et al. 2010. Nature 463:781 [Google Scholar]
  421. Tacconi LJ, Neri R, Genzel R. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 768:74 [Google Scholar]
  422. Tasca LAM, White SDM. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 530:106 [Google Scholar]
  423. Tasitsiomi A, Kravtsov AV, Wechsler RH, Primack JR. 2004. Ap. J. 614:533 [Google Scholar]
  424. Teyssier R. 2010. RAMSES: a new N-body and hydrodynamical code. Astrophys. Source Code Libr. ascl:1011.007 (Abstr.) [Google Scholar]
  425. Thomas D, Maraston C, Bender R, Mendes de Oliveira C. 2005. Ap. J. 621:673 [Google Scholar]
  426. Thoul AA, Weinberg DH. 1996. Ap. J. 465:608 [Google Scholar]
  427. Tolstoy E, Hill V, Tosi M. 2009. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47:371 [Google Scholar]
  428. Tomczak AR, Quadri RF, Tran KVH. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 783:85 [Google Scholar]
  429. Toomre A. 1964. Ap. J. 139:1217 [Google Scholar]
  430. Toomre A. 1977. Evolution of Galaxies and Stellar Populations BM Tinsley, RBG Larson, pg. 401 New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Observ. [Google Scholar]
  431. Torrey P, Vogelsberger M, Genel S. et al. 2014. MNRAS 438:1985 [Google Scholar]
  432. Trager SC, Faber SM, Worthey G, González JJ. 2000. Astron. J. 119:1645 [Google Scholar]
  433. Tremonti CA, Heckman TM, Kauffmann G. et al. 2004. Ap. J. 613:898 [Google Scholar]
  434. Trujillo I, Förster Schreiber NM, Rudnick G. et al. 2006. Ap. J. 650:18 [Google Scholar]
  435. Tully RB, Fisher JR. 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 54:661 [Google Scholar]
  436. Tumlinson J, Thom C, Werk JK. et al. 2013. Ap. J. 777:59 [Google Scholar]
  437. Übler H, Naab T, Oser L. et al. 2014. MNRAS 443:2092 [Google Scholar]
  438. van den Bosch FC, Burkert A, Swaters RA. 2001. MNRAS 326:1205 [Google Scholar]
  439. van den Bosch FC, Yang X, Mo HJ. et al. 2007. MNRAS 376:841 [Google Scholar]
  440. van der Wel A, Franx M, van Dokkum PG. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 788:28 [Google Scholar]
  441. van Dokkum PG, Bezanson R, van der Wel A. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 791:45 [Google Scholar]
  442. van Dokkum PG, Franx M, Kriek M. et al. 2008. Ap. J. Lett. 677:L5 [Google Scholar]
  443. Veilleux S, Cecil G, Bland-Hawthorn J. 2005. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43:769 [Google Scholar]
  444. Vernaleo JC, Reynolds CS. 2006. Ap. J. 645:83 [Google Scholar]
  445. Vitvitska M, Klypin AA, Kravtsov AV. et al. 2002. Ap. J. 581:799 [Google Scholar]
  446. Vogelsberger M, Genel S, Springel V. et al. 2014a. MNRAS 444:1518 [Google Scholar]
  447. Vogelsberger M, Genel S, Springel V. et al. 2014b. Nature 509:177 [Google Scholar]
  448. Vogelsberger M, Sijacki D, Kereš D, Springel V, Hernquist L. 2012. MNRAS 425:3024 [Google Scholar]
  449. Volonteri M. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 18:279 [Google Scholar]
  450. Wadsley JW, Stadel J, Quinn T. 2004. New Astron. 9:137 [Google Scholar]
  451. Wake DA, Whitaker KE, Labbé I. et al. 2011. Ap. J. 728:46 [Google Scholar]
  452. Walch S, Wünsch R, Burkert A, Glover S, Whitworth A. 2011. Ap. J. 733:47 [Google Scholar]
  453. Walcher J, Groves B, Budavári T, Dale D. 2011. Ap. Space Sci. 331:1 [Google Scholar]
  454. Walker IR, Mihos JC, Hernquist L. 1996. Ap. J. 460:121 [Google Scholar]
  455. Weinmann SM, Kauffmann G, von der Linden A, De Lucia G. 2010. MNRAS 406:2249 [Google Scholar]
  456. Weinmann SM, Pasquali A, Oppenheimer BD. et al. 2012. MNRAS 426:2797 [Google Scholar]
  457. Weinmann SM, van den Bosch FC, Yang X, Mo HJ. 2006a. MNRAS 366:2 [Google Scholar]
  458. Weinmann SM, van den Bosch FC, Yang X. et al. 2006b. MNRAS 372:1161 [Google Scholar]
  459. Wetzel AR, Tinker JL, Conroy C. 2012. MNRAS 424:232 [Google Scholar]
  460. Whitaker KE, Franx M, Leja J. et al. 2014. Ap. J. 795:104 [Google Scholar]
  461. White CE, Somerville RS, Ferguson HC. 2014. arXiv1407.1850
  462. White SDM, Frenk CS. 1991. Ap. J. 379:52 [Google Scholar]
  463. White SDM, Rees MJ. 1978. MNRAS 183:341 [Google Scholar]
  464. Wiersma RPC, Schaye J, Smith BD. 2009a. MNRAS 393:99 [Google Scholar]
  465. Wiersma RPC, Schaye J, Theuns T, Dalla Vecchia C, Tornatore L. 2009b. MNRAS 399:574 [Google Scholar]
  466. Wise JH, Abel T. 2011. MNRAS 414:3458 [Google Scholar]
  467. Woo J, Dekel A, Faber SM. et al. 2013. MNRAS 428:3306 [Google Scholar]
  468. Wuyts E, Kurk J, Förster Schreiber NM. et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 798:40 [Google Scholar]
  469. Wuyts S, Förster Schreiber NM, Genzel R. et al. 2012. Ap. J. 753:114 [Google Scholar]
  470. Wuyts S, Förster Schreiber NM, van der Wel A. et al. 2011. Ap. J. 742:96 [Google Scholar]
  471. Yang X, Mo HJ, van den Bosch FC. 2003. MNRAS 339:1057 [Google Scholar]
  472. Yates RM, Henriques B, Thomas PA. et al. 2013. MNRAS 435:3500 [Google Scholar]
  473. Yoshida N, Stoehr F, Springel V, White SDM. 2002. MNRAS 335:762 [Google Scholar]
  474. Zahid HJ, Geller MJ, Kewley LJ. et al. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 771:L19 [Google Scholar]
  475. Zheng Z, Berlind AA, Weinberg DH. et al. 2005. Ap. J. 633:791 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951
Loading
Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 53, 51 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error