1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  4. Volume 56, 2018
  5. Article

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 56, 2018

High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way

Abstract

This review examines the state-of-the-art knowledge of high-mass star and massive cluster formation, gained from ambitious observational surveys, which acknowledges the multiscale characteristics of these processes. After a brief overview of theoretical models and main open issues, we present observational searches for the evolutionary phases of high-mass star formation, first among high-luminosity sources and more recently among young massive protostars and the elusive high-mass prestellar cores. We then introduce the most likely evolutionary scenario for high-mass star formation, which emphasizes the link of high-mass star formation to massive cloud and cluster formation. Finally, we introduce the first attempts to search for variations of the star-formation activity and cluster formation in molecular cloud complexes in the most extreme star-forming sites and across the Milky Way. The combination of Galactic plane surveys and high–angular resolution images with submillimeter facilities such as Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) are prerequisites to make significant progress in the forthcoming decade.

Keyword(s): cloud, protocluster, protostar, star formation
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235
2018-09-14
2024-12-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/56/1/annurev-astro-091916-055235.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aguirre JE, Ginsburg AG, Dunham MK et al. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 192:4
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Alves J, Lombardi M, Lada CJ 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 462:L17–21
     [Google Scholar]
  3. André P, Men'shchikov A, Bontemps S et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L102
     [Google Scholar]
  4. André P, Ward-Thompson D, Barsony M 2000. Protostars and Planets IV V Mannings, AP Boss, SS Russell 59–96 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Ballesteros-Paredes J, Hartmann LW, Vázquez-Semadeni E, Heitsch F, Zamora-Avilés MA 2011. MNRAS 411:65–70
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bally J, Aguirre J, Battersby C et al. 2010. Ap. J. 721:137–63
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Beltrán MT, Brand J, Cesaroni R et al. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 447:221–33
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Beltrán MT, Olmi L, Cesaroni R et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 552:A123
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Benjamin RA, Churchwell E, Babler BL et al. 2003. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 115:953–64
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bergin EA, Tafalla M 2007. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45:339–96
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Beuther H, Churchwell EB, McKee CF, Tan JC 2007.a Protostars and Planets V B Reipurth, D Jewitt, K Keil 165–80 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Beuther H, Henning T, Linz H et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 581:A119
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Beuther H, Schilke P, Menten KM et al. 2002.a Ap. J. 566:945–65
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Beuther H, Schilke P, Sridharan TK et al. 2002.b Astron. Astrophys. 383:892–904
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Beuther H, Steinacker J 2007. Ap. J. Lett 656:L85–88
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Beuther H, Zhang Q, Bergin EA et al. 2007.b Astron. Astrophys. 468:1045–56
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Billot N, Noriega-Crespo A, Carey S et al. 2010. Ap. J. 712:797–812
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Bonnell IA, Bate MR 2002. MNRAS 336:659–69
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Bonnell IA, Bate MR, Zinnecker H 1998. MNRAS 298:93–102
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Bonnell IA, Clarke CJ, Bate MR, Pringle JE 2001. MNRAS 324:573–79
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Bonnor WB 1956. MNRAS 116:351
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Bontemps S, André P, Könyves V et al. 2010.a Astron. Astrophys. 518:L85
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Bontemps S, André P, Terebey S, Cabrit S 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 311:858–72
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Bontemps S, Motte F, Csengeri T, Schneider N 2010.b Astron. Astrophys. 524:A18
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Breen SL, Ellingsen SP, Caswell JL, Lewis BE 2010. MNRAS 401:2219–44
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Bressert E, Ginsburg A, Bally J et al. 2012. Ap. J. Lett 758:L28
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Bronfman L, Nyman LA, May J 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 115:81
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Butler MJ, Tan JC 2009. Ap. J. 696:484–97
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Butler MJ, Tan JC 2012. Ap. J. 754:5
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Carey SJ, Feldman PA, Redman RO et al. 2000. Ap. J. Lett 543:L157–61
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Carlhoff P, Nguyn Lu'o'ng Q, Schilke P et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 560:A24
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Carpenter JM, Heyer MH, Snell RL 2000. Ap. J. Suppl. 130:381–402
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Chandrasekhar S, Fermi E 1953. Ap. J. 118:116
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Churchwell E 2002. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 40:27–62
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Commerćon B, Hennebelle P, Henning T 2011. Ap. J. Lett 742:L9
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Contreras Y, Schuller F, Urquhart JS et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 549:A45
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Cortes PC, Girart JM, Hull CLH et al. 2016. Ap. J. Lett 825:L15
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Crutcher E 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 50:29–63
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Csengeri T, Bontemps S, Schneider N, Motte F, Dib S 2011.a Astron. Astrophys. 527:A135
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Csengeri T, Bontemps S, Schneider N et al. 2011.b Ap. J. Lett 740:L5
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Csengeri T, Bontemps S, Wyrowski F et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 600:L10
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Csengeri T, Urquhart JS, Schuller F et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 565:A75
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Cyganowski CJ, Brogan CL, Hunter TR, Churchwell E, Zhang Q 2011. Ap. J. 729:124
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Cyganowski CJ, Brogan CL, Hunter TR et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett 796:L2
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Cyganowski CJ, Brogan CL, Hunter TR et al. 2017. MNRAS 468:3694–708
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Didelon P, Motte F, Tremblin P et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 584:A4
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Duarte-Cabral A, Bontemps S, Motte F et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 558:A125
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Duarte-Cabral A, Bontemps S, Motte F et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 570:A1
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Dunham MM, Allen LE, Evans NJ II et al. 2015. Ap. J. Suppl. 220:11
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Eden DJ, Moore TJT, Plume R, Morgan LK 2012. MNRAS 422:3178–88
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Egan MP, Shipman RF, Price SD et al. 1998. Ap. J. Lett 494:L199
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Elia D, Molinari S, Schisano E et al. 2017. MNRAS 471:100–43
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Evans NJ II, Dunham MM, Jørgensen JK et al. 2009. Ap. J. Suppl. 181:321–50
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Falgarone E, Troland TH, Crutcher RM, Paubert G 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 487:247–52
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Fallscheer C, Reid MA, Di Francesco J et al. 2013. Ap. J. 773:102
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Faúndez S, Bronfman L, Garay G et al. 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 426:97–103
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Faure A, Faure M, Theulé P, Quirico E, Schmitt B 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 584:A98
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Federrath C, Klessen RS 2012. Ap. J. 761:156
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Federrath C, Roman-Duval J, Klessen RS, Schmidt W, Mac Low MM 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 512:A81
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Fontani F, Palau A, Caselli P et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 529:L7
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Fuller GA, Williams SJ, Sridharan TK 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 442:949–59
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Gaczkowski B, Preibisch T, Ratzka T et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 549:A67
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Galván-Madrid R, Keto E, Zhang Q et al. 2009. Ap. J. 706:1036–53
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Galván-Madrid R, Liu HB, Zhang ZY et al. 2013. Ap. J. 779:121
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Galván-Madrid R, Zhang Q, Keto E et al. 2010. Ap. J. 725:17–28
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Garay G, Brooks KJ, Mardones D, Norris RP, Burton MG 2002. Ap. J. 579:678–87
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Garay G, Faúndez S, Mardones D et al. 2004. Ap. J. 610:313–19
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Garay G, Lizano S 1999. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 111:1049–87
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Ginsburg A, Bally J, Battersby C et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 573:A106
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Ginsburg A, Bressert E, Bally J, Battersby C 2012. Ap. J. Lett 758:L29
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Ginsburg A, Glenn J, Rosolowsky E et al. 2013. Ap. J. Suppl. 208:14
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Girart JM, Frau P, Zhang Q et al. 2013. Ap. J. 772:69
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Girart JM, Rao R, Marrone DP 2012. Science 313:812–14
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Gómez G, Vázquez-Semadeni E 2014. Ap. J. 791:124
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Green JA, McClure-Griffiths NM, Caswell JL, Robishaw T, Harvey-Smith L 2012. MNRAS 425:2530–47
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Hacar A, Tafalla M, Kauffmann J, Kovács A 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 554:A55
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Hartmann L, Ballesteros-Paredes J, Heitsch F 2012. MNRAS 420:1457–61
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Hartmann L, Burkert A 2007. Ap. J. 654:988–97
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Heiderman A, Evans NJ II, Allen LE, Huard T, Heyer M 2010. Ap. J. 723:1019–37
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Heithausen A, Bensch F, Stutzki J, Falgarone E, Panis JF 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 331:L65–68
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Heitsch F, Hartmann L 2008. Ap. J. 689:290–301
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Helmich FP, van Dishoeck EF 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 124:205–53
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Hennebelle P, Chabrier G 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 743:L29
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Hennemann M, Motte F, Bontemps S et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L84
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Hennemann M, Motte F, Schneider N et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 543:L3
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Henshaw JD, Caselli P, Fontani F, Jiménez-Serra I, Tan JC 2014. MNRAS 440:2860–81
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Henshaw JD, Caselli P, Fontani F et al. 2013. MNRAS 428:3425–42
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Henshaw JD, Jiménez-Serra I, Longmore SN et al. 2017. MNRAS 464:L31–35
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Herpin F, Chavarría L, Jacq T et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 587:A139
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Herpin F, Chavarría L, van der Tak F et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 542:A76
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Heyer MH, Williams JP, Brunt CM 2006. Ap. J. 643:956–64
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Hill T, Burton MG, Minier V et al. 2005. MNRAS 363:405–51
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Hill T, Motte F, Didelon P et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 533:A94
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Hill T, Motte F, Didelon P et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 542:A114
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Hoare MG, Kurtz SE, Lizano S, Keto E, Hofner P 2007. Protostars and Planets V B Reipurth, D Jewitt, K Keil 181–96 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Hosokawa T, Omukai K 2009. Ap. J. 691:823–46
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Hunter TR, Neugebauer G, Benford DJ et al. 1998. Ap. J. Lett 493:L97–100
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Jiménez-Serra I, Caselli P, Tan JC et al. 2010. MNRAS 406:187–96
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Johnstone D, Wilson CD, Moriarty-Schieven G et al. 2000. Ap. J. 545:327–39
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Kauffmann J, Bertoldi F, Bourke TL, Evans NJ II, Lee CW 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 487:993–1017
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Kauffmann J, Pillai T 2010. Ap. J. Lett 723:L7–12
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Kauffmann J, Pillai T, Goldsmith PF 2013. Ap. J. 779:185
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Kennicutt RC Jr 1998. Ap. J. 498:541
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Kenyon SJ, Hartmann L 1995. Ap. J. Suppl. 101:117
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Keto E 2003. Ap. J. 599:1196–206
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Kirk H, Myers PC, Bourke TL et al. 2013. Ap. J. 766:115
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Kirk JM, Ward-Thompson D, André P 2005. MNRAS 360:1506–26
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Klein R, Posselt B, Schreyer K, Forbrich J, Henning T 2005. Ap. J. Suppl. 161:361–93
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Kong S, Tan JC, Caselli P et al. 2017. Ap. J. 834:193
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Könyves V, André P, Men'shchikov A et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 584:A91
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Kramer C, Stutzki J, Winnewisser G 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 307:915–35
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Kroupa P 2001. MNRAS 322:231–46
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Kruijssen JMD, Longmore SN, Elmegreen BG et al. 2014. MNRAS 440:3370–91
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Krumholz MR 2015. Very Massive Stars in the Local Universe JS Vink Ap. Space Sci. Libr 41247–75 Cham, Switzerland: Springer
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Krumholz MR, Klein RI, McKee CF, Offner SSR, Cunningham AJ 2009. Science 323:754
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Kuiper R, Klahr H, Beuther H, Henning T 2011. Ap. J. 732:20
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Kuiper R, Klahr H, Dullemond C, Kley W, Henning T 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 511:A81
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Kurtz S, Cesaroni R, Churchwell E, Hofner P, Walmsley CM 2000. Protostars and Planets IV V Mannings, AP Boss, SS Russell 299–326 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Lada CJ, Elmegreen BG, Cong HI, Thaddeus P 1978. Ap. J. Lett 226:L39–42
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Larson RB 1981. MNRAS 194:809
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Leurini S, Beuther H, Schilke P et al. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 475:925–39
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Li HB, Goodman A, Sridharan TK et al. 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, RS Klessen, CP Dullemond, T Henning 101–23 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Li HB, Yuen KH, Otto F et al. 2015. Nature 520:518–21
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Longmore SN, Bally J, Testi L et al. 2013. MNRAS 429:987–1000
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Longmore SN, Kruijssen JMD, Bastian N et al. 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, RS Klessen, CP Dullemond, T Henning 291–314 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  126. López-Sepulcre A, Walmsley CM, Cesaroni R 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 526:L2
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Loren RB 1977. Ap. J. 215:129–50
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Louvet F, Motte F, Gusdorf FMA et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 595:A122
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Louvet F, Motte F, Hennebelle P et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 570:A15
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Lumsden SL, Hoare MG, Urquhart JS et al. 2013. Ap. J. Suppl. 208:11
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Martins F, Hillier DJ, Paumard T et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 478:219–33
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Maury AJ, André P, Men'shchikov A, Könyves V, Bontemps S 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 535:A77
     [Google Scholar]
  133. McKee CF, Tan JC 2002. Nature 416:59–61
     [Google Scholar]
  134. McKee CF, Tan JC 2003. Ap. J. 585:850–71
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Minier V, Burton MG, Hill T et al. 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 429:945–60
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Molinari S, Brand J, Cesaroni R, Palla F 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 355:617–28
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Molinari S, Pezzuto S, Cesaroni R et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys. 481:345–65
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Molinari S, Schisano E, Elia D et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 591:A149
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Molinari S, Swinyard B, Bally J et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L100
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Molinari S, Testi L, Brand J, Cesaroni R, Palla F 1998. Ap. J. Lett 505:L39–42
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Motte F, André P 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 365:440–64
     [Google Scholar]
  142. Motte F, André P, Neri R 1998. Astron. Astrophys. 336:150–72
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Motte F, André P, Ward-Thompson D, Bontemps S 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 372:L41–44
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Motte F, Bontemps S, Schilke P et al. 2005. Massive Star Birth: A Crossroads of Astrophysics, Proc. IAU Symp 227 R Cesaroni, M Felli, E Churchwell, M Walmsley S227151–56 Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Motte F, Bontemps S, Schilke P et al. 2007. Astron. Astrophys. 476:1243–60
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Motte F, Nguyn Lu'o'ng Q, Schneider N et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 571:A32
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Motte F, Nony T, Louvet F et al. 2018. Nat. Astron. 2:478–82
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Motte F, Schilke P, Lis DC 2003. Ap. J. 582:277–91
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Motte F, Zavagno A, Bontemps S et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L77
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Mottram JC, Hoare MG, Urquhart JS et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 525:A149
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Mueller KE, Shirley YL, Evans NJ II, Jacobson HR 2002. Ap. J. Suppl. 143:469–97
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Murray N, Chang P 2009. Ap. J. 746:75
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Murray N, Chang P 2015. Ap. J. 804:44
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Myers AT, McKee CF, Cunningham AJ, Klein RI, Krumholz MR 2002. Ap. J. 766:97
     [Google Scholar]
  155. Myers PC 2009. Ap. J. 700:1609–25
     [Google Scholar]
  156. Nakamura F, Sugitani K, Tanaka T et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett 791:L23
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Nguyn Lu'o'ng Q, Motte F, Carlhoff P et al. 2013. Ap. J. 775:88
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Nguyn Lu'o'ng Q, Motte F, Hennemann M et al. 2011.a Astron. Astrophys. 535:A76
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Nguyn Lu'o'ng Q, Motte F, Schuller F et al. 2011.b Astron. Astrophys. 529:A41
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Nguyn Lu'o'ng Q, Nguyn HVV, Motte F et al. 2016. Ap. J. 833:23
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Nony T, Louvet F, Motte F et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys. Submitted.
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Onishi T, Mizuno A, Kawamura A, Tachihara K, Fukui Y 2002. Ap. J. 575:950–73
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Palau A, Ballesteros-Paredes J, Vázquez-Semadeni E et al. 2015. MNRAS 453:3785–97
     [Google Scholar]
  164. Palau A, Fuente A, Girart JM et al. 2013. Ap. J. 762:120
     [Google Scholar]
  165. Palmeirim P, André P, Kirk J et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 550:A38
     [Google Scholar]
  166. Pérault M, Omont A, Simon G et al. 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 315:L165–68
     [Google Scholar]
  167. Peretto N, André P, Belloche A 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 445:979–98
     [Google Scholar]
  168. Peretto N, Fuller GA 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 505:405–15
     [Google Scholar]
  169. Peretto N, Fuller GA 2010. Ap. J. 723:555–62
     [Google Scholar]
  170. Peretto N, Fuller GA, André P et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 561:A83
     [Google Scholar]
  171. Peretto N, Fuller GA, Duarte-Cabral A et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 555:A112
     [Google Scholar]
  172. Pestalozzi MR, Minier V, Booth RS 2005. Astron. Astrophys. 432:737–42
     [Google Scholar]
  173. Pillai T, Kauffmann J, Wiesemeyer H, Menten KM 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 591:A19
     [Google Scholar]
  174. Pillai T, Wyrowski F, Carey SJ, Menten KM 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 450:569–83
     [Google Scholar]
  175. Plume R, Jaffe DT, Evans NJ II, Martín-Pintado J, Gómez-González J 1997. Ap. J. 476:730–49
     [Google Scholar]
  176. Preibisch T, Roccatagliata V, Gaczkowski B, Ratzka T 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 541:132–45
     [Google Scholar]
  177. Qiu K, Wyrowski F, Menten KM et al. 2011. Ap. J. Lett 743:L25
     [Google Scholar]
  178. Ragan S, Henning T, Krause O et al. 2012.a Astron. Astrophys. 547:A49
     [Google Scholar]
  179. Ragan SE, Bergin EA, Plume R et al. 2006. Ap. J. Suppl. 166:567–84
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Ragan SE, Heitsch F, Bergin EA, Wilner D 2012.b Ap. J. 746:174
     [Google Scholar]
  181. Rathborne JM, Garay G, Jackson JM et al. 2011. Ap. J. 741:120
     [Google Scholar]
  182. Rathborne JM, Jackson JM, Chambers ET et al. 2010. Ap. J. 715:310–22
     [Google Scholar]
  183. Rathborne JM, Jackson JM, Simon R 2006. Ap. J. 641:389–405
     [Google Scholar]
  184. Rathborne JM, Johnson AM, Jackson JM, Shah RY, Simon R 2009. Ap. J. Suppl. 182:131–42
     [Google Scholar]
  185. Renaud F, Bournaud F, Emsellem E et al. 2015. MNRAS 454:3299–310
     [Google Scholar]
  186. Rivera-Ingraham A, Martin PG, Polychroni D et al. 2013. Ap. J. 766:85
     [Google Scholar]
  187. Robitaille TP, Whitney BA, Indebetouw R, Wood K 2007. Ap. J. Suppl. 169:328–52
     [Google Scholar]
  188. Rudolph A, Welch WJ, Palmer P, Dubrulle B 1990. Ap. J. 363:528–46
     [Google Scholar]
  189. Russeil D, Schneider N, Anderson LD et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 554:A42
     [Google Scholar]
  190. Russeil D, Zavagno A, Motte F et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 515:A55
     [Google Scholar]
  191. Rygl KLJ, Brunthaler A, Sanna A et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 539:A79
     [Google Scholar]
  192. Sadavoy SI, Di Francesco J, André P et al. 2014. Ap. J. Lett 787:L18
     [Google Scholar]
  193. Sakai T, Sakai N, Kamegai K et al. 2008. Ap. J. 678:1049–69
     [Google Scholar]
  194. Sandell G 2000. Astron. Astrophys. 358:242–56
     [Google Scholar]
  195. Sandell G, Sievers A 2004. Ap. J. 600:269–78
     [Google Scholar]
  196. Sanhueza P, Jackson JM, Foster JB et al. 2013. Ap. J. 773:123
     [Google Scholar]
  197. Schmiedeke A, Schilke P, Möller T et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 588:A143
     [Google Scholar]
  198. Schneider N, Bontemps S, Girichidis P et al. 2015.a MNRAS 453:41–45
     [Google Scholar]
  199. Schneider N, Bontemps S, Motte F et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 591:A40
     [Google Scholar]
  200. Schneider N, Bontemps S, Simon R et al. 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 458:855–71
     [Google Scholar]
  201. Schneider N, Bontemps S, Simon R et al. 2011. Astron. Astrophys. 529:A1
     [Google Scholar]
  202. Schneider N, Csengeri T, Bontemps S et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 520:A49
     [Google Scholar]
  203. Schneider N, Csengeri T, Klessen RS et al. 2015.b Astron. Astrophys. 578:A29
     [Google Scholar]
  204. Schuller F, Menten KM, Contreras Y et al. 2009. Astron. Astrophys. 504:415–27
     [Google Scholar]
  205. Shu FH, Adams FC, Lizano S 1987. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 25:23–81
     [Google Scholar]
  206. Simon R, Jackson JM, Rathborne JM, Chambers ET 2006.a Ap. J. 639:227–36
     [Google Scholar]
  207. Simon R, Rathborne JM, Shah RY, Jackson JM, Chambers ET 2006.b Ap. J. 653:1325–35
     [Google Scholar]
  208. Smith RJ, Longmore S, Bonnell I 2009. MNRAS 400:1775–84
     [Google Scholar]
  209. Smith RJ, Shetty R, Beuther H, Klessen RS, Bonnell IA 2013. Ap. J. 771:24
     [Google Scholar]
  210. Spitzer L 1978. Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium. New York: Wiley
     [Google Scholar]
  211. Sridharan TK, Beuther H, Saito M, Wyrowski F, Schilke P 2005. Ap. J. Lett 634:L57–60
     [Google Scholar]
  212. Sridharan TK, Beuther H, Schilke P, Menten KM, Wyrowski F 2002. Ap. J. 566:931–44
     [Google Scholar]
  213. Svoboda BE, Shirley YL, Battersby C et al. 2016. Ap. J. 822:59
     [Google Scholar]
  214. Tackenberg J, Beuther H, Henning T et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 540:A113
     [Google Scholar]
  215. Tackenberg J, Beuther H, Henning T et al. 2014. Astron. Astrophys. 565:A101
     [Google Scholar]
  216. Tan JC, Beltrán MT, Caselli P et al. 2014. Protostars and Planets VI H Beuther, RS Klessen, CP Dullemond, T Henning 149–72 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  217. Tan JC, Kong S, Butler MJ, Caselli P, Fontani F 2013. Ap. J. 779:96
     [Google Scholar]
  218. Tan JC, Kong S, Zhang Y et al. 2016. Ap. J. Lett 821:L3
     [Google Scholar]
  219. Tatematsu K, Umemoto T, Heyer MH et al. 1998. Ap. J. Suppl. 118:517–39
     [Google Scholar]
  220. Teyssier D, Hennebelle P, Pérault M 2002. Astron. Astrophys. 382:624–38
     [Google Scholar]
  221. Thompson MA, Hatchell J, Walsh AJ, MacDonald GH, Millar TJ 2006. Astron. Astrophys. 453:1003–26
     [Google Scholar]
  222. Tigé J, Motte F, Russeil D et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 602:A77
     [Google Scholar]
  223. Traficante A, Fuller GA, Peretto N, Pineda JE, Molinari S 2015. MNRAS 451:3089–106
     [Google Scholar]
  224. Tremblin P, Audit E, Minier V, Schmidt W, Schneider N 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 546:A33
     [Google Scholar]
  225. Ungerechts H, Umbanhowar P, Thaddeus P 2000. Ap. J. 537:221–35
     [Google Scholar]
  226. Urquhart JS, Moore TJT, Csengeri T et al. 2014. MNRAS 443:1555–86
     [Google Scholar]
  227. Vallée JP, Fiege JD 2006. Ap. J. 636:332–47
     [Google Scholar]
  228. van der Tak FFS, van Dishoeck EF, Evans NJ II, Blake GA 2000. Ap. J. 537:283–303
     [Google Scholar]
  229. Vázquez-Semadeni E, Gómez GC, Jappsen AK, Ballesteros-Paredes J, Klessen RS 2009. Ap. J. 707:1023–33
     [Google Scholar]
  230. Vázquez-Semadeni E, Gómez GC, Jappsen AK et al. 2007. Ap. J. 657:870–83
     [Google Scholar]
  231. Vázquez-Semadeni E, González RF, Ballesteros-Paredes J, Gazol A, Kim J 2008. MNRAS 390:769–80
     [Google Scholar]
  232. Vázquez-Semadeni E, González-Samaniego A, Colín P 2017. MNRAS 467:1313–28
     [Google Scholar]
  233. Veneziani M, Schisano E, Elia D et al. 2017. Astron. Astrophys. 599:A7
     [Google Scholar]
  234. Vutisalchavakul N, Evans NJ II, Heyer M 2016. Ap. J. 831:73
     [Google Scholar]
  235. Walsh AJ, Beuther H, Bihr S et al. 2016. MNRAS 455:3494–510
     [Google Scholar]
  236. Walsh AJ, Burton MG, Hyland AR, Robinson G 1998. MNRAS 301:640–98
     [Google Scholar]
  237. Wang K, Zhang Q, Testi L et al. 2014. MNRAS 439:3275–93
     [Google Scholar]
  238. Wang K, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Zhang H 2011. Ap. J. 735:64
     [Google Scholar]
  239. Wang KS, Bourke TL, Hogerheijde MR et al. 2013. Astron. Astrophys. 558:A69
     [Google Scholar]
  240. Ward-Thompson D, Motte F, André P 1999. MNRAS 305:143–50
     [Google Scholar]
  241. Ward-Thompson D, Scott PF, Hills RE, André P 1994. MNRAS 268:276
     [Google Scholar]
  242. Wienen M, Wyrowski F, Menten KM et al. 2015. Astron. Astrophys. 579:A91
     [Google Scholar]
  243. Wienen M, Wyrowski F, Schuller F et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys. 544:A146
     [Google Scholar]
  244. Williams JP, Blitz L, McKee CF 2000. Protostars and Planets IV V Mannings, AP Boss, SS Russell 97–120 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
     [Google Scholar]
  245. Williams JP, Blitz L, Stark AA 1995. Ap. J. 451:252
     [Google Scholar]
  246. Wolfire MG, Cassinelli JP 1987. Ap. J. 319:850–67
     [Google Scholar]
  247. Wood DOS, Churchwell E 1989. Ap. J. 340:265–72
     [Google Scholar]
  248. Wu J, Evans NJ II 2003. Ap. J. Lett 592:L79–82
     [Google Scholar]
  249. Wyrowski F, Güsten R, Menten KM et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys. 585:A149
     [Google Scholar]
  250. Yorke HW, Sonnhalter C 2002. Ap. J. 569:846–62
     [Google Scholar]
  251. Zavagno A, Russeil D, Motte F et al. 2010. Astron. Astrophys. 518:L81
     [Google Scholar]
  252. Zhang Q, Qiu K, Girart JM et al. 2014. Ap. J. 792:116
     [Google Scholar]
  253. Zhang Q, Wang Y, Pillai T, Rathborne J 2009. Ap. J. 696:268–73
     [Google Scholar]
  254. Zinnecker H, Yorke HW 2007. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45:481–563
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235
Loading
High-Mass Star and Massive Cluster Formation in the Milky Way
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 56, 41 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055235
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary Data

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error