1932

Abstract

In the past few years, significant advances have been made in understanding the distributions of exoplanet populations and the architecture of planetary systems. We review the recent progress of planet statistics, with a focus on the inner ≲1-AU region of planetary systems that has been fairly thoroughly surveyed by the mission. We also discuss the theoretical implications of these statistical results for planet formation and dynamical evolution.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-020055
2021-09-08
2025-02-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/astro/59/1/annurev-astro-112420-020055.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-020055&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adibekyan VZ, Sousa SG, Santos NC et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys 545:A32
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Agol E, Steffen J, Sari R, Clarkson W 2005. MNRAS 359:567–79
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Akeson RL, Chen X, Ciardi D et al. 2013. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 125:989
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Andrews SM. 2020. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 58:483–528
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Andrews SM, Rosenfeld KA, Kraus AL, Wilner DJ. 2013. Ap. J. 771:129
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Ansdell M, Williams JP, van der Marel N et al. 2016. Ap. J. 828:46
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Armstrong DJ, Lopez TA, Adibekyan V et al. 2020. Nature 583:39–42
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Artymowicz P, Lubow SH. 1994. Ap. J. 421:651–67
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bailey E, Batygin K. 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 866:L2
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ballard S, Johnson JA. 2016. Ap. J. 816:66
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Beaugé C, Nesvorný D. 2013. Ap. J. 763:12
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Becker JC, Vanderburg A, Adams FC, Rappaport SA, Schwengeler HM. 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 812:L18
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bennett DP, Rhie SH. 1996. Ap. J. 472:660–64
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Berger TA, Huber D, Gaidos E, van Saders JL. 2018. Ap. J. 866:99
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Berger TA, Huber D, Gaidos E, van Saders JL, Weiss LM. 2020a. Astron. J. 160:108
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Berger TA, Huber D, van Saders JL et al. 2020b. Astron. J. 159:280
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Bitsch B, Izidoro A, Johansen A et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys 623:A88
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bitsch B, Lambrechts M, Johansen A. 2015. Astron. Astrophys 582:A112
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Borucki WJ, Koch D, Basri G et al. 2010. Science 327:977
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bouma LG, Masuda K, Winn JN. 2018. Astron. J. 155:244
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bowler BP. 2016. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 128:102001
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Brewer JM, Wang S, Fischer DA, Foreman-Mackey D. 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 867:L3
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Brouwers MG, Vazan A, Ormel CW. 2018. Astron. Astrophys 611:A65
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Bryan ML, Knutson HA, Howard AW et al. 2016. Ap. J. 821:89
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Bryan ML, Knutson HA, Lee EJ et al. 2019. Astron. J. 157:52
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Buchhave LA, Bitsch B, Johansen A et al. 2018. Ap. J. 856:37
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Buchhave LA, Latham DW, Johansen A et al. 2012. Nature 486:375–77
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Burke CJ, Catanzarite J. 2017a. Planet Detection Metrics: Per-Target Detection Contours for Data Release 25. Kepler Sci. Doc. KSCI-19111-002
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Burke CJ, Catanzarite J. 2017b. Planet Detection Metrics: Per-Target Flux-Level Transit Injection Tests of TPS for Data Release 25. Kepler Sci. Doc. KSCI- 19109–002
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Burke CJ, Christiansen JL, Mullally F et al. 2015. Ap. J. 809:8
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Burt JA, Nielsen LD, Quinn SN et al. 2020. Astron. J. 160:153
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Cañas CI, Wang S, Mahadevan S et al. 2019. Ap. J. Lett. 870:L17
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Cassan A, Kubas D, Beaulieu JP et al. 2012. Nature 481:167–69
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Chamberlin TC. 1916. J. R. Astron. Soc. Can. 10:473
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Chambers JE. 2001. Icarus 152:205–24
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Chambers JE, Wetherill GW, Boss AP. 1996. Icarus 119:261–68
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Chaplin WJ, Miglio A. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 51:353–92
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Chatterjee S, Ford EB, Matsumura S, Rasio FA. 2008. Ap. J. 686:580–602
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Chen J, Kipping D. 2017. Ap. J. 834:17
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Chiang E, Laughlin G. 2013. MNRAS 431:3444–55
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Chiang E, Youdin AN. 2010. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 38:493–522
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Christiansen JL, Clarke BD, Burke CJ et al. 2020. Astron. J. 160:159
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Christiansen JL, Clarke BD, Burke CJ et al. 2015. Ap. J. 810:95
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Ciardi DR, Beichman CA, Horch EP, Howell SB. 2015. Ap. J. 805:16
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Ciardi DR, Fabrycky DC, Ford EB et al. 2013. Ap. J. 763:41
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Clanton C, Gaudi BS. 2014. Ap. J. 791:91
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Clanton C, Gaudi BS. 2016. Ap. J. 819:125
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Cui X-Q, Zhao Y-H, Chu Y-Q et al. 2012. Res. Astron. Astrophys 12:1197–242
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Cumming A, Butler RP, Marcy GW et al. 2008. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 120:531
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Dai F, Masuda K, Winn JN. 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 864:L38
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Damasso M, Sozzetti A, Lovis C et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys 642:A31
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Dawson RI, Chiang E. 2014. Science 346:212–16
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Dawson RI, Johnson JA. 2018. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 56:175–221
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Dawson RI, Murray-Clay RA. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 767:L24
    [Google Scholar]
  55. De Cat P, Fu JN, Ren AB et al. 2015. Ap. J. Suppl. 220:19
    [Google Scholar]
  56. De Rosa RJ, Dawson R, Nielsen EL 2020. Astron. Astrophys 640:A73
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Deck KM, Payne M, Holman MJ. 2013. Ap. J. 774:129
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Dong S, DePoy DL, Gaudi BS et al. 2006. Ap. J. 642:842–60
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Dong S, Gould A, Udalski A et al. 2009. Ap. J. 695:970–87
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Dong S, Katz B, Socrates A. 2014a. Ap. J. Lett. 781:L5
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Dong S, Xie JW, Zhou JL, Zheng Z Luo A. 2018. PNAS 115:266–71
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Dong S, Zheng Z, Zhu Z et al. 2014b. Ap. J. Lett. 789:L3
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Dong S, Zhu Z. 2013. Ap. J. 778:53
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Dressing CD, Charbonneau D. 2013. Ap. J. 767:95
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Dressing CD, Charbonneau D. 2015. Ap. J. 807:45
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Duchêne G, Kraus A. 2013. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 51:269–310
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Emsenhuber A, Mordasini C, Burn R et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys Submitted. arXiv:2007.05562
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Fabrycky DC, Lissauer JJ, Ragozzine D et al. 2014. Ap. J. 790:146
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Fang J, Margot JL. 2012. Ap. J. 761:92
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Fang J, Margot JL. 2013. Ap. J. 767:115
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Fernandes RB, Mulders GD, Pascucci I, Mordasini C, Emsenhuber A. 2019. Ap. J. 874:81
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Figueira P, Marmier M, Boué G et al. 2012. Astron. Astrophys 541:A139
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Fischer DA, Anglada-Escude G, Arriagada P et al. 2016. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 128:066001
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Fischer DA, Valenti J. 2005. Ap. J. 622:1102–17
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Ford EB, Quinn SN, Veras D. 2008. Ap. J. 678:1407–18
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Ford EB, Rowe JF, Fabrycky DC et al. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 197:2
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Foreman-Mackey D, Hogg DW, Morton TD. 2014. Ap. J. 795:64
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Foreman-Mackey D, Morton TD, Hogg DW, Agol E, Schölkopf B. 2016. Astron. J. 152:206
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Fressin F, Torres G, Charbonneau D et al. 2013. Ap. J. 766:81
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Fulton BJ, Petigura EA. 2018. Astron. J. 156:264
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Fulton BJ, Petigura EA, Howard AW et al. 2017. Astron. J. 154:109
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Funk B, Wuchterl G, Schwarz R, Pilat-Lohinger E, Eggl S. 2010. Astron. Astrophys 516:A82
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Furlan E, Ciardi DR, Everett ME et al. 2017. Astron. J. 153:71
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Gaia Collab, Brown AGA, Vallenari A et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys 616:A1
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Gaia Collab, Prusti T, de Bruijne JHJ et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys 595:A1
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Gandolfi D, Barragán O, Livingston JH et al. 2018. Astron. Astrophys 619:L10
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Gaudi BS. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 50:411–53
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Gilbert GJ, Fabrycky DC. 2020. Astron. J. 159:281
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Ginzburg S, Schlichting HE, Sari R. 2018. MNRAS 476:759–65
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Goldreich P, Schlichting HE. 2014. Astron. J. 147:32
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Goldreich P, Tremaine S 1980. Ap. J. 241:425–41
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Gould A. 2016. J. Korean Astron. Soc. 49:123–26
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Gould A, Dong S, Gaudi BS et al. 2010. Ap. J. 720:1073–89
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Gould A, Dorsher S, Gaudi BS, Udalski A. 2006a. Acta Astron 56:1–50
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Gould A, Loeb A. 1992. Ap. J. 396:104–14
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Gould A, Ryu YH, Calchi Novati S et al. 2020a. J. Korean Astron. Soc. 53:9–26
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Gould A, Udalski A, An D et al. 2006b. Ap. J. Lett. 644:L37–40
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Gould A, Zang W, Mao S, Dong S. 2020b. Res. Astron. Astrophys In press. arXiv:2010.09671
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Guo X, Johnson JA, Mann AW et al. 2017. Ap. J. 838:25
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Gupta A, Schlichting HE. 2019. MNRAS 487:24–33
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Gupta A, Schlichting HE. 2020. MNRAS 493:792–806
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Hadden S, Lithwick Y. 2014. Ap. J. 787:80
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Hadden S, Lithwick Y. 2017. Astron. J. 154:5
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Hadden S, Lithwick Y. 2018. Astron. J. 156:95
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Haffert SY, Bohn AJ, de Boer J et al. 2019. Nat. Astron. 3:749–54
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Hallatt T, Lee EJ. 2020. Ap. J. 904:134
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Hamer JH, Schlaufman KC. 2020. Astron. J. 160:138
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Han C, Gaudi BS, An JH, Gould A. 2005. Ap. J. 618:962–72
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Hansen BMS, Murray N. 2013. Ap. J. 775:53
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Hayashi C. 1981. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 70:35–53
    [Google Scholar]
  111. He MY, Ford EB, Ragozzine D. 2019. MNRAS 490:4575–605
    [Google Scholar]
  112. He MY, Ford EB, Ragozzine D, Carrera D. 2020. Astron. J. 160:276
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Herman MK, Zhu W, Wu Y. 2019. Astron. J. 157:248
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Hirano T, Dai F, Gandolfi D et al. 2018. Astron. J. 155:127
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Hoffman KL, Rowe JF 2017. Uniform Modeling of KOIs: MCMC Notes for Data Release 25. Kepler Sci. Doc. KSCI 19113–001
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Holczer T, Mazeh T, Nachmani G et al. 2016. Ap. J. Suppl. 225:9
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Holman MJ, Murray NW. 2005. Science 307:1288–91
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Holman MJ, Wiegert PA. 1999. Astron. J. 117:621–28
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Hori Y, Ikoma M. 2011. MNRAS 416:1419–29
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Howard AW, Marcy GW, Bryson ST et al. 2012. Ap. J. Suppl. 201:15
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Hsu DC, Ford EB, Ragozzine D, Ashby K 2019. Astron. J. 158:109
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Hsu DC, Ford EB, Ragozzine D, Morehead RC. 2018. Astron. J. 155:205
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Huang C, Wu Y, Triaud AHMJ. 2016. Ap. J. 825:98
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Huang CX, Burt J, Vanderburg A et al. 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 868:L39
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Huang CX, Petrovich C, Deibert E. 2017. Astron. J. 153:210
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Huang CX, Quinn SN, Vanderburg A et al. 2020. Ap. J. Lett. 892:L7
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Ida S, Kokubo E, Makino J. 1993. MNRAS 263:875–89
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Ida S, Lin DNC. 2004a. Ap. J. 604:388–413
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Ida S, Lin DNC. 2004b. Ap. J. 616:567–72
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Ida S, Lin DNC. 2010. Ap. J. 719:810–30
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Ida S, Lin DNC, Nagasawa M. 2013. Ap. J. 775:42
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Ida S, Makino J. 1993. Icarus 106:210–27
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Izidoro A, Bitsch B, Raymond SN et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys Accepted. arXiv:1902.08772
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Izidoro A, Ogihara M, Raymond SN et al. 2017. MNRAS 470:1750–70
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Izidoro A, Raymond SN, Morbidelli A, Hersant F, Pierens A. 2015. Ap. J. Lett. 800:L22
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Jackson AP, Davis TA, Wheatley PJ. 2012. MNRAS 422:2024–43
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Jackson B, Stark CC, Adams ER, Chambers J, Deming D. 2013. Ap. J. 779:165
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Jiang CF, Xie JW, Zhou JL. 2020. Astron. J. 160:180
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Jin S, Mordasini C 2018. Ap. J. 853:163
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Jin S, Mordasini C, Parmentier V et al. 2014. Ap. J. 795:65
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Johansen A, Davies MB, Church RP, Holmelin V. 2012. Ap. J. 758:39
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Johansen A, Lambrechts M. 2017. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 45:359–87
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Johansen A, Oishi JS, Mac Low MM et al. 2007. Nature 448:1022–25
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Johnson JA, Aller KM, Howard AW, Crepp JR. 2010. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 122:905–15
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Johnson JA, Butler RP, Marcy GW et al. 2007. Ap. J. 670:833–40
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Johnson JA, Petigura EA, Fulton BJ et al. 2017. Astron. J. 154:108
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Johnson SA, Penny MT, Gaudi BS et al. 2020. Astron. J. 160:123
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Jung YK, Gould A, Zang W et al. 2019. Astron. J. 157:72
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Jurić M, Tremaine S 2008. Ap. J. 686:603–20
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Kane SR, Ciardi DR, Gelino DM, von Braun K 2012. MNRAS 425:757–62
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Kawahara H, Masuda K. 2019. Astron. J. 157:218
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Kennedy GM, Kenyon SJ. 2008. Ap. J. 673:502–12
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Kim HW, Hwang KH, Gould A et al. 2020. Astron. J. Accepted. arXiv:2007.06870
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Kim SL, Lee CU, Park BG et al. 2016. J. Korean Astron. Soc. 49:37–44
    [Google Scholar]
  155. King GW, Wheatley PJ. 2021. MNRAS 501:L28–32
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Kipping D. 2018. MNRAS 473:784–95
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Kley W, Nelson RP. 2012. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 50:211–49
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Knutson HA, Fulton BJ, Montet BT et al. 2014. Ap. J. 785:126
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Kokubo E, Ida S 1998. Icarus 131:171–78
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Kraus AL, Ireland MJ, Huber D, Mann AW, Dupuy TJ. 2016. Astron. J. 152:8
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Kruijer TS, Burkhardt C, Budde G Kleine T. 2017. PNAS 114:6712–16
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Kurokawa H, Nakamoto T. 2014. Ap. J. 783:54
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Kutra T, Wu Y, Qian Y. 2020. Astron. J. Accepted. arXiv:2003.08431
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Lambrechts M, Johansen A. 2012. Astron. Astrophys 544:A32
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Lambrechts M, Johansen A, Morbidelli A. 2014. Astron. Astrophys 572:A35
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Lambrechts M, Morbidelli A, Jacobson SA et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys 627:A83
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Laskar J. 1997. Astron. Astrophys 317:L75–78
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Laskar J, Petit AC. 2017. Astron. Astrophys 605:A72
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Lee EJ. 2019. Ap. J. 878:36
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Lee EJ, Chiang E. 2017. Ap. J. 842:40
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Lee EJ, Chiang E, Ormel CW. 2014. Ap. J. 797:95
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Lee EJ, Connors NJ. 2021. Ap. J. 908:32
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Lee MH, Peale SJ. 2002. Ap. J. 567:596–609
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Limbach MA Turner EL. 2015. PNAS 112:20–24
    [Google Scholar]
  175. Lin DNC, Bodenheimer P, Richardson DC. 1996. Nature 380:606–7
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Lin JW, Lee EJ, Chiang E. 2018. MNRAS 480:4338–54
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Lissauer JJ. 1993. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 31:129–74
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Lissauer JJ, Ragozzine D, Fabrycky DC et al. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 197:8
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Lithwick Y, Xie J, Wu Y. 2012. Ap. J. 761:122
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Liu B, Lambrechts M, Johansen A, Liu F. 2019. Astron. Astrophys 632:A7
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Liu B, Ormel CW. 2018. Astron. Astrophys 615:A138
    [Google Scholar]
  182. Liu F, Yong D, Asplund M et al. 2016. MNRAS 456:2636–46
    [Google Scholar]
  183. Lloyd JP. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 739:L49
    [Google Scholar]
  184. Lopez ED, Fortney JJ. 2013. Ap. J. 776:2
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Lopez ED, Rice K. 2018. MNRAS 479:5303–11
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Lundkvist MS, Kjeldsen H, Albrecht S et al. 2016. Nat. Commun. 7:11201
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Ma S, Mao S, Ida S, Zhu W, Lin DNC. 2016. MNRAS 461:L107–11
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Madhusudhan N. 2019. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 57:617–63
    [Google Scholar]
  189. Malla SP, Stello D, Huber D et al. 2020. MNRAS 496:5423–35
    [Google Scholar]
  190. Mao S. 2012. Res. Astron. Astrophys 12:947–72
    [Google Scholar]
  191. Mao S, Paczynski B. 1991. Ap. J. Lett. 374:L37–40
    [Google Scholar]
  192. Masuda K, Winn JN, Kawahara H. 2020. Astron. J. 159:38
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Matsakos T, Königl A. 2016. Ap. J. Lett. 820:L8
    [Google Scholar]
  194. Mayor M, Marmier M, Lovis C et al. 2011. arXiv:1109.2497
  195. Mayor M, Queloz D. 1995. Nature 378:355–59
    [Google Scholar]
  196. Mazeh T, Holczer T, Faigler S. 2016. Astron. Astrophys 589:A75
    [Google Scholar]
  197. McArthur BE, Benedict GF, Barnes R et al. 2010. Ap. J. 715:1203–20
    [Google Scholar]
  198. McDonald GD, Kreidberg L, Lopez E. 2019. Ap. J. 876:22
    [Google Scholar]
  199. Millholland S, Laughlin G. 2019. Nat. Astron. 3:424–33
    [Google Scholar]
  200. Millholland S, Wang S, Laughlin G. 2017. Ap. J. Lett. 849:L33
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Mills SM, Fabrycky DC. 2017. Astron. J. 153:45
    [Google Scholar]
  202. Mills SM, Howard AW, Petigura EA et al. 2019. Astron. J. 157:198
    [Google Scholar]
  203. Mizuno H. 1980. Prog. Theor. Phys. 64:544–57
    [Google Scholar]
  204. Moe M, Kratter KM. 2019. MNRAS Submitted. arXiv:1912.01699
    [Google Scholar]
  205. Moe M, Kratter KM, Badenes C. 2019. Ap. J. 875:61
    [Google Scholar]
  206. Moorhead AV, Ford EB, Morehead RC et al. 2011. Ap. J. Suppl. 197:1
    [Google Scholar]
  207. Morbidelli A, Lambrechts M, Jacobson S, Bitsch B. 2015. Icarus 258:418–29
    [Google Scholar]
  208. Mordasini C, Alibert Y, Benz W. 2009. Astron. Astrophys 501:1139–60
    [Google Scholar]
  209. Morton TD, Bryson ST, Coughlin JL et al. 2016. Ap. J. 822:86
    [Google Scholar]
  210. Mróz P, Poleski R, Gould A et al. 2020a. Ap. J. Lett. 903:L11
    [Google Scholar]
  211. Mróz P, Poleski R, Han C et al. 2020b. Astron. J. 159:262
    [Google Scholar]
  212. Mróz P, Ryu YH, Skowron J et al. 2018. Astron. J. 155:121
    [Google Scholar]
  213. Mróz P, Udalski A, Bennett DP et al. 2019. Astron. Astrophys 622:A201
    [Google Scholar]
  214. Mróz P, Udalski A, Skowron J et al. 2017b. Nature 548:183–86
    [Google Scholar]
  215. Mulders GD, Mordasini C, Pascucci I et al. 2019. Ap. J. 887:157
    [Google Scholar]
  216. Mulders GD, Pascucci I, Apai D. 2015a. Ap. J. 798:112
    [Google Scholar]
  217. Mulders GD, Pascucci I, Apai D. 2015b. Ap. J. 814:130
    [Google Scholar]
  218. Mulders GD, Pascucci I, Apai D. 2016. Astron. J. 152:187
    [Google Scholar]
  219. Mulders GD, Pascucci I, Apai D, Ciesla FJ. 2018. Astron. J. 156:24
    [Google Scholar]
  220. Munoz Romero CE, Kempton EMR. 2018. Astron. J. 155:134
    [Google Scholar]
  221. Murchikova L, Tremaine S. 2020. Astron. J. 160:160
    [Google Scholar]
  222. Nakagawa Y, Sekiya M, Hayashi C. 1986. Icarus 67:375–90
    [Google Scholar]
  223. Ngo H, Knutson HA, Hinkley S et al. 2016. Ap. J. 827:8
    [Google Scholar]
  224. Nielsen EL, De Rosa RJ, Macintosh B et al. 2019. Astron. J. 158:13
    [Google Scholar]
  225. Ofir A, Xie JW, Jiang CF, Sari R, Aharonson O 2018. Ap. J. Suppl. 234:9
    [Google Scholar]
  226. Ormel CW. 2017. Formation, Evolution, and Dynamics of Young Solar Systems, ed. M Pessah, O Gressel Ap. Space Sci. Libr. 445197–228 Cham, Switz.: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  227. Ormel CW, Klahr HH. 2010. Astron. Astrophys 520:A43
    [Google Scholar]
  228. Owen JE. 2019. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 47:67–90
    [Google Scholar]
  229. Owen JE, Lai D. 2018. MNRAS 479:5012–21
    [Google Scholar]
  230. Owen JE, Murray-Clay R. 2018. MNRAS 480:2206–16
    [Google Scholar]
  231. Owen JE, Wu Y. 2013. Ap. J. 775:105
    [Google Scholar]
  232. Owen JE, Wu Y. 2017. Ap. J. 847:29
    [Google Scholar]
  233. Pascucci I, Mulders GD, Gould A, Fernandes R 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 856:L28
    [Google Scholar]
  234. Penny MT, Gaudi BS, Kerins E et al. 2019. Ap. J. Suppl. 241:3
    [Google Scholar]
  235. Perryman M, Hartman J, Bakos , Lindegren L. 2014. Ap. J. 797:14
    [Google Scholar]
  236. Petigura EA, Howard AW Marcy GW. 2013. PNAS 110:19273–78
    [Google Scholar]
  237. Petigura EA, Howard AW, Marcy GW et al. 2017. Astron. J. 154:107
    [Google Scholar]
  238. Petigura EA, Marcy GW, Winn JN et al. 2018. Astron. J. 155:89
    [Google Scholar]
  239. Petrovich C, Deibert E, Wu Y. 2019. Astron. J. 157:180
    [Google Scholar]
  240. Petrovich C, Tremaine S 2016. Ap. J. 829:132
    [Google Scholar]
  241. Plavchan P, Barclay T, Gagné J et al. 2020. Nature 582:497–500
    [Google Scholar]
  242. Plavchan P, Bilinski C, Currie T. 2014. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 126:34–47
    [Google Scholar]
  243. Poleski R, Skowron J, Udalski A et al. 2014. Ap. J. 795:42
    [Google Scholar]
  244. Pollack JB, Hubickyj O, Bodenheimer P et al. 1996. Icarus 124:62–85
    [Google Scholar]
  245. Pu B, Lai D. 2019. MNRAS 488:3568–87
    [Google Scholar]
  246. Pu B, Lai D. 2020. arXiv:2008.05698
  247. Pu B, Wu Y. 2015. Ap. J. 807:44
    [Google Scholar]
  248. Quillen AC. 2011. MNRAS 418:1043–54
    [Google Scholar]
  249. Rasio FA, Ford EB. 1996. Science 274:954–56
    [Google Scholar]
  250. Raymond SN, Barnes R, Mandell AM. 2008. MNRAS 384:663–74
    [Google Scholar]
  251. Ricker GR, Winn JN, Vanderspek R, Latham DW, Bakos et al. 2015. J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. 1:014003
    [Google Scholar]
  252. Rogers JG, Owen JE. 2021. MNRAS 503:1526–42
    [Google Scholar]
  253. Ryu YH, Mróz P, Gould A et al. 2021. Astron. J. 161:126
    [Google Scholar]
  254. Safronov VS. 1972. Evolution of the Protoplanetary Cloud and Formation of the Earth and Planets. Jerusalem: Israel Program Sci. Transl.
    [Google Scholar]
  255. Sanchis-Ojeda R, Rappaport S, Winn JN et al. 2014. Ap. J. 787:47
    [Google Scholar]
  256. Sandford E, Kipping D, Collins M. 2019. MNRAS 489:3162–3173
    [Google Scholar]
  257. Santerne A, Moutou C, Tsantaki M et al. 2016. Astron. Astrophys 587:A64
    [Google Scholar]
  258. Santos NC, Israelian G, Mayor M. 2001. Astron. Astrophys 373:1019–31
    [Google Scholar]
  259. Schlaufman KC, Lin DNC, Ida S. 2010. Ap. J. Lett. 724:L53–58
    [Google Scholar]
  260. Schlaufman KC, Winn JN. 2013. Ap. J. 772:143
    [Google Scholar]
  261. Schlaufman KC, Winn JN. 2016. Ap. J. 825:62
    [Google Scholar]
  262. Schlecker M, Mordasini C, Emsenhuber A et al. 2020. Astron. Astrophys In press. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038554
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  263. Schlichting HE. 2014. Ap. J. Lett. 795:L15
    [Google Scholar]
  264. Seager S, Mallén-Ornelas G. 2003. Ap. J. 585:1038–55
    [Google Scholar]
  265. Shallue CJ, Vanderburg A. 2018. Astron. J. 155:94
    [Google Scholar]
  266. Shvartzvald Y, Maoz D, Udalski Aet al 2016. MNRAS 457:4089113
    [Google Scholar]
  267. Skidmore WTMT Intl. Sci. Dev. Teams, Sci. Advis. Comm 2015. Res. Astron. Astrophys 15:1945–2140
    [Google Scholar]
  268. Sousa SG, Santos NC, Mayor M et al. 2008. Astron. Astrophys 487:373–81
    [Google Scholar]
  269. Steffen JH, Batalha NM, Borucki WJ et al. 2010. Ap. J. 725:1226–41
    [Google Scholar]
  270. Steffen JH, Farr WM. 2013. Ap. J. Lett. 774:L12
    [Google Scholar]
  271. Steffen JH, Ragozzine D, Fabrycky DC et al. 2012. PNAS 109:7982–87
    [Google Scholar]
  272. Stevenson DJ. 1982. Planet. Space Sci. 30:755–64
    [Google Scholar]
  273. Sumi T, Bennett DP, Bond IA et al. 2010. Ap. J. 710:1641–53
    [Google Scholar]
  274. Sumi T, Kamiya K, Bennett DP et al. 2011. Nature 473:349–52
    [Google Scholar]
  275. Suzuki D, Bennett DP, Ida S et al. 2018. Ap. J. Lett. 869:L34
    [Google Scholar]
  276. Suzuki D, Bennett DP, Sumi T et al. 2016. Ap. J. 833:145
    [Google Scholar]
  277. Szabó GM, Kiss LL. 2011. Ap. J. Lett. 727:L44
    [Google Scholar]
  278. Tabachnik S, Tremaine S 2002. MNRAS 335:151–58
    [Google Scholar]
  279. Terquem C, Papaloizou JCB. 2019. MNRAS 482:530–49
    [Google Scholar]
  280. Teske J, Daz MR, Luque R et al. 2020. Astron. J. 160:96
    [Google Scholar]
  281. Teske JK, Thorngren D, Fortney JJ, Hinkel N, Brewer JM. 2019. Astron. J. 158:239
    [Google Scholar]
  282. Thompson SE, Coughlin JL, Hoffman K et al. 2018. Ap. J. Suppl. 235:38
    [Google Scholar]
  283. Tremaine S. 2015. Ap. J. 807:157
    [Google Scholar]
  284. Tremaine S, Dong S 2012. Astron. J. 143:94
    [Google Scholar]
  285. Tu L, Johnstone CP, Güdel M, Lammer H. 2015. Astron. Astrophys 577:L3
    [Google Scholar]
  286. Udalski A, Ryu YH, Sajadian S et al. 2018. Acta Astron 68:1–42
    [Google Scholar]
  287. Udalski A, Szymanński MK, Szymanński G. 2015a. Acta Astron 65:1–38
    [Google Scholar]
  288. Udalski A, Yee JC, Gould Aet al 2015b. Ap. J 799:237
    [Google Scholar]
  289. Uehara S, Kawahara H, Masuda K, Yamada S, Aizawa M. 2016. Ap. J. 822:2
    [Google Scholar]
  290. Van Eylen V, Agentoft C, Lundkvist MS et al. 2018. MNRAS 479:4786–95
    [Google Scholar]
  291. Van Eylen V, Albrecht S 2015. Ap. J. 808:126
    [Google Scholar]
  292. Van Eylen V, Albrecht S, Huang X et al. 2019. Astron. J. 157:61
    [Google Scholar]
  293. Venturini J, Alibert Y, Benz W. 2016. Astron. Astrophys 596:A90
    [Google Scholar]
  294. Wang J, Fischer DA. 2015. Astron. J. 149:14
    [Google Scholar]
  295. Wang J, Fischer DA, Xie JW, Ciardi DR. 2015. Ap. J. 813:130
    [Google Scholar]
  296. Wang J, Xie JW, Barclay T, Fischer DA. 2014. Ap. J. 783:4
    [Google Scholar]
  297. Weidenschilling SJ. 1977. Ap. Space Sci. 51:153–58
    [Google Scholar]
  298. Weidenschilling SJ, Marzari F. 1996. Nature 384:619–21
    [Google Scholar]
  299. Weiss LM, Isaacson HT, Marcy GW et al. 2018a. Astron. J. 156:254
    [Google Scholar]
  300. Weiss LM, Marcy GW, Petigura EA et al. 2018b. Astron. J. 155:48
    [Google Scholar]
  301. Weiss LM, Petigura EA. 2020. Ap. J. Lett. 893:L1
    [Google Scholar]
  302. Winn JN. 2010. Exoplanets, ed. Seager S Tucson, AZ: Univ. Ariz. Press. arXiv:1001.2010
    [Google Scholar]
  303. Winn JN, Fabrycky DC. 2015. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys 53:409–47
    [Google Scholar]
  304. Winn JN, Sanchis-Ojeda R, Rappaport S. 2018. New Astron. Rev. 83:37–48
    [Google Scholar]
  305. Winn JN, Sanchis-Ojeda R, Rogers L et al. 2017. Astron. J. 154:60
    [Google Scholar]
  306. Wisdom J. 1980. Astron. J. 85:1122–33
    [Google Scholar]
  307. Wittenmyer RA, Butler RP, Tinney CG et al. 2016. Ap. J. 819:28
    [Google Scholar]
  308. Woolfson MM 1993. Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 34:1–20
    [Google Scholar]
  309. Wright JT, Marcy GW, Howard AW et al. 2012. Ap. J. 753:160
    [Google Scholar]
  310. Wright JT, Upadhyay S, Marcy GW et al. 2009. Ap. J. 693:1084–99
    [Google Scholar]
  311. Wright JT, Veras D, Ford EB et al. 2011. Ap. J. 730:93
    [Google Scholar]
  312. Wu Y. 2019. Ap. J. 874:91
    [Google Scholar]
  313. Wu Y, Lithwick Y. 2013. Ap. J. 772:74
    [Google Scholar]
  314. Xie JW, Dong S, Zhu Z, Huber D, Zheng Z et al. 2016. PNAS 113:11431–35
    [Google Scholar]
  315. Xie JW, Wu Y, Lithwick Y. 2014. Ap. J. 789:165
    [Google Scholar]
  316. Xuan JW, Wyatt MC. 2020. MNRAS 497:2096118
    [Google Scholar]
  317. Yalinewich A, Petrovich C. 2020. Ap. J. Lett. 892:L11
    [Google Scholar]
  318. Yang JY, Xie JW, Zhou JL. 2020. Astron. J. 159:164
    [Google Scholar]
  319. Yee JC, Gould A, Beichman Cet al 2015. Ap. J 810:155
    [Google Scholar]
  320. Yee JC, Zang W, Udalski A. 2021. arXiv:2101.04696
  321. Youdin AN. 2011. Ap. J. 742:38
    [Google Scholar]
  322. Youdin AN, Goodman J. 2005. Ap. J. 620:459–69
    [Google Scholar]
  323. Zang W, Han C, Kondo I et al. 2021. Res. Astron. Astrophys Submitted. arXiv:2103.01896
    [Google Scholar]
  324. Zapatero Osorio MR, Béjar VJS, Martn EL et al. 2000. Science 290:103–7
    [Google Scholar]
  325. Zhao G, Zhao Y-H, Chu Y-Q, Jing Y-P, Deng L-C. 2012. Res. Astron. Astrophys 12:723–34
    [Google Scholar]
  326. Zhou JL, Lin DNC, Sun YS. 2007. Ap. J. 666:423–35
    [Google Scholar]
  327. Zhu W. 2019. Ap. J. 873:8
    [Google Scholar]
  328. Zhu W. 2020. Astron. J. 159:188
    [Google Scholar]
  329. Zhu W, Dai F, Masuda K. 2018a. Res. Notes Am. Astron. Soc. 2:160
    [Google Scholar]
  330. Zhu W, Petrovich C, Wu Y, Dong S, Xie J. 2018b. Ap. J. 860:101
    [Google Scholar]
  331. Zhu W, Wang J, Huang C. 2016. Ap. J. 832:196
    [Google Scholar]
  332. Zhu W, Wu Y. 2018. Astron. J. 156:92
    [Google Scholar]
  333. Ziegler C, Law NM, Baranec C et al. 2018. Astron. J. 155:161
    [Google Scholar]
  334. Zink JK, Christiansen JL, Hansen BMS. 2019. MNRAS 483:4479–94
    [Google Scholar]
  335. Zinzi A, Turrini D. 2017. Astron. Astrophys 605:L4
    [Google Scholar]
  336. Zong W, Fu JN, De Cat P et al. 2018. Ap. J. Suppl. 238:30
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-020055
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-020055
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error