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Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volume 59, 2021

New Insights into Classical Novae

Abstract

We survey our understanding of classical novae—nonterminal, thermonuclear eruptions on the surfaces of white dwarfs in binary systems. The recent and unexpected discovery of GeV gamma rays from Galactic novae has highlighted the complexity of novae and their value as laboratories for studying shocks and particle acceleration. We review half a century of nova literature through this new lens, and conclude the following:

  • ▪   The basics of the thermonuclear runaway theory of novae are confirmed by observations. The white dwarf sustains surface nuclear burning for some time after runaway, and until recently, it was commonly believed that radiation from this nuclear burning solely determines the nova's bolometric luminosity.
  • ▪   The processes by which novae eject material from the binary system remain poorly understood. Mass loss from novae is complex (sometimes fluctuating in rate, velocity, and morphology) and often prolonged in time over weeks, months, or years.
  • ▪   The complexity of the mass ejection leads to gamma-ray-producing shocks internal to the nova ejecta. When gamma rays are detected (around optical maximum), the shocks are deeply embedded and the surrounding gas is very dense.
  • ▪   Observations of correlated optical and gamma-ray light curves confirm that the shocks are radiative and contribute significantly to the bolometric luminosity of novae. Novae are therefore the closest and most common interaction-powered transients.

Keyword(s): (radiative) shocks, cataclysmic variable stars, gamma rays, relativistic particle acceleration, thermonuclear explosions, white dwarf stars
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2021-09-08
2025-04-21
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-114502
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New Insights into Classical Novae
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 59, 391 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-114502
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-114502
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-114502
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Supplementary Data

  • Download the Supplemental Material (PDF). Includes Supplemental Tables 1-2, Supplemental Figure 1, and Supplemental Videos 1-2 (also below).

    Supplemental Video 1: Radiative shock fronts have corrugated and clumpy structure, due to thermal and thin-shell instabilities. This animation shows the complex density structure of the dual shocks created by a head-on collision of two flows (from the left and right, entering with 500 km/s corresponding to a Mach number M = 36 for the adopted temperature floor of 104 K). The colorscale tracks the log of density in units of g/cm3. This animation is from the simulations of Steinberg & Metzger (2018).

    Supplemental Video 2: As in Supplemental Video 1, but here the colorscale tracks the log of temperature rather than density. This animation is from the simulations of Steinberg & Metzger (2018).

  • Article Type: Review Article

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