1932

Abstract

Pain and substance use are highly prevalent and co-occurring conditions that continue to garner increasing clinical and empirical interest. Although nicotine and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis each confer acute analgesic effects, frequent or heavy use may contribute to the development and progression of chronic pain, and pain may be heightened during abstinence. Additionally, pain can be a potent motivator of substance self-administration, and it may contribute to escalating use and poorer substance-related treatment outcomes. We integrated converging lines of evidence to propose a reciprocal model in which pain and substance use are hypothesized to interact in the manner of a positive feedback loop, resulting in the exacerbation and maintenance of both conditions over time. Theoretical mechanisms in bidirectional pain–substance use relations are reviewed, including negative reinforcement, social cognitive processes, and allostatic load in overlapping neural circuitry. Finally, candidate transdiagnostic factors are identified, and we conclude with a discussion of clinical implications and future research directions.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440
2019-05-07
2024-12-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/15/1/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abrams DI 2018. The therapeutic effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids: an update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 49:7–11
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allan NP, Albanese BJ, Norr AM, Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB 2015. Effects of anxiety sensitivity on alcohol problems: evaluating chained mediation through generalized anxiety, depression and drinking motives. Addiction 110:260–68
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Arlington, VA: Am. Psychiatr. Publ, 5th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Asmundson GJG, Coons MJ, Taylor S, Katz J 2002. PTSD and the experience of pain: research and clinical implications of shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models. Can. J. Psychiatry 47:930–37
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Asmundson GJG, Gomez-Perez L, Richter AA, Carleton RN 2014. The psychology of pain: models and targets for comprehensive assessment. Pain: A Textbook for Health Professionals H van Griensven, J Strong, A Unruh 35–48 Oxford: Churchill Livingstone. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bagdas D, Alkhlaif Y, Jackson A, Carroll FI, Ditre JW, Damaj MI 2018. New insights on the effects of varenicline on nicotine reward, withdrawal and hyperalgesia in mice. Neuropharmacology 138:72–79
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bair MJ, Robinson RL, Katon W, Kroenke K 2003. Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Arch. Intern. Med. 163:2433–45
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Baker TB, Piper ME, McCarthy DE, Majeskie MR, Fiore MC 2004. Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychol. Rev. 111:33–51
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bandura A 1989. Human agency in social cognitive theory. Am. Psychol. 44:1175–84
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Behrend C, Prasarn M, Coyne E, Horodyski M, Wright J, Rechtine GR 2012. Smoking cessation related to improved patient-reported pain scores following spinal care. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 94:2161–66
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bello MS, McBeth JF, Ditre JW, Kirkpatrick MG, Ray LA et al. 2018. Pain as a predictor and consequence of tobacco abstinence effects amongst African American smokers. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 127:683–94
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Boschloo L, Van den Brink W, Penninx B, Wall M, Hasin D 2012. Alcohol-use disorder severity predicts first-incidence of depressive disorders. Psychol. Med. 42:695–703
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brennan PL, Schutte KK, Moos RH 2005. Pain and use of alcohol to manage pain: prevalence and 3‐year outcomes among older problem and non‐problem drinkers. Addiction 100:777–86
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Brennan PL, Schutte KK, SooHoo S, Moos RH 2011. Painful medical conditions and alcohol use: a prospective study among older adults. Pain Med 12:1049–59
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Brennan PL, SooHoo S 2013. Pain and use of alcohol in later life: prospective evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. J. Aging Health 25:656–77
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Buckner JD, Keough ME, Schmidt NB 2007. Problematic alcohol and cannabis use among young adults: the roles of depression and discomfort and distress tolerance. Addict. Behav. 32:1957–63
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Buckner JD, Zvolensky MJ, Smits JA, Norton PJ, Crosby RD et al. 2011. Anxiety sensitivity and marijuana use: an analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Depress. Anxiety 28:420–26
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Buxbaum D 1972. Analgesic activity of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat and mouse. Psychopharmacologia 25:275–80
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Caldeiro RM, Malte CA, Calsyn DA, Baer JS, Nichol P et al. 2008. The association of persistent pain with out‐patient addiction treatment outcomes and service utilization. Addiction 103:1996–2005
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Campbell CM, Edwards RR 2012. Ethnic differences in pain and pain management. Pain Manag 2:219–30
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Cent. Behav. Health Stat. Qual. 2017. Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables Rockville, MD: Subst. Abus. Mental Health Serv. Adm.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Chartier K, Caetano R 2010. Ethnicity and health disparities in alcohol research. Alcohol Res. Health 33:152–60
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Cheng Y, Macera CA, Davis DR, Ainsworth BE, Troped PJ, Blair SN 2000. Physical activity and self-reported, physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis: Is physical activity a risk factor?. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 53:315–22
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Collins FS, Koroshetz WJ, Volkow ND 2018. Helping to End Addiction Over the Long-Term: The research plan for the NIH HEAL initiative. JAMA 320:129–30
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Comeau N, Stewart SH, Loba P 2001. The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents’ motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addict. Behav. 26:803–25
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Cooper ZD, Haney M 2016. Sex-dependent effects of cannabis-induced analgesia. Drug Alcohol Depend 167:112–20
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cosgrove KP, Esterlis I, McKee S, Bois F, Alagille D et al. 2010. β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate pain sensitivity in acutely abstinent tobacco smokers. Nicotine Tob. Res. 12:535–39
    [Google Scholar]
  28. D'Souza DC, Cortes-Briones JA, Ranganathan M, Thurnauer H, Creatura G et al. 2016. Rapid changes in cannabinoid 1 receptor availability in cannabis-dependent male subjects after abstinence from cannabis. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 1:60–67
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Degenhardt L, Lintzeris N, Campbell G, Bruno R, Cohen M et al. 2015. Experience of adjunctive cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: findings from the Pain and Opioids IN Treatment (POINT) study. Drug Alcohol Depend 147:144–50
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Dhingra LK, Homel P, Grossman B, Chen J, Scharaga E et al. 2014. Ecological momentary assessment of smoking behavior in persistent pain patients. Clin. J. Pain 30:205–13
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Ditre JW, Brandon TH 2008. Pain as a motivator of smoking: effects of pain induction on smoking urge and behavior. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 117:467–72
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Ditre JW, Brandon TH, Zale EL, Meagher MM 2011. Pain, nicotine, and smoking: research findings and mechanistic considerations. Psychol. Bull. 137:1065–93
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Ditre JW, Heckman BW, Butts EA, Brandon TH 2010. Effects of expectancies and coping on pain-induced motivation to smoke. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 119:524–533
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Ditre JW, Heckman BW, Zale EL, Kosiba JD, Maisto SA 2016a. Acute analgesic effects of nicotine and tobacco in humans: a meta-analysis. Pain 157:1373–81
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Ditre JW, Kosiba JD, Zale EL, Zvolensky MJ, Maisto SA 2016b. Chronic pain status, nicotine withdrawal, and expectancies for smoking cessation among lighter smokers. Ann. Behav. Med. 50:427–35
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Ditre JW, Langdon KJ, Kosiba JD, Zale EL, Zvolensky MJ 2015. Relations between pain-related anxiety, tobacco dependence, and barriers to quitting among a community-based sample of daily smokers. Addict. Behav. 42:130–35
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Ditre JW, Zale EL, Heckman BW, Hendricks PS 2017. A measure of perceived pain and tobacco smoking interrelations: pilot validation of the pain and smoking inventory. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 46:339–51
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Ditre JW, Zale EL, Kosiba JD, Zvolensky MJ 2013. A pilot study of pain-related anxiety and smoking-dependence motives among persons with chronic pain. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 21:443–49
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Ditre JW, Zale E, LaRowe L, Kosiba J, De Vita M 2018. Nicotine deprivation increases pain intensity, neurogenic inflammation, and mechanical hyperalgesia among daily tobacco smokers. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 127:578–89
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Dworkin RH, Backonja M, Rowbotham MC, Allen RR, Argoff CR et al. 2003. Advances in neuropathic pain: diagnosis, mechanisms, and treatment recommendations. Arch. Neurol. 60:1524–34
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Egli M, Koob GF, Edwards S 2012. Alcohol dependence as a chronic pain disorder. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36:2179–92
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Elman I, Borsook D 2016. Common brain mechanisms of chronic pain and addiction. Neuron 89:11–36
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Elwood RW 1993. Psychological tests and clinical discriminations: beginning to address the base rate problem. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 13:409–19
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Galea S, Nandi A, Vlahov D 2004. The social epidemiology of substance use. Epidemiol. Rev. 26:36–52
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Gaskin DJ, Richard P 2012. The economic costs of pain in the United States. J. Pain 13:715–24
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Gatch MB 2009. Ethanol withdrawal and hyperalgesia. Curr. Drug Abus. Rev. 2:41–50
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Gatchel RJ, Peng YB, Peters ML, Fuchs PN, Turk DC 2007. The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: scientific advances and future directions. Psychol. Bull. 133:581–624
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Goesling J, Brummett CM, Hassett AL 2012. Cigarette smoking and pain: depressive symptoms mediate smoking-related pain symptoms. Pain 153:1749–54
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Gorman D, Potamianos G, Williams K, Frank A, Duffy S, Peters T 1987. Relationship between alcohol abuse and low back pain. Alcohol Alcohol 22:61–63
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Dufour MC et al. 2004. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61:807–16
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, O'Grady KE, Restivo L, Mitchell SG, Jaffe JH 2016. Understanding patterns of high-cost health care use across different substance user groups. Health Aff 35:12–19
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Gureje O, Von Korff M, Kola L, Demyttenaere K, He Y et al. 2008. The relation between multiple pains and mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Pain 135:82–91
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Hahn EJ, Rayens MK, Kirsh KL, Passik SD 2006. Pain and readiness to quit smoking cigarettes. Nicotine Tob. Res. 8:473–80
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Hasin DS, Kerridge BT, Saha TD, Huang B, Pickering R et al. 2016. Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012–2013: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. Am. J. Psychiatry 173:588–99
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Hill KP, Palastro MD, Johnson B, Ditre JW 2017. Cannabis and pain: a clinical review. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2:96–104
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Hocking LJ, Generation Scotland, Morris AD, Dominiczak AF, Porteous DJ, Smith BH 2012. Heritability of chronic pain in 2195 extended families. Eur. J. Pain 16:1053–63
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Hogan J, Gonzalez A, Howell A, Bonn-Miller MO, Zvolensky MJ 2010. Pain-related anxiety and marijuana use motives: a pilot test among active marijuana-using young adults. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 39:283–92
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Holmes A, Williamson O, Hogg M, Arnold C, Prosser A et al. 2010. Predictors of pain severity 3 months after serious injury. Pain Med 11:990–1000
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Hooten WM, Vickers KS, Shi Y, Ebnet KL, Townsend CO et al. 2011. Smoking cessation and chronic pain: patient and pain medicine physician attitudes. Pain Pract 11:552–63
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hughes JR 2007. Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine Tob. Res. 9:315–27
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Ibironke G, Oyekunle O 2012. Ethanol-induced antinociception in rodents: role of the cholinergic and opioidergic systems. Neurophysiology 44:460–63
    [Google Scholar]
  62. IOM (Inst. Med.). 2011. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Jamal M, van der Does AJW, Penninx BW, Cuijpers P 2011. Age at smoking onset and the onset of depression and anxiety disorders. Nicotine Tob. Res. 13:809–19
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Jamal A, Phillips E, Gentzke AS, Homa DM, Babb SD et al. 2018. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2016. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 67:53–59
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Jochum T, Boettger MK, Burkhardt C, Juckel G, Bär KJ 2010. Increased pain sensitivity in alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Eur. J. Pain 14:713–18
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Keefe FJ, Rumble ME, Scipio CD, Giordano LA, Perri LM 2004. Psychological aspects of persistent pain: current state of the science. J. Pain 5:195–211
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Khantzian EJ 1997. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 4:231–44
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Koob GF 2003. Alcoholism: allostasis and beyond. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 27:232–43
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Kosiba JD, Zale EL, Ditre JW 2018. Associations between pain intensity and urge to smoke: testing the role of negative affect and pain catastrophizing. Drug Alcohol Depend 187:100–8
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Krueger RF, Eaton NR 2015. Transdiagnostic factors of mental disorders. World Psychiatry 14:27–29
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Kumar R, Chambers W, Pertwee R 2001. Pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids. Anaesthesia 56:1059–68
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lambert K, Kinsley CH 2011. Clinical Neuroscience: Psychopathology and the Brain New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Larance B, Campbell G, Peacock A, Nielsen S, Bruno R et al. 2016. Pain, alcohol use disorders and risky patterns of drinking among people with chronic non-cancer pain receiving long-term opioid therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend 162:79–87
    [Google Scholar]
  74. LaRowe LR, Farris SG, Zvolensky MJ, Ditre JW 2018. Associations between past-month pain and distress intolerance among daily cigarette smokers. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 79:781–89
    [Google Scholar]
  75. LaRowe LR, Langdon KJ, Zvolensky MJ, Zale EL, Ditre JW 2017. Pain-related anxiety as a predictor of early lapse and relapse to cigarette smoking. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 25:255–64
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Larson MJ, Paasche‐Orlow M, Cheng DM, Lloyd‐Travaglini C, Saitz R, Samet JH 2007. Persistent pain is associated with substance use after detoxification: a prospective cohort analysis. Addiction 102:752–60
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Lawton J, Simpson J 2009. Predictors of alcohol use among people experiencing chronic pain. Psychol. Health Med. 14:487–501
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Litvin EB, Abrantes AM, Brown RA 2013. Computer and mobile technology–based interventions for substance use disorders: an organizing framework. Addict. Behav. 38:1747–56
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Lötsch J, Weyer‐Menkhoff I, Tegeder I 2018. Current evidence of cannabinoid‐based analgesia obtained in preclinical and human experimental settings. Eur. J. Pain 22:471–84
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Manning K, Rogers AH, Bakhshaie J, Hogan JB, Buckner JD et al. 2018. The association between perceived distress tolerance and cannabis use problems, cannabis withdrawal symptoms, and self-efficacy for quitting cannabis: the explanatory role of pain-related affective distress. Addict. Behav. 85:1–7
    [Google Scholar]
  81. McCracken LM, Zayfert C, Gross RT 1992. The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale: development and validation of a scale to measure fear of pain. Pain 50:67–73
    [Google Scholar]
  82. McDermott KA, Joyner KJ, Hakes JK, Okey SA, Cougle JR 2018. Pain interference and alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use disorder in a national sample of substance users. Drug Alcohol Depend 186:53–59
    [Google Scholar]
  83. McEvoy PM, Nathan P, Norton PJ 2009. Efficacy of transdiagnostic treatments: a review of published outcome studies and future research directions. J. Cogn. Psychother. 23:20–33
    [Google Scholar]
  84. McEwen BS, Wingfield JC 2003. The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm. Behav. 43:2–15
    [Google Scholar]
  85. McMahon SB, Koltzenburg M, Tracey I, Turk DC 2013. Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain Phila. PA: Saunders
    [Google Scholar]
  86. McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW 2003. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain 106:127–33
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Metrik J, Rohsenow DJ 2013. Understanding the role of substance expectancies in addiction. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology J MacKillop, H de Wit 459–87 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Michna E, Ross EL, Hynes WL, Nedeljkovic SS, Soumekh S et al. 2004. Predicting aberrant drug behavior in patients treated for chronic pain: importance of abuse history. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 28:250–58
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Mills KL, Teesson M, Ross J, Peters L 2006. Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Am. J. Psychiatry 163:652–58
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Moskal D, Maisto SA, De Vita M, Ditre JW 2018. Effects of experimental pain induction on alcohol urge, intention to consume alcohol, and alcohol demand. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 26:65–76
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Nahin RL 2015. Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012. J. Pain 16:769–80
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Nakajima M, al'Absi M 2011. Enhanced pain perception prior to smoking cessation is associated with early relapse. Biol. Psychol. 88:141–46
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Nicita-Mauro V, Maltese G, Nicita-Mauro C, Lasco A, Basile G 2010. Non-smoking for successful aging: therapeutic perspectives. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16:775–82
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Nolen-Hoeksema S 2004. Gender differences in risk factors and consequences for alcohol use and problems. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 24:981–1010
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Norris T, Schiller JS, Clarke TC 2018. Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data from the National Health Interview Survey Atlanta, GA: U.S. Natl. Cent. Health Stat.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Ocañez KL, Kathryn McHugh R, Otto MW 2010. A meta‐analytic review of the association between anxiety sensitivity and pain. Depress. Anxiety 27:760–67
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Orhurhu VJ, Pittelkow TP, Hooten WM 2015. Prevalence of smoking in adults with chronic pain. Tob. Induc. Dis. 13:17
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Ossipov MH, Dussor GO, Porreca F 2010. Central modulation of pain. J. Clin. Investig. 120:3779–87
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Padwa H, Ni Y-M, Barth-Rogers Y, Arangua L, Andersen R, Gelberg L 2014. Barriers to drug use behavior change among primary care patients in urban United States Community Health Centers. Subst. Use Misuse 49:743–51
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Patterson AL, Gritzner S, Resnick MP, Dobscha SK, Turk DC, Morasco BJ 2012. Smoking cigarettes as a coping strategy for chronic pain is associated with greater pain intensity and poorer pain-related function. J. Pain 13:285–92
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Petre B, Torbey S, Griffith JW, De Oliveira G, Herrmann K et al. 2015. Smoking increases risk of pain chronification through shared corticostriatal circuitry. Hum. Brain Mapp. 36:683–94
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Portnoy DB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Johnson BT, Carey MP 2008. Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: a meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988–2007. Prev. Med. 47:3–16
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Robinson TE, Berridge KC 2003. Addiction. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54:25–53
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Romero‐Sandoval EA, Fincham JE, Kolano AL, Sharpe B, Alvarado‐Vázquez PA 2018. Cannabis for chronic pain: challenges and considerations. Pharmacotherapy 38:651–62
    [Google Scholar]
  105. KN, Baptista AF, Matos MA, Lessa Í 2008. Chronic pain and gender in Salvador population, Brazil. Pain 139:498–506
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Sacks JJ, Gonzales KR, Bouchery EE, Tomedi LE, Brewer RD 2015. 2010 national and state costs of excessive alcohol consumption. Am. J. Prev. Med. 49:e73–79
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Sahley TL, Berntson GG 1979. Antinociceptive effects of central and systemic administrations of nicotine in the rat. Psychopharmacology 65:279–83
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Salottolo K, Peck L, Tanner A, Carrick MM, Madayag R et al. 2018. The grass is not always greener: a multi-institutional pilot study of marijuana use and acute pain management following traumatic injury. Patient Saf. Surg. 12:16
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Schiller JS, Lucas JW, Peregoy JA 2012. Summary Health Statistics for US Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2011 Atlanta, GA: U.S. Natl. Ctr. Health Stat.
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Schulenberg JE, Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Miech RA, Patrick ME 2017. Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2016. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. Mich. Inst. Social Res.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Scott JR, Hassett AL, Schrepf AD, Brummett CM, Harris RE et al. 2018. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with reduced pain and fibromyalgia symptoms in chronic pain patients. Pain Med 19:2515–27
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Shealy CN, Cady RK 2002. Historical perspective of pain management. Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians RS Weiner 9–16 Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. , 6th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Sheu R, Lussier D, Rosenblum A, Fong C, Portenoy J et al. 2008. Prevalence and characteristics of chronic pain in patients admitted to an outpatient drug and alcohol treatment program. Pain Med 9:911–17
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Shi Y, Weingarten TN, Mantilla CB, Hooten WM, Warner DO 2010. Smoking and pain: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Anesthesiology 113:977–92
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Shiffman S, Balabanis MH, Paty JA, Engberg J, Gwaltney CJ et al. 2000. Dynamic effects of self-efficacy on smoking lapse and relapse. Health Psychol 19:315–23
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, Viikari-Juntura E 2010. The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Med. 123:87.e7–35
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Simons LE, Elman I, Borsook D 2014. Psychological processing in chronic pain: a neural systems approach. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 39:61–78
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Smiley-McDonald HM, Moore KN, Heller DC, Ropero-Miller JD, McIntire GL, Wallace FN 2017. Patterns of marijuana use in a 6-month pain management sample in the United States. Subst. Abus. 11:1178221817724783
    [Google Scholar]
  119. St. Marie B 2014. Health care experiences when pain and substance use disorder coexist: “Just because I'm an addict doesn't mean I don't have pain.”. Pain Med 15:2075–86
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Sterniczuk R, Whelan J 2016. Cannabis use among Canadian Armed Forces veterans. J. Mil. Veteran Fam. Health 2:43–52
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Stewart SH, Karp J, Pihl RO, Peterson RA 1997. Anxiety sensitivity and self-reported reasons for drug use. J. Subst. Abus. 9:223–40
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Sugiyama D, Nishimura K, Tamaki K, Tsuji G, Nakazawa T et al. 2010. Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69:70–81
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Syamlal G, Mazurek JM, Dube SR 2014. Gender differences in smoking among US working adults. Am. J. Prev. Med. 47:467–75
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Taylor S 2014. Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Thompson T, Oram C, Correll CU, Tsermentseli S, Stubbs B 2017. Analgesic effects of alcohol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled experimental studies in healthy participants. J. Pain 18:499–510
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Treede R-D, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI et al. 2015. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain 156:1003–7
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Turk DC, Melzack R 1992. The measurement of pain and the assessment of people experiencing pain. Handbook of Pain Assessment DC Turk, R Melzack 3–16 New York: Guilford Press
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Turk DC, Swanson KS, Gatchel RJ 2008. Predicting opioid misuse by chronic pain patients: a systematic review and literature synthesis. Clin. J. Pain 24:497–508
    [Google Scholar]
  129. U.S. Dept. Health Hum. Serv. 2014. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. Health Hum. Serv.
    [Google Scholar]
  130. U.S. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2017. A Socioecological Approach to Addressing Tobacco-Related Health Disparities Bethesda, MD: U.S. Natl. Cancer Inst.
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Umana IC, Daniele CA, McGehee DS 2013. Neuronal nicotinic receptors as analgesic targets: It's a winding road. Biochem. Pharmacol. 86:1208–14
    [Google Scholar]
  132. van Hecke O, Torrance N, Cochrane L, Cavanagh J, Donnan P et al. 2014. Does a history of depression actually mediate smoking‐related pain? Findings from a cross‐sectional general population‐based study. Eur. J. Pain 18:1223–30
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Van Laar M, Van Dorsselaer S, Monshouwer K, De Graaf R 2007. Does cannabis use predict the first incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the adult population?. Addiction 102:1251–60
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ 2000. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 85:317–32
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Volkman JE, DeRycke EC, Driscoll MA, Becker WC, Brandt CA et al. 2015. Smoking status and pain intensity among OEF/OIF/OND veterans. Pain Med 16:1690–96
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Telang F 2011. Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry. PNAS 108:15037–42
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Wade JB, Dougherty LM, Archer CR, Price DD 1996. Assessing the stages of pain processing: a multivariate analytical approach. Pain 68:157–67
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Wang J-C, Kapoor M, Goate AM 2012. The genetics of substance dependence. Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet. 13:241–61
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Ware MA, Doyle CR, Woods R, Lynch ME, Clark AJ 2003. Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain 102:211–16
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Weinberger AH, Seng EK, Ditre JW, Willoughby M, Shuter J 2018. Perceived interrelations of pain and cigarette smoking in a sample of adult smokers living with HIV/AIDS. Nicotine Tob. Res. In press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty021
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  141. Weingarten TN, Podduturu VR, Hooten WM, Thompson JM, Luedtke CA, Oh TH 2009. Impact of tobacco use in patients presenting to a multidisciplinary outpatient treatment program for fibromyalgia. Clin. J. Pain 25:39–43
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Witkiewitz K, Vowles KE, McCallion E, Frohe T, Kirouac M, Maisto SA 2015. Pain as a predictor of heavy drinking and any drinking lapses in the COMBINE Study and the United Kingdom Alcohol Treatment Trial. Addiction 110:1262–71
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Woolf CJ 2011. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain 152:Suppl.S2–15
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Wu LT, Zhu H, Swartz MS 2016. Trends in cannabis use disorders among racial/ethnic population groups in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 165:181–90
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Zale EL, Ditre JW, Dorfman ML, Heckman BW, Brandon TH 2014. Smokers in pain report lower confidence and greater difficulty quitting. Nicotine Tob. Res. 16:1272–76
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Zale EL, Maisto SA, Ditre JW 2015. Interrelations between pain and alcohol: an integrative review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 37:57–71
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Zale EL, Maisto SA, Ditre JW 2016. Anxiety and depression in bidirectional relations between pain and smoking: implications for smoking cessation. Behav. Modif. 40:7–28
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Zvolensky MJ, Cougle JR, Bonn‐Miller MO, Norberg MM, Johnson K et al. 2011. Chronic pain and marijuana use among a nationally representative sample of adults. Am. J. Addict. 20:538–42
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Zvolensky MJ, McMillan KA, Gonzalez A, Asmundson GJ 2010. Chronic musculoskeletal pain and cigarette smoking among a representative sample of Canadian adolescents and adults. Addict. Behav. 35:1008–12
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error