1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
  4. Volume 19, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volume 19, 2023

Developmental Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence on Children

Abstract

Numerous studies associate childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) with adverse adjustment in the domains of mental health, social, and academic functioning. This review synthesizes this literature and highlights the critical role of child self-regulation in mediating children's adjustment outcomes. We discuss major methodological problems of the field, including failure to consider the effects of prenatal IPV exposure and the limitations of variable-oriented and cross-sectional approaches. Finally, we present a comprehensive theoretical model of the effects of IPV on children's development. This model includes three mechanistic pathways—one that is unique to IPV (maternal representations) and two that are consistent with the effects of other stressors (maternal mental health and physiological functioning). In our model, the effects of these three pathways on child adjustment outcomes are mediated through parenting and child self-regulation. Future research directions and clinical implications are discussed in the context of the model.

Keyword(s): attachment, child development, domestic violence, intimate partner violence, prenatal stress
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634
2023-05-09
2024-04-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/clinpsy/19/1/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adams TR, Handley ED, Manly JT, Cicchetti D, Toth SL. 2019. Intimate partner violence as a mechanism underlying the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment among economically disadvantaged mothers and their adolescent daughters. Dev. Psychopathol. 31:83–93
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Adhia A, Jeong J. 2019. Fathers’ perpetration of intimate partner violence and parenting during early childhood: results from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Child Abuse Negl. 96:104103
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Alhusen JL, Bower KM, Epstein E, Sharps P. 2016. Racial discrimination and adverse birth outcomes: an integrative review. J. Midwifery Women's Health 61:707–20
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Austin AE, Shanahan ME, Barrios YV, Macy RJ. 2019. A systematic review of interventions for women parenting in the context of intimate partner violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 20:498–519
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bacchus LJ, Ranganathan M, Watts C, Devries K. 2018. Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open 8:e019995
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bauer NS, Herrenkohl TI, Lozana P, Rivara FP, Hill KG, Hawkins JD. 2006. Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence. Pediatrics 118:e235–42
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bender AE, McKinney SJ, Schmidt-Sane MM, Cage J, Holmes MR et al. 2022. Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and effects on social-emotional competence: a systematic review. J. Fam. Violence 37:1263–81
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bernard K, Nissim G, Vaccaro S, Harris JL, Lindhiem O. 2018. Association between maternal depression and maternal sensitivity from birth to 12 months: a meta-analysis. Attach. Hum. Dev. 20:578–99
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bogat GA, DeJonghe E, Levendosky AA, Davidson WS, von Eye A. 2006. Trauma symptoms among infants exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Abuse Negl. 30:109–25
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bowen E. 2015. The impact of intimate partner violence on preschool children's peer problems: an analysis of risk and protective factors. Child Abuse Negl. 50:141–50
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. 2002. Socioeconomic status and child development. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53:371–99
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Branjerdporn G, Meredith P, Wilson T, Strong J 2021. Maternal–fetal attachment: associations with maternal sensory processing, adult attachment, distress and perinatal loss. J. Child Fam. Stud. 30:528–41
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Bridgett DJ, Burt NM, Edwards ES, Deater-Deckard K. 2015. Intergenerational transmission of self-regulation: a multidisciplinary review and integrative conceptual framework. Psychol. Bull. 141:602–54
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Buss C, Davis EP, Hobel CJ, Sandman C. 2011. Maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 6–9 years age. Stress 14:665–76
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Cao-Lei L, de Rooij SR, King S, Matthews SG, Metz GAS et al. 2020. Prenatal stress and epigenetics. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 117:198–210
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Carbonneau R, Boivin M, Brendgen M, Nagin D, Tremblay RE. 2016. Comorbid development of disruptive behaviors from age 1 1/2 to 5 years in a population birth-cohort and association with school adjustment in first grade. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 44:677–90
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Carbonneau R, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Boivin M, Tremblay RE. 2022. Early risk factors associated with preschool developmental patterns of single and co-occurrent disruptive behaviors in a population sample. Dev. Psychol. 58:438–52
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Carter B, Paranjothy S, Davies A, Kemp A. 2022. Mediators and effect modifiers of the causal pathway between child exposure to domestic violence and internalizing behaviors among children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. Trauma Violence Abuse 23:594–604
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Carter RT, Lau MY, Johnson V, Kirkinis K 2017. Racial discrimination and health outcomes among racial/ethnic minorities: a meta-analytic review. J. Multicult. Couns. D 45:232–59
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Catalano S. 2013. Intimate partner violence: attributes of victimization, 1993–2011 Spec. Rep. NCJ243300 US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipvav9311.pdf
  21. Chan KL, Chen M, Chen Q, Ip P. 2017. Can family structure and social support reduce the impact of child victimization on health-related quality of life?. Child Abuse Negl. 72:66–74
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Chan Y, Yeung JW. 2009. Children living with violence within the family and its sequel: a meta-analysis from 1995–2006. Aggress. Violent Behav. 14:313–22
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Chaney C, Lopez M, Wiley KS, Meyer C, Valeggia C. 2019. Systematic review of chronic discrimination and changes in biology during pregnancy among African American women. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 6:1208–17
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Chiesa AE, Kallechey L, Harlaar N, Rashaan Ford C, Garrido EF et al. 2018. Intimate partner violence victimization and parenting: a systematic review. Child Abuse Negl. 80:285–300
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Christie H, Hamilton-Giachritsis C, Alves-Costa F, Tomlinson M, Halligan SL. 2019. The impact of parental posttraumatic stress disorder on parenting: a systematic review. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 10:1550345
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Clark HM, Grogan-Kaylor AC, Galano MM, Stein SF, Graham-Bermann SA. 2021. Preschoolers’ intimate partner violence exposure and their speeded control abilities eight years later: a longitudinal mediation analysis. J. Interpers. Violence 37:NP18496–523
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Cochran KA, Bogat GA, Levendosky AA, Martinez-Torteya C. 2022. Conflict appraisals and trauma symptoms in children exposed to intimate partner violence. Violence Vict. 37:244–59
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Condon EM, Barcelona V, Ibrahim BB, Crusto CA, Taylor JY. 2022. Racial discrimination, mental health, and parenting among African American mothers of preschool-aged children. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychol. 61:402–12
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Cummings EM, Miller-Graff LE. 2015. Emotional Security Theory: an emerging theoretical model for youths’ psychological and physiological responses across multiple developmental contexts. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 24:208–13
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Davies PT, Hentges RF, Coe JL, Martin MJ, Sturge-Apple ML, Cummings EM 2016. The multiple faces of interparental conflict: implications for cascades of children's insecurity and externalizing problems. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 125:664–78
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML, Cicchetti D 2011. Interparental aggression and children's adrenocortical reactivity: testing an evolutionary model of allostatic load. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:801–14
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Dayton CJ, Levendosky AA, Davidson WS, Bogat GA. 2010. The child as held in the mind of the mother: the influence of prenatal maternal representations on parenting behaviors. Infant Ment. Health J. 31:220–41
     [Google Scholar]
  33. DeJonghe ES, von Eye A, Bogat GA, Levendosky AA. 2011. Does witnessing intimate partner violence contribute to toddlers’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors?. Appl. Dev. Sci. 15:129–39
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Demirkan LT, Tastan K, Dane S 2020. Effectiveness of fetal movement counting and imagining fetus position to prenatal attachment and depressive symptoms in pregnant women in 24–28th gestational week. J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci. 8:184–88
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Dozier M, Roben CKP, Caron E, Hoye J, Bernard K 2018. Attachment and biobehavioral catch-up: an evidence-based intervention for vulnerable infants and their families. Psychother. Res. 28:18–29
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Ehrensaft MK, Cohen P, Brown J, Smailes E, Chen H, Johnson JG 2003. Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: a 20-year prospective study. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 71:741–53
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Ehrensaft MK, Knous-Westfall H, Cohen P. 2017. Long-term influence of intimate partner violence and parenting practices on offspring trauma symptoms. Psychol. Violence 7:296–305
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Eggum ND. 2010. Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children's maladjustment. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 6:495–525
     [Google Scholar]
  39. El-Sheikh M, Cummings EM, Kouros CD, Elmore-Staton L, Buckhalt JA. 2008. Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: direct, mediated, and moderated effects. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 76:138–48
     [Google Scholar]
  40. El-Sheikh M, Hinnant JB. 2011. Marital conflict, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and allostatic load: interrelations and associations with the development of children's externalizing behavior. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:815–29
     [Google Scholar]
  41. El-Sheikh M, Kouros CD, Erath S, Cummings EM, Keller P, Staton L. 2009. Marital conflict and children's externalizing behavior: interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 74:1–79
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Ellis BJ, Boyce WT, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. 2011. Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:7–28
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Ellis BJ, Del Giudice M. 2019. Developmental adaptation to stress: an evolutionary perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70:111–39
     [Google Scholar]
  44. England-Mason G, Gonzalez A. 2020. Intervening to shape children's emotion regulation: a review of emotion socialization parenting programs for young children. Emotion 20:98–104
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Evans KE, Schmidt-Sane MM, Bender A, Berg KA, Holmes M. 2022. Children's exposure to intimate partner violence and acceptance or appraisals of IPV: a systematic review. J. Fam. Violence 37:1301–19
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Evans S, Davies C, DeLillo D. 2008. Exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggress. Violent Behav. 13:131–40
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Ferrajão PC. 2020. The role of parental emotional validation and invalidation on children's clinical symptoms: a study with children exposed to intimate partner violence. J. Fam. Trauma Child Custody Child Dev. 17:4–20
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Hamby S, Ormrod R. 2011. Polyvictimization: children's exposure to multiple types of violence, crime, and abuse Juv. Justice Bull. US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
  49. Fong VC, Hawes D, Allen JL. 2019. A systematic review of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems in children exposed to intimate partner violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 20:149–67
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Fowler P, Tompsett C, Braciszewski J, Jacques-Tiura A, Baltes B 2009. Community violence: a meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Dev. Psychopathol. 21:227–59
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Galano MM, Grogan-Kaylor AC, Clark HM, Stein SF, Graham-Bermann SA. 2021. Examining the 8-year trajectory of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to intimate partner violence. J. Interpers. Violence 36:NP8454–81
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Galano MM, Grogan-Kaylor AC, Stein SF, Clark HM, Graham-Bermann SA. 2020. Dyadic profiles of posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers and children experiencing intimate partner violence. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 51:943–55
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Galbally M, Watson SJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Tharner A, Luijk M, Lewis AJ. 2022. Maternal trauma but not perinatal depression predicts infant–parent attachment. Arch. Women's Ment. Health 25:215–25
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Gartland D, Conway LJ, Giallo R, Mensah FK, Cook F et al. 2021. Intimate partner violence and child outcomes at age 10: a pregnancy cohort. Arch. Dis. Child. 106:1066–74
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Giannakoulopoulos X, Teixeira J, Fisk N, Glover V. 1999. Human fetal and maternal noradrenaline responses to invasive procedures. Pediatr. Res. 45:494–99
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Gillath O, Karantzas GC, Fraley RC. 2016. Adult Attachment: A Concise Introduction to Theory and Research New York: Academic
  57. Glover V, O'Connor TG, O'Donnell KJ 2010. Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA axis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35:17–22
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Gonzalez A, MacMillan H, Tanaka M, Jack SM, Tonmyr L. 2014. Subtypes of exposure to intimate partner violence within a Canadian child welfare sample: associated risks and child maladjustment. Child Abuse Negl. 38:1934–44
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Goodman SH, Simon HFM, Shamblaw AL, Kim CY. 2020. Parenting as a mediator of associations between depression in mothers and children's functioning: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 23:427–60
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Gracia E, López-Quílez A, Marco M, Lila M 2018. Neighborhood characteristics and violence behind closed doors: the spatial overlap of child maltreatment and intimate partner violence. PLOS ONE 13:e0198684
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Graham-Bermann SA, Miller-Graff L. 2015. Community-based intervention for women exposed to intimate partner violence: a randomized control trial. J. Fam. Psychol. 29:537–47
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Greene CA, Chan G, McCarthy KJ, Wakschlag LS, Briggs-Gowan MJ. 2018. Psychological and physical intimate partner violence and young children's mental health: the role of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and parenting behaviors. Child Abuse Negl. 77:168–79
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Grych JH, Jouriles EN, Swank PR, McDonald R, Norwood WD. 2000. Patterns of adjustment among children of battered women. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68:84–94
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Gürkan ÖC, Ekşi Z, Deniz D, Çırçır H. 2020. The influence of intimate partner violence on pregnancy symptoms. J. Interpers. Violence 35:523–41
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Gustafsson HC, Coffman JL, Cox MJ. 2015. Intimate partner violence, maternal sensitive parenting behaviors, and children's executive functioning. Psychol. Violence 5:266–74
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Haj-Yahia MM, Sokar S, Hassan-Abbas N, Malka M 2019. The relationship between exposure to family violence in childhood and post-traumatic stress symptoms in young adulthood: the mediating role of social support. Child Abuse Negl. 92:126–38
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Halldorsdottir T, Kurtoic D, Muller-Myhsok B, Binder EB, Blair C. 2019. Neurobiology of self-regulation: longitudinal influence of FKBP5 and intimate partner violence on emotional and cognitive development in childhood. Am. J. Psychiatry 176:626–34
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Hambrick EP, Brawner TW, Perry BD, Brandt K, Hofmeister C, Collins J. 2018. Beyond the ACE score: examining relationships between timing of developmental adversity, relational health and developmental outcomes in children. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 33:238–47
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Hamby S, Finkelhor D, Turner H, Ormrod R. 2011. Children's exposure to intimate partner violence and other family violence Juv. Justice Bull., US Dep. Justice Washington, DC:
  70. Hibel LC, Granger DA, Blair C, Cox MJ, Fam. Life Proj. Key Investig 2011. Maternal sensitivity buffers the adrenocortical implications of intimate partner violence exposure during early childhood. Dev. Psychopathol. 23:689–701
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Hibel LC, Nuttall AK, Valentino K. 2020. Intimate partner violence indirectly dysregulates child diurnal adrenocortical functioning through positive parenting. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 80:28–41
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Holden GW. 2003. Children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse: terminology and taxonomy. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 6:151–60
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Holmes MR, Voith LA, Gromoske AN. 2015. Lasting effect of intimate partner violence exposure during preschool on aggressive behavior and prosocial skills. J. Interpers. Violence 30:1651–70
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Huang WL, Beazley LD, Quinlivan JA, Evans SF, Newnham JP, Dunlop SA. 1999. Effect of corticosteroids on brain growth in fetal sheep. Obstet. Gynecol. 94:213–18
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Huth-Bocks AC, Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, von Eye A. 2004a. Infant–mother attachment: the impact of prenatal maternal representations and social support in a high risk sample. Child Dev. 75:480–96
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Huth-Bocks AC, Levendosky AA, Theran SA, Bogat GA. 2004b. The impact of domestic violence on mothers’ prenatal representations of their infants. Infant Ment. Health J. 25:79–98
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Huth-Bocks AC, Theran SA, Levendosky AA, Bogat GA. 2011. A social-contextual understanding of concordance and discordance between maternal prenatal representations of the infant and infant–mother attachment. Infant Ment. Health J. 32:405–26
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Jeong J, Adhia A, Bhatia A, McCoy DC, Yousafzai AK. 2020. Intimate partner violence, maternal and paternal parenting, and early child development. Pediatrics 145:e20192955
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Johnson D, Policelli J, Li M, Dharamsi A, Hu Q et al. 2021. Associations of early-life threat and deprivation with executive functioning in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 175:e212511
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Katz LF, Gurtovenko K. 2015. Posttraumatic stress and emotion regulation in survivors of intimate partner violence. J. Fam. Psychol. 29:528–36
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Katz LF, Gurtovenko K, Maliken A, Stettler N, Kawamura J, Fladeboe K. 2020. An emotion coaching parenting intervention for families exposed to intimate partner violence. Dev. Psychol. 56:638–51
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Kelly RJ, El-Sheikh M. 2013. Longitudinal relations between marital aggression and children's sleep: the role of emotional insecurity. J. Fam. Psychol. 27:282–92
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Kennedy AC, Bybee D, Sullivan CM, Greeson M. 2010. The impact of family and community violence on children's depression trajectories: examining the interactions of violence exposure, family social support, and gender. J. Fam. Psychol. 24:197–207
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Kiesel LR, Piescher KN, Edleson JL. 2016. The relationship between child maltreatment, intimate partner violence exposure, and academic performance. J. Public Child Welf. 10:434–56
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Kitzmann KM, Gaylord NK, Holt AR, Kenny ED. 2003. Child witnesses to domestic violence: a meta-analytic review. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 71:339–52
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Knutson JF, Lawrence E, Taber SM, Bank L, DeGarmo DS. 2009. Assessing children's exposure to intimate partner violence. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 12:157–73
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Kobayashi JE, Bernard NK, Nuttall AK, Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, Lonstein JS. 2021a. Intimate partner violence and positive parenting across early childhood: comparing self-reported and observed parenting behavior. J. Fam. Psychol. 35:745–55
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Kobayashi JE, Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, Weatherill RP. 2021b. Romantic attachment as a mediator of the relationships between interpersonal stressors and prenatal representations. Psychol. Violence 11:133–43
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Kohen DE, Leventhal T, Dahinten VS, McIntosh CN. 2008. Neighborhood disadvantage: pathways of effects for young children. Child Dev. 79:156–69
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Korom M, Goldstein A, Tabachnick AR, Palmwood EN, Simons RF, Dozier M. 2021. Early parenting intervention accelerates inhibitory control development among CPS-involved children in middle childhood: a randomized clinical trial. Dev. Sci. 24:e13054
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Koss KJ, George MRW, Davies PT, Cicchetti D, Cummings EM, Sturge-Apple ML. 2013. Patterns of children's adrenocortical reactivity to interparental conflict and associations with child adjustment: a growth mixture modeling approach. Dev. Psychol. 49:317–26
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Krontira AC, Cruceanu C, Binder EB. 2020. Glucocorticoids as mediators of adverse outcomes of prenatal stress. Trends Neurosci. 43:394–405
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Lannert BK, Garcia AM, Smagur KE, Yalch MM, Levendosky AA et al. 2014. Relational trauma in the context of intimate partner violence. Child Abuse Negl. 38:1966–75
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Latzman NE, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Clinton-Sherroda M, Casanueva C, Carra C. 2017. Children's exposure to intimate partner violence: a systematic review of measurement strategies. Aggress. Violent Behav. 37:220–35
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Letourneau NL, Duffett-Leger L, Levac L, Watson B, Young-Morris C. 2013. Socioeconomic status and child development: a meta-analysis. J. Emot. Behav. Disord. 21:211–24
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, Huth-Bocks AC. 2011a. The influence of domestic violence on the development of the attachment relationship between mother and young child. Psychoanal. Psychol. 28:512–27
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, Huth-Bocks AC, Rosenblum K, von Eye A. 2011b. The effects of domestic violence on the stability of attachment from infancy to preschool. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 40:398–410
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, Lonstein JS, Martinez-Torteya C, Muzik M et al. 2016. Infant adrenocortical reactivity and behavioral functioning: relation to early exposure to maternal intimate partner violence. Stress 19:37–44
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Lieberman AF, Diaz MA, Van Horn P. 2011. Perinatal child–parent psychotherapy: adaptation of an evidence-based treatment for pregnant women and babies exposed to intimate partner violence. How Intimate Partner Violence Affects Children: Developmental Research, Case Studies, and Evidence-Based Intervention SA Graham-Bermann, AA Levendosky 47–66. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Low S, Tiberio SS, Capaldi DM, Wu Shortt J. 2022. Associations between partner violence, parenting, and children's adjustment: a dyadic framework. J. Fam. Psychol. 36:1095–105
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Madigan S, Atkinson L, Laurin K, Benoit D. 2013. Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Dev. Psychol. 49:672–89
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Margolin G, Gordis EB, Medina AM, Oliver PH. 2003. The co-occurrence of husband-to-wife aggression, family-of-origin aggression, and child abuse potential in a community sample: implications for parenting. J. Interpers. Violence 18:413–40
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Margolin G, Gordis EB, Oliver PH. 2004. Links between marital and parent-child interactions: moderating role of husband-to-wife aggression. Dev. Psychopathol. 16:753–71
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Martinez-Torteya C, Bogat GA, Levendosky AA, von Eye A. 2016. The influence of prenatal intimate partner violence exposure on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Dev. Psychopathol. 28:55–72
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Martinez-Torteya C, Bogat GA, Lonstein JS, Granger DA, Levendosky AA. 2017. Exposure to intimate partner violence in utero and infant internalizing behaviors: moderation by salivary cortisol-alpha amylase asymmetry. Early Hum. Dev. 113:40–48
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Martinez-Torteya C, Bogat GA, von Eye A, Levendosky AA. 2009. Resilience among children exposed to domestic violence: the role of risk and protective factors. Child Dev. 80:562–77
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Martinez-Torteya C, Donovan A, Gilchrist MA, Marshall H, Huth-Bocks AC. 2021. Neighborhood disadvantage moderates the effect of perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure on disorganized attachment behaviors among 12-month old infants. Psychol. Violence 11:101–11
     [Google Scholar]
  108. McDonald R, Jouriles EN, Skopp NA. 2006. Reducing conduct problems among children brought to women's shelters: intervention effects 24 months following termination of services. J. Fam. Psychol. 20:127–36
     [Google Scholar]
  109. McDonald SE, Dmitrieva J, Shin S, Hitti SA, Graham-Bermann SA et al. 2017. The role of callous/unemotional traits in mediating the association between animal abuse exposure and behavior problems among children exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Abuse Negl. 72:421–32
     [Google Scholar]
  110. McDonald SE, Graham-Bermann SA, Maternick A, Ascione FR, Williams JH. 2016. Patterns of adjustment among children exposed to intimate partner violence: a person-centered approach. J. Child Adolesc. Trauma 9:137–52
     [Google Scholar]
  111. McIntosh J, Tan E, Levendosky AA, Holtzworth-Munroe A. 2021. Mothers’ intimate partner violence victimization and subsequent offspring attachment security in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 22:885–99
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. 2019. Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 25:6–10
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Belsky D, Dickson N, Hancox RJ et al. 2011. A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. PNAS 108:2693–98
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Monk C, Myers MM, Sloan RP, Ellman LM, Fifer WP. 2003. Effects of women's stress-elicited physiological activity and chronic anxiety on fetal heart rate. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 24:32–38
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Moore GA. 2010. Parent conflict predicts infants’ vagal regulation in social interaction. Dev. Psychopathol. 22:23–33
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Narayan AJ, Labella MH, Englund MM, Carlson EA, Egeland B. 2017. The legacy of early childhood violence exposure to adulthood intimate partner violence: variable- and person-oriented evidence. J. Fam. Psychol. 31:833–43
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Naughton AM, Maguire SA, Mann MK, Lumb RC, Tempest V et al. 2013. Emotional, behavioral, and developmental features indicative of neglect or emotional abuse in preschool children: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. 167:769–75
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Noonan CB, Pilkington PD. 2020. Intimate partner violence and child attachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 109:104765
     [Google Scholar]
  119. O'Donnell KJ, Bugge Jensen A, Freeman L, Khalife N, O'Connor TG, Glover V 2012. Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11β-HSD2. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37:818–26
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Oosterman M, Schuengel C, Forrer ML, De Moor MHM. 2019. The impact of childhood trauma and psychophysiological reactivity on at-risk women's adjustment to parenthood. Dev. Psychopathol. 31:127–41
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Peek-Asa C, Maxwell L, Stromquist A, Whitten P, Limbos MA, Merchant J. 2007. Does parental physical violence reduce children's standardized test score performance?. Ann. Epidemiol. 17:847–53
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Pinto RJ, Correia-Santos P, Levendosky A, Jongenelen I. 2019. Psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms: the role of maternal satisfaction, parenting stress, and social support among mothers and children exposed to intimate partner violence. J. Interpers. Violence 34:4114–36
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Priest N, Paradies Y, Trenerry B, Truong M, Karlsen S, Kelly Y. 2013. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Soc. Sci. Med. 95:115–27
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Radtke KM, Ruf M, Gunter HM, Dohrmann K, Schauer M et al. 2011. Transgenerational impact of intimate partner violence on methylation in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor. Transl. Psychiatry 1:e21
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Röll J, Koglin U, Petermann F. 2012. Emotion regulation and childhood aggression: longitudinal associations. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 43:909–23
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Rosen AL, Handley ED, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. 2018. The impact of patterns of trauma exposure among low income children with and without histories of child maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl. 80:301–11
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Rosenblum KL, Muzik M, Morelen DM, Alfafara EA, Miller NM et al. 2017. A community-based randomized controlled trial of Mom Power parenting intervention for mothers with interpersonal trauma histories and their young children. Arch. Women's Ment. Health 20:673–86
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Rueger SY, Malecki CK, Pyun Y, Aycock C, Coyle S. 2016. A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence. Psychol. Bull. 142:1017–67
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Saltzman LE, Johnson CH, Gilbert BC, Goodwin MM. 2003. Physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: an examination of prevalence and risk factors in 16 states. Matern. Child Health J. 7:31–43
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Samdan G, Kiel N, Petermann F, Rothenfußer S, Zierul C, Reinelt T. 2020. The relationship between parental behavior and infant regulation: a systematic review. Dev. Rev. 57:100923
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Savopoulos P, Brown S, Anderson PJ, Gartland D, Bryant C, Giallo R. 2022. Intimate partner violence during infancy and cognitive outcomes in middle childhood: results from an Australian community-based mother and child cohort study. Child Dev. 93:e396–411
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Scheeringa MS, Zeanah CH. 2001. A relational perspective on PTSD in early childhood. J. Trauma Stress 14:799–815
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Serpeloni F, Radtke KM, Hecker T, Sill J, Vukojevic V et al. 2019. Does prenatal stress shape postnatal resilience? An epigenome-wide study on violence and mental health in humans. Front. Genet. 10:269
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Silva EP, Emond A, Ludermir AB. 2021. Depression in childhood: the role of children's exposure to intimate partner violence and maternal mental disorders. Child Abuse Negl. 122:105305
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Skinner L, Gavidia-Payne S, Brown S, Giallo R. 2019. Mechanisms underlying exposure to partner violence and children's emotional-behavioral difficulties. J. Fam. Psychol. 33:730–41
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Slaughter-Acey JC, Sneed D, Parker L, Keith VM, Lee NL, Misra DP. 2019. Skin tone matters: racial microaggressions and delayed prenatal care. Am. J. Prev. Med. 57:321–29
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Smith SG, Zhang X, Basile KC, Merrick MT, Wang J et al. 2018. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2015 Data Brief—Updated Release Atlanta, GA: Natl. Cent. Injury Prev. Control, Cent. Dis. Control Prev.
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Spencer C, Mallory AB, Cafferky BM, Kimmes JG, Beck AR, Stith SM. 2019. Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Violence 9:1–17
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Spinelli MG, Endicott J. 2003. Controlled clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy versus parenting education program for depressed pregnant women. Am. J. Psychiatry 160:555–62
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Steele H, Steele M, eds. 2018. Handbook of Attachment-Based Interventions New York: Guilford
  141. Stern DN. 1995. The Motherhood Constellation: A Unified View of Parent-Infant Psychotherapy New York: Basic
  142. Suardi F, Moser DA, Sancho Rossignol A, Manini A, Vital M et al. 2020. Maternal reflective functioning, interpersonal violence–related posttraumatic stress disorder, and risk for psychopathology in early childhood. Attach. Hum. Dev. 22:225–45
     [Google Scholar]
  143. Supol M, Satyen L, Ghayour-Minaie M, Toumbourou JW. 2021. Effects of family violence exposure on adolescent academic achievement: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 22:1042–56
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Swales DA, Snyder HR, Hankin BL, Sandman CA, Glynn LM, Davis EP. 2022. Maternal depressive symptoms predict general liability in child psychopathology. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 51:85–96
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Sweatt JD. 2013. The emerging field of neuroepigenetics. Neuron 80:624–32
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Szyf M. 2013. DNA methylation, behavior and early life adversity. J. Genet. Genom. 40:331–38
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Tabachnick AR, Raby KL, Goldstein A, Zajac L, Dozier M. 2019. Effects of an attachment-based intervention in infancy on children's autonomic regulation during middle childhood. Biol. Psychol. 143:22–31
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Taylor CA, Lee SJ, Guterman NB, Rice JC. 2010. Use of spanking for 3-year-old children and associated intimate partner aggression or violence. Pediatrics 126:415–24
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Theran SA, Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, Huth-Bocks AC. 2005. Stability and change in mothers’ internal representations of their infants over time. Attach. Hum. Dev. 7:1–16
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Thomas-Argyriou JC, Letourneau N, Dewey D, Campbell TS, Giesbrecht GF, APrON Study Team 2021. The role of HPA-axis function during pregnancy in the intergenerational transmission of maternal adverse childhood experiences to child behavior problems. Dev. Psychopathol. 33:284–300
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Valentino K, Cummings EM, Borkowski J, Hibel LC, Lefever J, Lawson M. 2019. Efficacy of a reminiscing and emotion training intervention on maltreating families with preschool-aged children. Dev. Psychol. 55:2365–78
     [Google Scholar]
  152. Valentino K, Hibel LC, Speidel R, Fondren K, Ugarte E. 2021. Longitudinal effects of maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and reminiscing and emotion training on children's diurnal cortisol regulation. Dev. Psychopathol. 33:868–84
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Van den Bergh BR, van Calster B, Smits T, van Huffel S, Lagae L 2008. Antenatal maternal anxiety is related to HPA-axis dysregulation and self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence: a prospective study on the fetal origins of depressed moods. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:536–45
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Van den Bergh BR, van den Heuvel MI, Lahti M et al. 2020. Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: the influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 117:26–64
     [Google Scholar]
  155. van IJzendoorn MH, Schuengel C, Wang Q, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. 2022. Improving parenting, child attachment, and externalizing behaviors: meta-analysis of the first 25 randomised controlled trials on the effects of video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting and sensitive discipline. Dev. Psychopathol. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001462
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Vu NL, Jouriles EN, McDonald R, Rosenfield D. 2016. Children's exposure to intimate partner violence: a meta-analysis of longitudinal associations with child adjustment problems. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 46:25–33
     [Google Scholar]
  157. Wolfe DA, Crooks CV, Lee V, McIntyre-Smith A, Jaffe P. 2003. The effects of children's exposure to domestic violence: a meta-analysis and critique. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 6:171–87
     [Google Scholar]
  158. Young JB. 2002. Programming of sympathoadrenal function. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13:381–85
     [Google Scholar]
  159. Yuen WS, Lo HC, Wong WN, Ngai FW. 2022. The effectiveness of psychoeducation interventions on prenatal attachment: a systematic review. Midwifery 104:103184
     [Google Scholar]
  160. Yule K, Houston J, Grych JH 2019. Resilience in children exposed to violence: a meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts. Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev. 22:406–31
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Zeanah CH, Danis B, Hirshberg L, Benoit D, Miller D, Heller SS. 1999. Disorganized attachment associated with partner violence: a research note. Infant Ment. Health J. 20:77–86
     [Google Scholar]
  162. Zhu Y, Wang MJ, Crawford KM, Ramirez-Tapia JC, Lussier AA et al. 2022. Sensitive period–regulating genetic pathways and exposure to adversity shape risk for depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 47:497–506
     [Google Scholar]
  163. Ziv Y. 2012. Exposure to violence, social information processing, and problem behavior in preschool children. Aggress. Behav. 38:429–41
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634
Loading
Developmental Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence on Children
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 19, 303 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-013634
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error