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This article reviews the physical principles of stem cell populations as active many-particle systems that are able to self-renew, control their density, and recover from depletion. We illustrate the dynamical and statistical hallmarks of homeostatic mechanisms, from stem cell density fluctuations and transient large-scale oscillation dynamics during recovery to the scaling behavior of clonal dynamics and front-like boundary propagation during regeneration.
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Supplemental Video 1: Simulation of the individual cell-based model in the active phase with nonoscillatory recovery, showing equilibration toward a homeostatic steady state from a subhomeostatic initial state. Parameters and initial conditions are as in Figure 2e (subpanel iii). Supplemental Video 2: Simulation of the individual cell-based model in the active phase with oscillatory recovery, showing equilibration toward a homeostatic steady state from a subhomeostatic initial state with large-amplitude density oscillations. Parameters and initial conditions are as in Figure 2e (subpanel ii). Supplemental Video 3: Simulation of the individual cell-based model in the dead phase, showing equilibration toward the dead state from an initially populated state. Parameters and initial conditions are as in Figure 2e (subpanel i). Supplemental Video 4: Simulation of the individual cell-based model showing neutral competition of single-cell derived clones when the system is in equilibrium. The initial population of cells is marked in different colors, which are inherited by their progeny. Parameters are as in Figure 2e (subpanel ii). Supplemental Video 5: Simulation of the individual cell-based model in the nonoscillatory recovery regime, showing colonization of the system by an initially localized population of cells through a propagating density front. Parameters and initial conditions are as in Figure 5a. Supplemental Video 6: Simulation of the individual cell-based model in the oscillatory recovery regime, showing colonization of the system by an initially localized population of cells through a propagating density front with elevated density in the front region. Parameters and initial conditions are as in Figure 5b. Supplemental Video 7: Simulation of the individual cell-based model with a subpopulation of stem cells with a competitive advantage (black), showing the gradual takeover of the system and extinction of the "wildtype" population (white). Parameters and initial conditions are as in Figure 6. Supplemental Video 8: Simulation of the individual cell-based model with localized sources of the fate determinant. Parameters and initial conditions are as in Figure 7.