1932

Abstract

Since the early 2000s, state and local policy makers, practitioners, and advocates accelerated existing federal efforts to reform the youth justice system and dramatically reduce the number of youth detained in the juvenile justice system. States across the country achieved these drops through policy changes that created fiscal disincentives and legal roadblocks to state custody. Yet recent research shows that youth of color and LGBQ-GNCT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning, gender-nonconforming, and transgender) youth continue to be overrepresented in many juvenile justice systems throughout the country. In this review, we interrogate these disparities more deeply in an effort to () advocate for continued and increased efforts to reduce racial disparities in the juvenile justice system; () break the silence around the experiences of LGBQ-GNCT youth in the system, which are overwhelmingly youth of color; and () encourage a deeper appreciation of sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression and how they intersect with race when it comes to serving youth in the justice system.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091922
2019-01-13
2024-05-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/criminol/2/1/annurev-criminol-032317-091922.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091922&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Acoca L 1998. Outside/inside: the violation of American girls at home, on the streets, and the juvenile justice system. Crime Delinquency 44:561–89
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Am. Psychol. Assoc. (APA). 2015. Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. Am. Psychol. 70:9832–64
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Beck J, Harrison PM, Guerino P 2010. Sexual victimization in juvenile facilities reported by youth, 2008–09 Bur. Justice Stat. Rep. NCJ 228416 US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svjfry09.pdf
  4. Berkeley Cent. Crim. Justice. 2010. Gender responsiveness and equity in California's juvenile justice system Juv. Justice Policy Brief Ser Berkeley Cent. Crim. Justice Berkeley, CA: http://www.law.berkeley.edu/img/Gender_Responsiveness_and_Equity.pdf
  5. Bloom B, Covington S 2001. Effective gender-responsive interventions in juvenile justice: addressing the lives of delinquent girls Paper presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology Atlanta, GA: http://www.centerforgenderandjustice.org
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Butler PD 2013. Black male exceptionalism? The problems and potential of black male–focused interventions. Du Bois Rev 10:2485–511
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chatelain M 2015. South Side Girls: Growing Up in the Great Migration Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
  8. Chesney-Lind M 2000. What to do about girls. Assessment to Assistance: Programs for Women in Community Corrections M McMahon 139–70 Lanham, MD: Am. Correct. Assoc.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Chesney-Lind M, Irwin K 2007. Beyond Bad Girls: Gender, Violence and Hype New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Chesney-Lind M, Jones N 2010. Fighting for Girls: New Perspectives on Gender and Violence Albany, NY: SUNY Press
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Collins PH 2004. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Corliss HL, Goodenow CS, Nichols L, Austin SB 2011. High burden of homelessness among sexual-minority adolescents: findings from a representative Massachusetts high school sample. Am. J. Public Health 101:1683–89
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Davis A, Irvine A, Ziedenberg J 2014.a Stakeholders' views on the movement to reduce youth incarceration Public Welf. Found Rep., Natl. Counc. Crime Delinquency Oakland, CA: http://nccdglobal.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/deincarceration-summary-report.pdf
  14. Davis A, Irvine A, Ziedenberg J 2014.b Bills and budgets Public Welf. Found Rep., Natl. Counc. Crime Delinquency Oakland, CA:
  15. Durso LE, Gates GJ 2012. Serving our youth: findings from a national survey of services providers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless Palette Fund True Colors Fund Williams Inst Rep., Williams Inst Los Angeles, CA: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Durso-Gates-LGBT-Homeless-Youth-Survey-July-2012.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Garnette L, Irvine A, Reyes C, Wilber S 2011. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Juvenile Justice: Advancing Research, Policy, and Practice F Sherman, F Jacobs 156–73 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Geist C, Reynolds MM, Geytán MS 2017. Unfinished business: disentangling sex, gender and sexuality in sociological research on gender stratification. Sociol. Compass 11:e12470
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Haley S 2016. No Mercy Here: Gender, Punishment, and the Making of Jim Crow Modernity Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. N. C. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Haney L 1996. Homeboys, babies, and men in suits: the state and the reproduction of male dominance. Am. Sociol. Rev. 61:5759–78
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Himmelstein KEW, Brückner H 2011. Criminal-justice and school sanctions against nonheterosexual youth: a national longitudinal study. Pediatrics 127:148–56
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Irvine A 2016. How the hypervisibility and invisibility of LGBQ/GNCT Latinxs drive involvement in the youth justice system Presented at Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Conference on Chicana/Latina Girls in the Justice System Salinas, CA, Novemb:2
  22. Irvine A, Canfield A 2017. Reflections on new national data on LGBQ/GNCT youth in the justice system. LGBTQ Policy J. Harv. Kennedy Sch. 7:2016–17
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Irvine A, Canfield A 2016. The overrepresentation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning, gender nonconforming, and transgender youth within the child welfare to juvenile justice crossover population. J. Gend. Soc. Policy Law 24:2243–61
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Irvine A, Wilber S, Canfield A 2017. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Questioning, and Gender Nonconforming Girls and Boys in the California Juvenile Justice System: A Practice Guide Oakland, CA: Impact Justice Natl. Cent. Lesbian Rights
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Jenness V, Fenstermaker S 2013. Agnes goes to prison: gender authenticity, transgender inmates in prisons for men, and pursuit of “the real deal.. Gend. Soc. 28:15–31
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Jones N 2018. The Chosen Ones: Black Men and the Politics of Redemption Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  27. Jones N 2009. Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner City Violence New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
  28. John Ridolfi L 2016. Stemming the rising tide: racial and ethnic disparities in youth incarceration and strategies for change Rep., Burns Inst Oakland, CA: https://www.burnsinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Stemming-the-Rising-Tide_FINAL.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Jurik NC, Siemsen C 2009. Doing gender as canon or agenda: a symposium on West and Zimmerman. Gend. Soc. 23:72–75
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Majd K, Reyes C, Marksamer J 2009. Hidden Injustice: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth in Juvenile Courts Oakland, CA: Natl. Cent. Lesbian Rights. http://www.nclrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/hidden_injustice.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Morris M 2012. Race, gender, and the school-to-prison pipeline: expanding our discussion to include black girls Rep., Afr. Am. Policy Forum New York:
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Morris M 2016. Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools New York: New Press
  33. NCCD Cent, Girls Young Women 2009. Getting the facts straight about girls in the juvenile justice system Rep., Natl. Counc. Crime Delinquency Oakland, CA: https://www.nccdglobal.org/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/fact-sheet-girls-in-juvenile-justice.pdf
  34. Obama B 2014. Remarks by the President on “My Brother's Keeper” Initiative. February 27, 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/02/27/remarks-president-my-brothers-keeper-initiative
  35. Off. Juv. Justice Delinquency Prev. 1998. Guiding principles for promising female programming: an inventory of best practices Rep., US Dep. Justice Washington, DC: http://www.ojjdp.gov
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Palmer NA, Greytak EA 2017. LGBTQ student victimization and its relationship to school discipline and justice system involvement. Crim. Justice Rev. 42:2163–87
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Pasko L 2010. Setting the record “straight”: girls, sexuality, and the juvenile justice system. Soc. Justice 37:17–26
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Sherman F 2017. Critical look at girls, gender and detention reform: diving into data and addressing trafficking Presented at the Annie E. Casey Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative Inter-Site Conference Orlando, FL:
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Sherman F 2005. Pathways to juvenile detention reform—detention reform and girls: challenges and solutions Rep., Annie E. Casey Found. Juv. Deten. Altern. Initiat Baltimore, MD:
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Schiraldi V, Western B 2015. Time to rethink the age of adult court jurisdiction. Transl. Criminol. Fall:9–11
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Schiraldi V, Western B, Bradner K 2015. Community-based responses to justice-involved young adults Harv. Kennedy Sch. Program Crim. Justice Policy Manag. Rep, Natl. Inst. Justice Washington, DC.: www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/wiener/programs/pcj/files/ESCC-CommunityBasedResponsesJusticeInvolvedYA.pdf
  42. Urban Justice Cent 2001. Justice for all? A report on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered youth in the New York juvenile justice system Rep., Urban Justice Cent New York:
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Ward G 2012. The Black Child-Savers: Racial Democracy and Juvenile Justice Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  44. West C, Fenstermaker S 1995. Doing difference. Gend. Soc. 9:18–37
    [Google Scholar]
  45. West C, Zimmerman DH 1987. Doing gender. Gend. Soc. 1:2125–51
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Wilson BDM, Sid PJ, Ilan HM, Andrew RF, Lara S, Herman JL 2017. Disproportionality and disparities among sexual minority youth in custody. J. Youth Adolesc. 46:1547–61
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Wun C 2014. Unaccounted foundations: black girls, anti-black racism, and punishment in schools. Crit. Sociol. 42:737–50
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091922
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091922
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error