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Annual Review of Economics

Volume 15, 2023

Parenting Promotes Social Mobility Within and Across Generations

  • Jorge Luis García1,3,4 and James J. Heckman2
  • 1John E. Walker Department of Economics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA; email: [email protected] 2Center for the Economics of Human Development and Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; email: [email protected] 3National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 4IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
  • Vol. 15:349-388 (Volume publication date September 2023)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on May 03, 2023
  • Copyright © 2023 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information

Abstract

This article compares early childhood enrichment programs that promote social mobility for disadvantaged children within and across generations. Instead of conducting a standard meta-analysis, we present a harmonized primary data analysis of programs that shape current policy. Our analysis is a template for rigorous syntheses and comparisons across programs. We analyze new long-run life-cycle data collected for iconic programs when participants are middle-aged and their children are in their twenties. The iconic programs are omnibus in nature and offer many services to children and their parents. We compare them with relatively low-cost, more focused home-visiting programs. Participants in programs that enrich home environments grow up with better skills, jobs, earnings, marital stability, and health, as well as reduced participation in crime. The long-run monetized gains are substantially greater than the costs of the iconic programs. A study of focused home-visiting programs that target parents enables us to isolate a crucial component of successful programs: They activate and promote the parenting skills of child caregivers. The home-visiting programs we analyze produce outcomes comparable to those of the iconic omnibus programs. National implementation of the programs with long-run follow-up that we analyze would substantially shrink the overall Black-White earnings gap in the United States.

Keyword(s): human development, inequality, JEL D13, JEL J13, JEL J18, JEL J24, JEL J31, skills, social mobility
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2023-09-13
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Parenting Promotes Social Mobility Within and Across Generations
Annual Review of Economics 15, 349 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-021423-031905
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-021423-031905
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-021423-031905
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