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Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics

Volume 46, 2014

Water Entry of Projectiles

Abstract

The free-surface impact of solid objects has been investigated for well over a century. This canonical problem is influenced by many physical parameters, including projectile geometry, material properties, fluid properties, and impact parameters. Through advances in high-speed imaging and visualization techniques, discoveries about the underlying physics have improved our understanding of these phenomena. Improvements to analytical and numerical models have led to critical insights into cavity formation, the depth and time of pinch-off, forces, and trajectories for myriad different impact parameters. This topic spans a wide range of regimes, from low-speed entry phenomena dominated by surface tension to high-speed ballistics, for which cavitation is important. This review surveys experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies over this broad range, utilizing canonical images where possible to enhance intuition and insight into the rich phenomena.

Keyword(s): air entraining, ballistics, bullet, cavity formation, free-surface impact, sphere, supercavitating

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 22

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 5

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 10

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 14

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 24

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 4

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 9

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 19

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 6

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 18

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 16

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 17

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 15

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 1

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 25

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 20

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 7

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 11

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 21

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 3

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 23

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 12

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 2

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 8

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Water Entry of Projectiles: Supplemental Video 13
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2014-01-03
2025-04-21
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Water Entry of Projectiles
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 46, 355 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140753
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140753
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-fluid-011212-140753
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Supplementary Data

  • Supplemental Video 1: Side view of the water entry shown in Figure 2a.



    Supplemental Video 2: View of the water entry shown in Figure 2a looking down from the top.



    Supplemental Video 3: Side view of the water entry shown in Figure 2b.



    Supplemental Video 4: View of the water entry shown in Figure 2b looking down from the top.



    Supplemental Video 5: Water entry shown in Figure 4a.



    Supplemental Video 6: Water entry of the different cavity types shown in Figure 3b–e.



    Supplemental Video 7: Water entry of the cone-shaped nose shown in Figure 5a.



    Supplemental Video 8: Water entry of the cusp-shaped nose shown in Figure 5a.



    Supplemental Video 9: Water entry of the flat-shaped nose shown in Figure 5a.



    Supplemental Video 10: Water entry of the ogive-shaped nose shown in Figure 5a.



    Supplemental Video 11: Water entry shown in Figure 7a.



    Supplemental Video 12: Water entry shown in Figure 7b.



    Supplemental Video 13: Water entry shown in Figure 7c.



    Supplemental Video 14: Water entry shown in Figure 8a, top row.



    Supplemental Video 15: Water entry shown in Figure 8a, bottom row.



    Supplemental Video 16: Water entry shown in Figure 8b, top row.



    Supplemental Video 17: Water entry shown in Figure 8b, bottom row.



    Supplemental Video 18: Impact shown in Figure 9, top row.



    Supplemental Video 19: Impact shown in Figure 9, center row.



    Supplemental Video 20: Impact shown in Figure 9, bottom row.



    Supplemental Video 21: Water entry shown in Figure 12a.



    Supplemental Video 22: Water entry shown in Figure 12b.



    Supplemental Video 23: Color video of a modified 0.22-caliber bullet entry.



    Supplemental Video 24: Color video of a standard 0.22-caliber bullet entry.



    Supplemental Video 25: Water entry shown in Figure 13.



    See more videos on the BYU Splash Lab channel

  • Article Type: Review Article

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