1932

Abstract

Transitional–turbulent spots bridge the deterministic laminar state with the stochastic turbulent state and affect the transition zone length in engineering flows. Turbulent spot research over the past four decades has expanded from incompressible flat-plate boundary layer and pipe flow to hypersonic boundary layer flow, turbomachinery flow, channel flow, plane Couette flow, and a range of more complex flows. Progress has been made on the origination, composition, demarcation, growth, mutual interaction, reproduction, sustainability, and self-organization of turbulent spots. The hypothesis that transitional–turbulent spots are a basic module of the fully turbulent boundary layer has been proven through the discovery of locally generated turbulent–turbulent spots dominating the wall layer. Splitting of transitional–turbulent spots in pipe flow has been linked to a life cycle localized in the spot frontal section. This review discusses these advances and outlines future research directions.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-fluid-120720-021813
2023-01-19
2024-05-06
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/fluid/55/1/annurev-fluid-120720-021813.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-fluid-120720-021813&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adrian RJ. 2007. Hairpin vortex organization in wall turbulence. Phys. Fluids 19:041301
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aida H, Tsukahara T, Kawaguchi Y. 2014. Development of a turbulent spot into a stripe pattern in plane Poiseuille flow. arXiv:1410.0098 [physics.flu-dyn]
  3. Alavyoon F, Henningson DS, Alfredsson PH. 1986. Turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille flow—flow visualization. Phys. Fluids 29:1328–31
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Antonia RA, Chambers AJ, Sokolov M, Van Atta CW. 1981. Simultaneous temperature and velocity measurements in the plane of symmetry of a transitional turbulent spot. J. Fluid Mech. 108:317–43
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Asai M, Minagawa M, Nishioka M. 2002. The instability and breakdown of a near-wall low-speed streak. J. Fluid Mech. 455:289–314
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Avila K, Moxey D, de Lozar A, Avila M, Barkley D, Hof B. 2011. The onset of turbulence in pipe flow. Science 333:192–96
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bandyopadhyay PR. 1986. Aspects of the equilibrium puff in transitional pipe flow. J. Fluid Mech. 163:439–58
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bech KH, Henningson DS, Henkes RAWM. 1998. Linear and nonlinear development of localized disturbances in zero and adverse pressure gradient boundary layers. Phys. Fluids 10:1405–18
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bhaskaran R, Lele SK. 2010. Large eddy simulation of freestream turbulence effects on heat transfer to a high-pressure turbine cascade. J. Turbul. 11:N6
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bottin S, Daviaud F, Manneville P, Dauchot O. 1998. Discontinuous transition to spatiotemporal intermittency in plane Couette flow. Europhys. Lett. 43:171–76
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Brandt L, Schlatter P, Henningson DS. 2004. Transition in boundary layers subject to freestream turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 517:167–98
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Brethouwer G. 2017. Statistics and structures of spanwise rotating turbulent channel flow at moderate Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 828:424–58
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brinkerhoff JR, Yaras MI. 2014. Numerical investigation of the generation and growth of coherent flow structures in a triggered turbulent spot. J. Fluid Mech. 759:257–94
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Brinkerhoff JR, Yaras MI. 2015. Numerical investigation of transition in a boundary layer subjected to favorable and adverse streamwise pressure gradients and elevated freestream turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 781:52–86
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Cantwell BJ. 1981. Organized motion in turbulent flow. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 13:457–515
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Cantwell BJ, Coles D, Dimotakis P. 1978. Structure and entrainment in the plane of symmetry of a turbulent spot. J. Fluid Mech. 87:641–72
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Carlson DR, Windall SE, Peeters MF. 1982. A flow visualization study of transition in plane Poiseuille flow. J. Fluid Mech. 121:487–505
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Carstensen S, Sumer BM, Fredsøe J. 2010. Coherent structures in wave boundary layers. Part 1. Oscillatory motion. J. Fluid Mech. 646:169–206
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Casper KM, Beresh SJ, Henfling JF, Spillers RW, Hunter P, Spitzer S. 2019. Hypersonic fluid-structure interactions due to intermittent turbulent spots on a slender cone. AIAA J 57:749–59
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Casper KM, Beresh SJ, Henfling JF, Spillers RW, Pruett BOM, Schneider SP. 2016. Hypersonic wind-tunnel measurements of boundary-layer transition on a slender cone. AIAA J 54:1250–63
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Casper KM, Beresh SJ, Schneider SP. 2011. Pressure fluctuations beneath turbulent spots and instability wave packets in a hypersonic boundary layer. Paper presented at 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Orlando, FL, AIAA: Pap. 2011-372
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Casper KM, Beresh SJ, Schneider SP. 2012. A preliminary study of the longitudinal merging of instability wave packets and turbulent spots in a hypersonic boundary layer. Paper presented at 42nd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit New Orleans, LA, AIAA: Pap 2012–3148
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Casper KM, Beresh SJ, Schneider SP. 2014. Pressure fluctuations beneath instability wavepackets and turbulent spots in a hypersonic boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 756:1058–91
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Chantry M, Tuckerman LS, Barkley D. 2016. Turbulent-laminar patterns in shear flows without walls. J. Fluid Mech. 791:R8
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Ching CY, LaGraff JE. 1995. Measurement of turbulent spot convection rates in a transitional boundary layer. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. J. 11:52–60
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Chu JC, Strand JS, Goldstein DB. 2010. Investigation of turbulent spot spreading mechanism. Paper presented at 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Orlando, FL, AIAA Pap:2010–716
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Clark JP, Jones TV, LaGraff JE. 1994. On the propagation of naturally-occurring turbulent spots. J. Eng. Math. 28:1–19
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Clark JP, Magari PJ, Jones TV, LaGraff JE. 1993. Experimental studies of turbulent spot parameters using thin-film heat transfer gauges. Paper presented at 31st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Reno, NV, AIAA: Pap 1993–0544
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Coles D, Barker SJ. 1975. Some remarks on a synthetic turbulent boundary layer. Turbulent Mixing in Nonreactive and Reactive Flows SNB Murthy 285–93 Boston: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Couliou M, Monchaux R. 2015. Large-scale flows in transitional plane Couette flow: a key ingredient of the spot growth mechanism. Phys. Fluids 27:034101
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Couliou M, Monchaux R. 2017. Growth dynamics of turbulent spots in plane Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech. 819:1–20
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Couliou M, Monchaux R. 2018. Childhood of turbulent spots in a shear flow. Phys. Rev. Fluids 3:123901
    [Google Scholar]
  33. da Silva CB, Hunt JCR, Eames I, Westerweel J. 2014. Interfacial layers between regions of different turbulence intensity. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 46:567–90
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Darbyshire AG, Mullin T. 1995. Transition to turbulence in constant-mass-flux pipe flow. J. Fluid Mech. 289:83–114
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Dauchot O, Daviaud F. 1995. Finite amplitude perturbation and spots growth mechanism in plane Couette flow. Phys. Fluids 7:335–43
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Daviaud F, Hegseth J, Bergé P. 1992. Subcritical transition to turbulence in plane Couette flow. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69:2511–14
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Dellacasagrande M, Lengani D, Simoni D, Ubaldi M, Zunino P. 2020. Evaluation of turbulent spot production rate in boundary layers under variable pressure gradients for gas turbine applications. J. Turbomach. 142:061003
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Dick E, Kubacki S. 2017. Transition models for turbomachinery boundary layer flows: a review. Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2:4
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Duguet Y, Schlatter P, Henningson DS. 2010. Formation of turbulent patterns near the onset of transition in plane Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech. 650:119–129
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Dupuy D, Gicquel L, Odier N, Duchaine F, Arts T. 2020. Analysis of the effect of intermittency in a high-pressure turbine blade. Phys. Fluids 32:095101
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Elder JW. 1960. An experimental investigation of turbulent spots and breakdown to turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 9:235–45
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Emmons HW. 1951. The laminar-turbulent transition in a boundary layer—part I. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 18:490–98
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Falco RE. 1991. A coherent structure model of the turbulent boundary layer and its ability to predict Reynolds number dependence. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 336:103–29
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Fedorov A. 2011. Transition and stability of high-speed boundary layers. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 43:79–95
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Fiala A, Hillier R, Mallinson SG, Wijesinghe HS. 2006. Heat transfer measurement of turbulent spots in a hypersonic blunt-body boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 555:81–111
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Fleischmann ST, Wallace JM. 1983. Mean streamwise spacing of organized structures in transitional and developed bounded turbulent flows. AIAA J 22:766–69
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Gad-el-Hak M, Blackwelder RF, Riley JJ. 1981. On the growth of turbulent regions in laminar boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 110:73–95
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Gordeyev S, Juliano TJ. 2017. Optical measurements of transitional events in a Mach-6 boundary layer. AIAA J 55:3629–39
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Gostelow JP, Melwani N, Solomon WJ, Walker GJ. 1995. Effects of a self-similar adverse pressure distribution on turbulent spot development. Paper presented at 26th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference San Diego, CA, AIAA: Pap 1995–2254
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Graham MD, Floryan D. 2021. Exact coherent states and the nonlinear dynamics of wall-bounded turbulent flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 53:227–53
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Gutmark E, Blackwelder RF. 1987. On the structure of a turbulent spot in a heated laminar boundary layer. Exp. Fluids 5:217–29
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Hader C, Deng N, Fasel HF 2021. Direct numerical simulations of hypersonic boundary layer transition for a straight cone at Mach 5. Paper presented at AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum Virtual, AIAA: Pap 2021–0743
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Haidari AH, Smith CR. 1994. The generation and regeneration of single hairpin vortices. J. Fluid Mech. 277:135–62
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Halstead DE, Wisler DC, Okiishi TH, Walker GJ, Hodson HP, Shin HW. 1997. Boundary layer development in axial compressors and turbines: part 1 of 4—composite picture. ASME J. Turbomach. 119:114–27
    [Google Scholar]
  55. He S, Lozano-Durán A, He J, Cho M. 2018. Turbulent-turbulent transition of a transient three-dimensional channel flow. Proceedings of the 2018 Summer Program257–66 Stanford, CA: Cent. Turbul. Res.
  56. He S, Seddighi M. 2013. Turbulence in transient channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 715:60–102
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Hedley TB, Keffer JF. 1974. Turbulent/non-turbulent decisions in an intermittent flow. J. Fluid Mech. 64:625–44
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Henningson DS, Kim J. 1991. On turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille flow. J. Fluid Mech. 228:183–205
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Henningson DS, Spalart P, Kim J. 1987. Numerical simulations of turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille and boundary layer flow. Phys. Fluids 30:2914–17
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hof B, Barkley D, Avila M. 2023. Transition to turbulence in pipe flow. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 55:575602
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Jacobs RG, Durbin PA. 2001. Simulation of bypass transition. J. Fluid Mech. 428:185–212
    [Google Scholar]
  62. James CS. 1958. Observation of turbulent-burst geometry and growth in supersonic flow Tech. Note 4235 Natl. Adv. Commit. Aeronaut. Washington, DC:
  63. Jedlicka JR, Wilkins ME, Seiff A. 1954. Experimental determination of boundary layer transition on a body of revolution at M = 3.5 Tech. Note 3342 Natl. Adv. Commit. Aeronaut. Washington, DC:
  64. Jewell JS, Parziale NJ, Leyva IA, Shepherd JE. 2012. Turbulent spot observations within a hypervelocity boundary layer on a 5-degree half-angle cone. Paper presented at 42 AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference New Orleans, LA, AIAA: Pap 2012–3062
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Jocksch A, Kleiser L. 2008. Growth of turbulent spots in high-speed boundary layers on a flat plate. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 29:1543–57
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Johansson AV, Her JY, Haritonidis JH. 1987. On the generation of high-amplitude wall-pressure peaks in turbulent boundary layers and spots. J. Fluid Mech. 175:119–42
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Johnston JP, Halleen RM, Lezius DK. 1972. Effects of spanwise rotation on the structure of two-dimensional fully developed turbulent channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 56:533–57
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Juknevicius A, Chong TP. 2018. On the spatial-temporal development of turbulent spots on a serrated trailing edge. Paper presented at 2018 AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference Atlanta, GA, AIAA: Pap 2018–2803
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Kashyap PV, Duguet Y, Chantry M. 2020. Far field of turbulent spots. Phys. Rev. Fluids 5:103902
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Katz Y, Seifert A, Wygnanski I. 1990. On the evolution of the turbulent spot in a laminar boundary layer with a favourable pressure gradient. J. Fluid Mech. 221:1–22
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Kline SJ, Reynolds WC, Schraub FA, Runstadler PW. 1967. The structure of turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 30:741–73
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Klingmann BGB, Alfredsson PH. 1990. Turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille flow—measurements of the velocity field. Phys. Fluids 2:2183–95
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Klotz L, Lemoult G, Frontczak I, Tuckerman LS, Wesfried JE. 2017. Couette-Poiseuille flow experiment with zero mean advection velocity: subcritical transition to turbulence. Phys. Rev. Fluids 2:043904
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Klotz L, Pavlenko AM, Wesfreid JE. 2021. Experimental measurements in plane Couette-Poiseuille flow: dynamics of the large- and small-scale flow. J. Fluid Mech. 912:A24
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Klotz L, Wesfreid JE. 2017. Experiments on transient growth of turbulent spots. J. Fluid Mech. 829:R4
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Kohonen T. 1982. Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biol. Cybern. 43:59–69
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Krishnan L, Sandham ND. 2006a. Effect of Mach number on the structure of turbulent spots. J. Fluid Mech. 566:225–34
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Krishnan L, Sandham ND. 2006b. On the merging of turbulent spots in a supersonic boundary layer flow. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 27:542–50
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Krishnan L, Sandham ND. 2007. Strong interaction of a turbulent spot with a shock-induced separation bubble. Phys. Fluids 19:016102
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Lagha M. 2007. Turbulent spots and waves in a model for plane Poiseuille flow. Phys. Fluids 19:124103
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Lee CB, Jiang XY. 2019. Flow structures in transitional and turbulent boundary layers. Phys. Fluids 31:111301
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Lemoult G, Aider JL, Wesfreid JE. 2013. Turbulent spots in a channel: large-scale flow and self-sustainability. J. Fluid Mech. 731:R1
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Leonard A. 1979. Vortex simulation of three-dimensional, spotlike disturbances in a laminar boundary layer Tech. Memo. 78579 NASA Washington, DC:
  84. Levin O, Henningson DS. 2007. Turbulent spots in the asymptotic suction boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 584:397–413
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Lindgren ER. 1959a. Liquid flow in tubes I. The transition process under highly disturbed entrance flow conditions. Ark. Fys. 15:97–119
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Lindgren ER. 1959b. Liquid flow in tubes III. Characteristic data of the transition process. Ark. Fys. 16:101–12
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Lundbladh A, Johansson AV. 1991. Direct simulation of turbulent spots in plane Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech. 229:499–516
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Mack LM. 1984. Boundary-layer linear stability theory Rep. 709, Pt. 3 Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev., von Karman Inst Rhode St. Genèse, Belg:.
  89. Makita H, Nishizawa A. 2001. Characteristics of internal vortical structures in a merged turbulent spot. J. Turbul. 2:N12
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Marusic I, Chandran D, Rouhi A, Fu MK, Wine D et al. 2021. An energy-efficient pathway to turbulent drag reduction. Nat. Commun. 12:5805
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Marusic I, Monty JP. 2019. Attached eddy model of wall turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 51:49–74
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Marxen O, Zaki TA. 2019. Turbulence in intermittent transitional boundary layers and in turbulence spots. J. Fluid Mech. 860:350–83
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Matsui T. 1979. Visualization of turbulent spots in the boundary layer along a flat plate in a water flow. Proceedings of the Symposium Laminar-Turbulent Transition288–96 Berlin: Springer-Verlag
  94. Mautner TS, Van Atta CW. 1982. An experimental study of the wall-pressure field associated with a turbulent spot in a laminar boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 118:59–77
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Mayle RE. 1991. The role of laminar-turbulent transition in gas turbine engines. ASME J. Turbomach. 113:509–36
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Mazzuoli M, Vittori G, Blondeaux P. 2011. Turbulent spots in oscillatory boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 685:365–76
    [Google Scholar]
  97. McKeon BJ. 2017. The engine behind (wall) turbulence: perspectives on scale interactions. J. Fluid Mech. 817:P1
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Mee DJ. 2002. Boundary layer transition measurements in hypervelocity flows in a shock tunnel. AIAA J 40:1542–48
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Michelassi V, Wissink J, Rodi W 2003. Analysis of DNS and LES of flow in a low pressure turbine cascade with incoming wakes and comparison with experiments. Flow Turbul. Combust. 69:295–330
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Mukund V, Hof B. 2018. The critical point of the transition to turbulence in pipe flow. J. Fluid Mech. 839:76–94
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Mullin T. 2011. Experimental studies of transition to turbulence in a pipe. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 43:1–24
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Narasimha R. 1985. The laminar-turbulent transition zone in the boundary layer. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 22:29–80
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Narasimha R, Subramanian C, Narayanan MAB. 1984. Turbulent spot growth in favorable pressure gradients. AIAA J 22:837–39
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Nishi M, Ünsal B, Durst F, Biswas G. 2008. Laminar-to-turbulent transition of pipe flows through puffs and slugs. J. Fluid Mech. 614:425–46
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Nishioka M, Asai M. 1985. Some observations of the subcritical transition in plane Poiseuille flow. J. Fluid Mech. 150:441–50
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Nolan KP, Zaki TA. 2013. Conditional sampling of transitional boundary layers in pressure gradients. J. Fluid Mech. 728:306–39
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Orszag SA. 1971. Accurate solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld stability equation. J. Fluid Mech. 50:689–703
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Orszag SA, Patera AT. 1980. Subcritical transition to turbulence in plane channel flow. Phys. Rev. Lett. 45:989–93
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Otsu N. 1979. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9:62–66
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Park GI, Wallace JM, Wu X, Moin P. 2012. Boundary layer turbulence in transitional and developed states. Phys. Fluids 24:035105
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Perry AE, Lim TT, Teh EW. 1981. A visual study of turbulent spots. J. Fluid Mech. 104:387–405
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Prasad RR, Sreenivasan KR. 1989. Scalar interfaces in digital images of turbulent flows. Exp. Fluids 7:259–64
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Prigent A, Grégoire G, Chaté H, Dauchot O. 2003. Long-wavelength modulation of turbulent shear flows. Physica D 174:100–13
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Raghunath S, Mee D, Narasimha R 2017. Estimating turbulent spot initiation rates from transition lengths in hypersonic boundary layers. AIAA J 55:3640–47
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Redford JA, Sandham ND, Roberts GT. 2012. Numerical simulations of turbulent spots in supersonic boundary layers: effects of Mach number and wall temperature. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 52:67–79
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Reynolds O. 1883. An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 174:935–82
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Riley JJ, Gad-el-Hak M 1985. The dynamics of turbulent spots. Frontiers in Fluid Mechanics SH Davis, JL Lumley 123–55 Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Ruan SX, Xiong SY, You JP, Yang Y. 2022. Generation of streamwise helical vortex loops via successive reconnections in early pipe transition. Phys. Fluids 34:054112
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Sankaran R, Antonia RA. 1988. Influence of a favorable pressure gradient on the growth of a turbulent spot. AIAA J 26:885–87
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Sankaran R, Sokolov M, Antonia RA 1988. Substructures in a turbulent spot. J. Fluid Mech. 197:389–414
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Savas Ö, Coles D. 1985. Coherence measurements in synthetic turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 160:421–46
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Sayadi T, Hamman CW, Moin P. 2013. Direct numerical simulation of complete H-type and K-type transitions with implications for the dynamics of turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 724:480–509
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Schneider SP. 2004. Hypersonic laminar–turbulent transition on circular cones and scramjet forebodies. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 40:1–50
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Schrader LU, Amin S, Brandt L. 2010. Transition to turbulence in the boundary layer over a smooth and rough swept plate exposed to freestream turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 646:297–325
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Schröder A, Geisler R, Elsinga GE, Scarano F, Dierksheide U. 2008. Investigation of a turbulent spot and a tripped turbulent boundary layer flow using time-resolved tomographic PIV. Exp. Fluids 44:305–16
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Schröder A, Kompenhans J. 2004. Investigation of a turbulent spot using multi-plane stereo particle image velocimetry. Exp. Fluids 36:82–90
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Schubauer GB, Klebanoff PS. 1955. Contributions on the mechanics of boundary layer transition. Tech. Rep. 1289 Natl. Adv. Commit. Aeronaut. Washington, DC:
  128. Schubauer GB, Skramstad HK. 1947. Laminar boundary layer oscillations and stability of laminar flow. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 14:69–78
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Seifert A, Wygnanski IJ. 1995. On turbulent spots in a laminar boundary layer subjected to a self-similar adverse pressure gradient. J. Fluid Mech. 296:185–209
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Seki D, Matsubara M. 2012. Experimental investigation of relaminarizing and transitional channel flow. Phys. Fluids 24:124102
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Singer BA, Joslin RD. 1994. Metamorphosis of a hairpin vortex into a young turbulent spot. Phys. Fluids 6:3724–36
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Sivasubramanian J, Fasel HF. 2012. Growth and breakdown of a wave packet into a turbulent spot in a cone boundary layer at Mach 6. Paper presented at 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Nashville, TN, AIAA: Pap 2012–0085
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Smith FT, Timoshin SN. 2001. On ‘spot’ evolution under an adverse pressure gradient. J. Fluid Mech. 430:169–207
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Smits AJ, McKeon BJ, Marusic I. 2011. High-Reynolds number wall turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 43:353–75
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Sokolov M, Antonia RA, Chambers AJ 1986. A turbulent spot in a two-dimensional duct. J. Fluid Mech. 166:211–25
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Song B, Barkley D, Hof B, Avila M. 2017. Speed and structure of turbulent fronts in pipe flow. J. Fluid Mech. 813:1045–59
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Strand JS, Goldstein DB. 2011. Direct numerical simulations of riblets to constrain the growth of turbulent spots. J. Fluid Mech. 668:267–92
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Suponitsky V, Cohen J, Bar-Yoseph PZ. 2005. The generation of streaks and hairpin vortices from a localized vortex disturbance embedded in unbounded uniform shear flow. J. Fluid Mech. 535:65–100
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Swearingen JD, Blackwelder RF. 1987. The growth and breakdown of streamwise vortices in the presence of a wall. J. Fluid Mech. 182:255–90
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Takeishi K, Kawahara G, Wakabayashi H, Uhlmann M, Pinelli A. 2015. Localized turbulence structures in transitional rectangular-duct flow. J. Fluid Mech. 782:368–79
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Tao JJ, Eckhardt B, Xiong XM. 2018. Extended localized structures and the onset of turbulence in channel flow. Phys. Rev. Fluids 3:011902(R)
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Taylor JR, Deusebio E, Caulfield CP, Kerswell RR. 2016. A new method for isolating turbulent states in transitional stratified plane Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech. 808:R1
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Tillmark N, Alfredsson PH. 1992. Experiments on transition in plane Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech. 235:89–102
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Tsukahara T. 2014. DNS of turbulent channel flow at very low Reynolds numbers. arXiv:1406.0248v2 [physics.flu-dyn]
  145. Tuckerman LS, Kreilos T, Schrobsdorff H, Schneider TM, Gibson JF. 2014. Turbulent-laminar patterns in plane Poiseuille flow. Phys. Fluids 26:114103
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Van Atta CW, Helland KN. 1980. Exploratory temperature-tagging measurements of turbulent spots in a heated laminar boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 100:243–55
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Van Atta CW, Sokolov M, Antonia RA, Chambers AJ 1982. Potential flow signature of a turbulent spot. Phys. Fluids 25:424–28
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Van Doorne CWH, Westerweel J. 2009. The flow structure of a puff. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 367:489–507
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Volino RJ, Simon TW. 1995. Bypass transition in boundary layers including curvature and favorable pressure gradient effects. ASME J. Turbomach. 117:166–74
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Walker GJ. 1993. The role of laminar-turbulent transition in gas turbine engines: a discussion. ASME J. Turbomach. 115:207–16
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Wang YX, Choi KS, Gaster M, Atkin C, Borodulin V, Kachanov Y. 2021. Early development of artificially initiated turbulent spots. J. Fluid Mech. 916:A1
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Watanabe T, Zhang X, Nagata K. 2018. Turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces detected in DNS of incompressible turbulent boundary layers. Phys. Fluids 30:035102
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Winters KJ, Longmire EK. 2019. PIV-based characterization of puffs in transitional pipe flow. Exp. Fluids 60:60
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Wissink JG, Rodi W, Hodson HP 2006. The influence of disturbances carried by periodically incoming wakes on the separating flow around a turbine blade. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 27:721–29
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Wu S, Yaras MI. 2021. Interaction of a turbulent spot with a two-dimensional cavity. Phys. Fluids 33:094114
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Wu X, Cruickshank M, Ghaemi S 2020a. Negative skin friction during transition in a zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate boundary layer and in pipe flows with slip and no-slip boundary conditions. J. Fluid Mech. 887:A26
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Wu X, Durbin PA. 2001. Evidence of longitudinal vortices evolved from distorted wakes in a turbine passage. J. Fluid Mech. 446:199–228
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Wu X, Jacobs RG, Hung JCR, Durbin PA. 1999. Simulation of boundary layer transition induced by periodically passing wakes. J. Fluid Mech. 398:109–53
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Wu X, Moin P. 2009. Direct numerical simulation of turbulence in a nominally-zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 630:5–41
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Wu X, Moin P. 2010. Transitional and turbulent boundary layer with heat transfer. Phys. Fluids 22:085105
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Wu X, Moin P, Adrian RJ. 2020b. Laminar to fully turbulent flow in a pipe: scalar patches, structural duality of turbulent spots and transitional overshoot. J. Fluid Mech. 896:A9
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Wu X, Moin P, Adrian RJ, Baltzer JR 2015. Osborne Reynolds pipe flow: direct simulation from laminar through gradual transition to fully developed turbulence. PNAS 112:7920–24
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Wu X, Moin P, Hickey JP. 2014. Boundary layer bypass transition. Phys. Fluids 26:091104
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Wu X, Moin P, Wallace JM, Skarda J, Lozano-Durán A, Hickey JP. 2017. Transitional-turbulent spots and turbulent-turbulent spots in boundary layers. PNAS 114:E5292–99
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Wu X, Squires KD. 1998. Prediction of the three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer over a swept bump. AIAA J 36:505–14
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Wu X, Wallace JM, Hickey J-P. 2019. Boundary layer turbulence and freestream turbulence interface, turbulent spot and freestream turbulence interface, laminar boundary layer and freestream turbulence interface. Phys. Fluids 31:045104
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Wu Z, Lee J, Meneveau C, Zaki TA. 2019. Application of a self-organizing map to identify the turbulent-boundary-layer interface in a transitional flow. Phys. Rev. Fluids 4:023902
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Wu Z, Zaki TA, Meneveau C. 2020. High-Reynolds-number fractal signature of nascent turbulence during transition. PNAS 117:3461–68
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Wygnanski I 1978. On the possible relationship between the transition process and the large coherent structures in turbulent boundary layers. Workshop on Coherent Structure of Turbulent Boundary Layers CR Smith, DE Abbott 168–94 Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh Univ. Dep. Mech. Eng.
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Wygnanski I, Champagne FH. 1973. On transition in a pipe. Part 1. The origin of puffs and slugs and the flow in a turbulent slug. J. Fluid Mech. 59:281–335
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Wygnanski I, Sokolov M, Friedman D. 1975. On transition in a pipe. Part 2. The equilibrium puff. J. Fluid Mech. 69:283–304
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Wygnanski I, Sokolov M, Friedman D. 1976. On a turbulent ‘spot’ in a laminar boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 78:785–819
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Wygnanski I, Zilberman M, Haritonidis JH. 1982. On the spreading of a turbulent spot in the absence of a pressure gradient. J. Fluid Mech. 123:69–90
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Xiao X, Song B 2020. The growth mechanism of turbulent bands in channel flow at low Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 883:R1
    [Google Scholar]
  175. Xiong C, Qi X, Gao A, Xu H, Ren C, Cheng L. 2020. The bypass transition mechanism of the Stokes boundary layer in the intermittently turbulent regime. J. Fluid Mech. 896:A4
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Zhao Y, Sandberg RD. 2020. Bypass transition in boundary layers subject to strong pressure gradient and curvature effects. J. Fluid Mech. 888:A4
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Zhao Y, Xiong S, Yang Y, Chen S 2018. Sinuous distortion of vortex surfaces in the lateral growth of turbulent spots. Phys. Rev. Fluids 3:074701
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Zhao ZQ, Zheng P, Xu ST, Wu XD. 2019. Object detection with deep learning: a review. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 30:3212–32
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Zilberman M, Wygnanski I, Kaplan RE. 1977. Transitional boundary layer spot in a fully turbulent environment. Phys. Fluids 20:S258
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-fluid-120720-021813
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-fluid-120720-021813
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error