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In this overview of my research, I have aimed to give the background as to how I came to be involved in my various areas of interest, with an emphasis on the early phases of my career, which largely determined my future directions. I had the enormous good fortune to have worked under two of the most outstanding scientists of the twentieth century, R.A. Fisher and Joshua Lederberg. From mathematics and statistics, I went to population genetics and the early use of computers for modeling and simulation. Molecular biology took me into the laboratory and eventually to somatic cell genetics and human gene mapping. One chance encounter led me into the HLA field and another led me into research on cancer, especially colorectal cancer. On the way, I became a champion of the Human Genome Project and of the need for scientists to help promote the public understanding of science.
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Supplemental Figure 1. Schematic model for synapsis and integration during Bacillus subtilis transformation. (I) Intact donor and recipient molecules. (II) Synapsis by segmental interchange of hydrogen bonding between donor and recipient strands. (III) Integration by breakage of strands (A, B) followed by repair of unpaired regions (C, D) using the unbroken strand as template and covalent linkage to recipient (donor) material. Figure reproduced from Reference 20 with permission from the Genetics Society of America.
Supplemental Figure 2. (a) Cell line SW1222 lumens in collagen gels. Panel reproduced from Reference 48 with permission; copyright © 1988 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (b) A colony derived from a single SW1222 cell expresses all three types of colorectal epithelial cells. AUA1 stains for EpCAM, CDX1 stains mainly for enterocytes, chromogranin stains for enteroendocrine cells, and PR4D4 stains for goblet cells. Panel reproduced from Reference 63.