1932

Abstract

Live (not decayed) radioisotopes on the Earth and Moon are messengers from recent nearby astrophysical explosions. Measurements of 60Fe in deep-sea samples, Antarctic snow, and lunar regolith reveal two pulses about 3 Myr and 7 Myr ago. Detection of 244Pu in a deep-sea crust indicates a recent r-process event. We review the ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry techniques that enable these findings. We then explore the implications for astrophysics, including supernova nucleosynthesis, particularly the r-process, as well as supernova dust production and the formation of the Local Bubble that envelops the Solar System. The implications go beyond nuclear physics and astrophysics to include studies of heliophysics, astrobiology, geology, and evolutionary biology.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-011823-045541
2023-09-25
2024-10-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nucl/73/1/annurev-nucl-011823-045541.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-011823-045541&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.
    Abbott BP et al. Phys. Rev. X 9:3031040 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2.
    Abbott R et al. Phys. Rev. X 11:2021053 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3.
    Aartsen MG et al. (IceCube Collab.) Science 361:6398eaat1378 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4.
    Abbasi R et al. (IceCube Collab.) Science 378:6619538 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5.
    Stein R et al. Nat. Astron. 5:510 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.
    Woosley SE, Heger A, Weaver TA. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74:41015 2002.)
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7.
    Janka HT. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62:407 2012.)
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8.
    Nomoto K, Kobayashi C, Tominaga N. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 51:457 2013.)
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9.
    Arcones A, Thielemann FK. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 31:1 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10.
    Diehl R. Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics C Bambi, A Santangelo Singapore: Springer https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_86-1#citeas 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.
    Wang W et al. Astrophys. J. 889:2169 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12.
    Metzger BD. Living Rev. Relativity 23:1 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13.
    Lattimer JM, Schramm DN. Astrophys. J. Lett. 192:L145 1974.)
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14.
    Li LX, Paczyński B. Astrophys. J. Lett. 507:L59 1998.)
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.
    Abbott BP et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 848:L12 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16.
    Green DA, Gull SF. Nature 312:5994527 1984.)
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17.
    Luken KJ et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 492:22606 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18.
    Murphey CT, Hogan JW, Fields BD, Narayan G. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 507:927 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19.
    Stephenson FR, Green DA. Historical Supernovae and Their Remnants. Oxford: Oxford Acad. 2002.)
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.
    Knie K et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83:18 1999.)
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.
    Knie K et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93:17171103 2004.)
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.
    Fitoussi C et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101:12121101 2008.)
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.
    Wallner A et al. Nature 532:759769 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.
    Wallner A et al. Science 372:6543742 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25.
    Ertel AF, Fry BJ, Fields BD, Ellis J. Astrophys. J. 947:258 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.
    Koll D et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123:7072701 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27.
    Fimiani L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116:15151104 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28.
    Binns WR et al. Science 352:6286677 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.
    Fields B et al. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51:3410 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.
    Diehl R et al. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 38:e062 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.
    Miller JA et al. arXiv:2209.03497 2022.)
  32. 32.
    Korschinek G. Handbook of Supernovae AW Alsabti, P Murdin 2419–30. Cham, Switz: Springer 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33.
    Wallner A. Handbook of Nuclear Physics I Tanihata, H Toki, T Kajino Singapore: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_94-1 2023.)
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. 34.
    Korschinek G, Faestermann T. Eur. Phys. J. A 59:352 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35.
    Koll D. A 10-million year time profile of interstellar influx to Earth mapped through long-lived Fe-60 and Pu-244. PhD Thesis Aust. Nat. Univ./Tech. Univ. Dresden Dresden, Ger: 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36.
    Korschinek G et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125:3031101 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37.
    Wallner A et al. Nat. Comm. 6:5956 2015.)
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38.
    Schindewolf OH. Der Zeitfaktor in Geologie und Paläontologie Stuttgart, Ger: Schweizerbart Sci. Publ 1950.)
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39.
    Schindewolf OH. Neues Jahrbuch Geol. Paläontol. Monatshefte 10:457 1954.)
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40.
    Krassovskij VI, Šklovskij IS. Nuovo Cim. 8:S2440 1958.)
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41.
    Shklovsky IS Supernovae. New York: Wiley-Intersci 1968.)
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42.
    Ruderman MA. Science 184:41411079 1974.)
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43.
    Reid GC, McAfee JR, Crutzen PJ. Nature 275:489 1978.)
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44.
    Crutzen PJ, Bruhl C. PNAS 93:41582 1996.)
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.
    Gehrels N et al. Astrophys. J. 585:21169 2003.)
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46.
    Melott AL, Thomas BC. Astrobiology 11:4343 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.
    Thomas BC et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 826:L3 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48.
    Ellis J, Schramm DN. PNAS 92:235 1995.)
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49.
    Brunton IR et al. Astrophys. J. 947:242 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50.
    Atri D, Melott AL. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 80:6701 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.
    Atri D, Melott AL. Astropart. Phys. 53:186 2014.)
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52.
    Melott AL, Marinho F, Paulucci L. Astrobiology 19:6825 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.
    Melott AL, Thomas BC. J. Geol. 127:4475 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54.
    Kirkby J. Surv. Geophys. 28:5–6333 2007.)
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55.
    Melott A, Thomas BC, Fields BD. Int. J. Astrobiol. 19:5349 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56.
    Russell D. Nature 229:5286553 1971.)
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57.
    Alvarez LW, Alvarez W, Asaro F, Michel HV. Science 208:44481095 1980.)
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58.
    Konstantinov BP, Kocharov GE. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 10:1043 1966.)
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59.
    Fields PR et al. Science 167:3918499 1970.)
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.
    Ellis J, Fields BD, Schramm DN. Astrophys. J. 470:1227 1996.)
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.
    Korschinek G, Faestermann T, Knie K, Schmidt C. Radiocarbon 38:68 1996.)
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.
    Adams SM et al. Astrophys. J. 778:2164 2013.)
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63.
    Lugaro M, Ott U, Kereszturi Á. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 102:1 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64.
    Wang X et al. Astrophys. J. 923:2219 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65.
    Diehl R et al. Nature 439:707245 2006.)
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66.
    Diehl R et al. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 127:103983 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67.
    Rugel G et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103:072502 2009.)
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68.
    Wallner A et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114:4041101 2015.)
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69.
    Timmes FX et al. Astrophys. J. 449:204 1995.)
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70.
    Limongi M, Chieffi A. Astrophys. J. 647:483 2006.)
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71.
    Tur C, Heger A, Austin SM. Astrophys. J. 718:357 2010.)
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72.
    Limongi M, Chieffi A. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 237:13 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73.
    Sukhbold T et al. Astrophys. J. 821:38 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74.
    Curtis S et al. Astrophys. J. 870:2 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75.
    Jones SW et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 485:34287 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76.
    Lawson TV et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 511:886 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77.
    Lugaro M, Karakas AI. New Astron. Rev. 52:7–10416 2008.)
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78.
    Doherty CL et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 437:195 2014.)
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79.
    Wanajo S, Janka HT, Müller B. Astrophys. J. Lett. 774:L6 2013.)
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.
    Nomoto K, Thielemann FK, Yokoi K. Astrophys. J. 286:644 1984.)
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81.
    Woosley SE. Astrophys. J. 476:2801 1997.)
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82.
    Burbidge EM, Burbidge GR, Fowler WA, Hoyle F. Rev. Mod. Phys. 29:4547 1957.)
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.
    Cameron AGW. Publ Astron. Soc. Pac. 69:408201 1957.)
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.
    Thielemann FK, Eichler M, Panov I, Wehmeyer B. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 67:253 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.
    Frebel A. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68:237 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86.
    Cowan JJ et al. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93:015002 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87.
    Banerjee P, Qian YZ, Heger A. Astrophys. J. 865:2120 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88.
    Ji AP, Frebel A. Astrophys. J. 856:2138 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89.
    Kobayashi C, Karakas AI, Lugaro M. Astrophys. J. 900:2179 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90.
    Shibata M, Hotokezaka K. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 69:41 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91.
    Cowperthwaite PS et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 848:2L17 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92.
    Côté B et al. Astrophys. J. 875:2106 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93.
    Pruet J, Woosley SE, Hoffman RD. Astrophys. J. 586:21254 2003.)
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94.
    Surman R, McLaughlin GC, Hix WR. Astrophys. J. 643:21057 2006.)
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95.
    Winteler C et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 750:L22 2012.)
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96.
    Mösta P et al. Astrophys. J. 864:2171 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97.
    Siegel DM, Barnes J, Metzger BD. Nature 569:7755241 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98.
    Reichert M et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 501:45733 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99.
    Draine BT. Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium Princeton, NJ:: Princeton Univ. Press 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100.
    Matsuura M et al. Science 333:60471258 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101.
    Clayton DD, Nittler LR. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42:39 2004.)
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102.
    Bianchi S, Schneider R. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 378:3973 2007.)
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103.
    Ackermann M et al. Science 339:6121807 2013.)
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104.
    Malkov MA, Drury LO. Rep. Prog. Phys. 64:4429 2001.)
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105.
    Ellison DC, Drury LO, Meyer JP. Astrophys. J. 487:197 1997.)
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106.
    Montes G et al. Astrophys. J. 830:12 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 107.
    Takami H, Nozawa T, Ioka K. Astrophys. J. Lett. 789:L6 2014.)
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.
    Gall C et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 849:2L19 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.
    Miller JA, Fields BD. Astrophys. J. 934:32 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.
    Fields BD, Athanassiadou T, Johnson SR. Astrophys. J. 678:549 2008.)
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.
    Benitez N, Maiz-Apellániz J, Canelles M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88:8081101 2002.)
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.
    Athanassiadou T, Fields BD. New Astron. 16:4229 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.
    Fry BJ, Fields BD, Ellis JR. Astrophys. J. 827:48 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.
    Fry BJ, Fields BD, Ellis JR. Astrophys. J. 800:71 2015.)
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.
    Kutschera W. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349–350:203 2013.)
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.
    Synal HA. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 349–350:192 2013.)
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117.
    Kutschera W, Jull A, Paul M, Wallner A. Rev. Mod. Phys. press 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118.
    Wendt KD. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 8:4273 2002.)
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119.
    Trappitsch R et al. 50th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.
    Lu Z. A primer on atom trap trace analysis (ATTA). Laser Laboratory for Trace Analysis and Precision Measurements https://atta.ustc.edu.cn/en-us/events/attaprimer.html 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121.
    Wallner A et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 534:48 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122.
    Koll D et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 438:180 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123.
    Feige J et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121:22221103 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  124. 124.
    Vockenhuber C et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 294:382 2013.)
    [Google Scholar]
  125. 125.
    Hotchkis MAC et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 438:70 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 126.
    Cole AL et al. Astrophys. J. 652:21763 2006.)
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127.
    Hein J, Koschinsky A. Treatise on Geochemistry HD Holland, KK Turekian 273–91. Oxford: Elsevier. 2nd ed. 2014.)
    [Google Scholar]
  128. 128.
    Segl M et al. Nature 309:5968540 1984.)
    [Google Scholar]
  129. 129.
    Basu S, Stuart FM, Schnabel C, Klemm V. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98:14141103 2007.)
    [Google Scholar]
  130. 130.
    Stuart FM, Lee MR. Chem. Geol. 322–323:209 2012.)
    [Google Scholar]
  131. 131.
    Koll Dominik et al. EPJ Web Conf. 260:11022 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  132. 132.
    Graham DW, Konrad K. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 336:177 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  133. 133.
    Korschinek G et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 268:2187 2010.)
    [Google Scholar]
  134. 134.
    Korschinek G, Faestermann T. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 438:148 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  135. 135.
    Wallner A et al. PNAS 117:3621873 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  136. 136.
    Ludwig P et al. PNAS 113:339232 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  137. 137.
    Paul M et al. Astrophys. J. 558:L133 2001.)
    [Google Scholar]
  138. 138.
    Paul M et al. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 272:243 2007.)
    [Google Scholar]
  139. 139.
    Wallner C et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 172:333 2000.)
    [Google Scholar]
  140. 140.
    Wallner C et al. New Astron. Rev. 48:1–4145 2004.)
    [Google Scholar]
  141. 141.
    Woosley SE, Weaver TA. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 101:181 1995.)
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 142.
    Diehl R et al. Astron. Astrophys. 611:A12 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  143. 143.
    Ji L et al. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 34:2015080213 2015.)
    [Google Scholar]
  144. 144.
    Fields BD, Ellis J New Astron. 4:6419 1999.)
    [Google Scholar]
  145. 145.
    Fields BD, Hochmuth KA, Ellis J. Astrophys. J. 621:2902 2005.)
    [Google Scholar]
  146. 146.
    Marassi S et al. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 484:22587 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  147. 147.
    Slavin J. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1620:012019 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  148. 148.
    Chaikin E, Kaurov AA, Fields BD, Correa CA. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 512:712 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  149. 149.
    Opher M, Loeb A. arXiv:2202.01813 2022.)
  150. 150.
    Wang X et al. Astrophys. J. 948:113 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  151. 151.
    Fry BJ, Fields BD, Ellis JR. Astrophys. J. 894:2109 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  152. 152.
    Zinnecker H, Yorke HW. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 45:481 2007.)
    [Google Scholar]
  153. 153.
    Mamajek EE. Triggered Star Formation in a Turbulent ISM, Vol. 237 BG Elmegreen, J Palous 442 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press 2007.)
    [Google Scholar]
  154. 154.
    Hyde M, Pecaut MJ. Astron. Nachr. 339:78 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  155. 155.
    Tetzlaff N, Neuhäuser R, Hohle MM, Maciejewski G. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402:42369 2010.)
    [Google Scholar]
  156. 156.
    Neuhäuser R, Gießler F, Hambaryan VV. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498:899 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  157. 157.
    Frisch PC, Redfield S, Slavin JD. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 49:237 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  158. 158.
    Zucker C et al. Nature 601:7893334 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  159. 159.
    Smith RK, Cox DP. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 134:2283 2001.)
    [Google Scholar]
  160. 160.
    Breitschwerdt D et al. Nature 532:759773 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
  161. 161.
    Schulreich M, Breitschwerdt D, Feige J, Dettbarn C. Galaxies 6:26 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  162. 162.
    Hotokezaka K, Piran T, Paul M. Nat. Phys. 11:121042 2015.)
    [Google Scholar]
  163. 163.
    Wehmeyer B et al. Astrophys. J. 944:2121 2023.)
    [Google Scholar]
  164. 164.
    Müller HR, Frisch PC, Florinski V, Zank GP. Astrophys. J. 647:21491 2006.)
    [Google Scholar]
  165. 165.
    Orgeira MJ, Herrera VMV, Cappellotto L, Compagnucci RH. Int. J. Earth Sci. 111:41357 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  166. 166.
    Melott AL et al. Astrophys. J. 840:2105 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
  167. 167.
    Kachelrieß M, Neronov A, Semikoz DV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115:18181103 2015.)
    [Google Scholar]
  168. 168.
    Kachelrieß M, Neronov A, Semikoz DV. Phys. Rev. D 97:6063011 2018.)
    [Google Scholar]
  169. 169.
    Deleted in proof
  170. 170.
    Liu Y, Beene JR, Havener CC, Liang JF. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87:11113504 2005.)
    [Google Scholar]
  171. 171.
    Lachner J et al. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 465:116576 2021.)
    [Google Scholar]
  172. 172.
    Martschini M et al. Radiocarbon 64:3555 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
  173. 173.
    Vockenhuber C et al. New Astron. Rev. 48:1–4161 2004.)
    [Google Scholar]
  174. 174.
    Forstner O et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 269:243180 2011.)
    [Google Scholar]
  175. 175.
    Martschini M et al. EPJ Web Conf. 232:02003 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  176. 176.
    Fields BD et al. PNAS 117:3521008 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  177. 177.
    Marshall JE, Lakin J, Troth I, Wallace-Johnson SM. Sci. Adv. 6:22eaba0768 2020.)
    [Google Scholar]
  178. 178.
    Horowitz CJ et al. J. Phys. G Nucl. Phys. 46:8083001 2019.)
    [Google Scholar]
  179. 179.
    Tomsick J. (COSI Collab.) Proc. Sci. ICRC2021:652 2022.)
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-011823-045541
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-011823-045541
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error