1932

Abstract

Studying the violation of parity and time-reversal invariance in atomic systems has proven to be a very effective means of testing the electroweak theory at low energy and searching for physics beyond it. Recent developments in both atomic theory and experimental methods have led to the ability to make extremely precise theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of these effects. Such studies are complementary to direct high-energy searches, and can be performed for only a fraction of the cost. We review the recent progress in the field of parity and time-reversal violation in atoms, molecules, and nuclei, and examine the implications for physics beyond the Standard Model, with an emphasis on possible areas for development in the near future.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-022331
2015-10-19
2024-05-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nucl/65/1/annurev-nucl-102014-022331.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-022331&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Wu CS. 1.  et al. Phys. Rev. 105:1413 1957.
  2. Lee TD, Yang CN. 2.  Phys. Rev. 104:254 1956.
  3. Wood CS. 3.  et al. Science 275:1759 1997.
  4. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Sushkov OP. 4.  Phys. Lett. A 141:147 1989.
  5. Blundell SA, Johnson WR, Sapirstein J. 5.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 65:1411 1990.
  6. Kozlov MG, Porsev SG, Tupitsyn II. 6.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 86:3260 2001.
  7. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Ginges JSM. 7.  Phys. Rev. D 66:076013 2002.
  8. Porsev SG, Beloy K, Derevianko A. 8.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 102:181601 2009. Porsev SG, Beloy K, Derevianko A Phys. Rev. D 82:036008 2010.
  9. Dzuba VA, Berengut JC, Flambaum VV, Roberts BM. 9.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 109:203003 2012.
  10. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB. 10.  Z. Phys. D 1:243 1986.
  11. Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB. 11.  Sov. Phys. JETP 52:835 1980.
  12. Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB, Sushkov OP. 12.  Phys. Lett. B 146:367 1984.
  13. Haxton WC, Wieman CE. 13.  Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 51:261 2001.
  14. Sushkov OP, Flambaum VV. 14.  Sov. Phys. JETP 48:608 1978.
  15. Zel'dovich YB. 15.  Sov. Phys. JETP 6:1184 1958.
  16. Christenson JH, Cronin JW, Fitch VL, Turlay R. 16.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 13:138 1964.
  17. Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB. 17.  Sov. Phys. JETP 62:872 1985.
  18. Bouchiat CC, Piketty CA. 18.  Phys. Lett. B 269:195 1991.
  19. Zel'dovich YB. 19.  Sov. Phys. JETP 9:682 1959.
  20. Bouchiat M-A, Bouchiat CC. 20.  Phys. Lett. B 48:111 1974. Bouchiat M-A, Bouchiat CC J. Phys. 35:899 1974. Bouchiat M-A, Bouchiat CC J. Phys. 36:493 1975.
  21. Khriplovich IB. 21.  Parity Nonconservation in Atomic Phenomena Philadelphia: Gordon & Breach 1991.
  22. Ginges JSM, Flambaum VV. 22.  Phys. Rep. 397:63 2004.
  23. Barkov LM, Zolotorev M. 23.  JETP Lett. 27:357 1978.
  24. Macpherson M. 24.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67:2784 1991.
  25. Bouchiat M-A, Guéna J, Hunter LR, Pottier L. 25.  Phys. Lett. B 117:358 1982.
  26. Meekhof DM. 26.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71:3442 1993.
  27. Phipp SJ, Edwards NH, Baird PEG, Nakayama S. 27.  J. Phys. B 29:1861 1996.
  28. Vetter PA. 28.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74:2658 1995.
  29. Edwards NH, Phipp SJ, Baird PEG, Nakayama S. 29.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 74:2654 1995.
  30. Tsigutkin K. 30.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103:071601 2009.
  31. Guéna J. 31.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90:143001 2003. Guéna J, Lintz M, Bouchiat M-A Phys. Rev. A 71:042108 2005.
  32. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Silvestrov PG, Sushkov OP. 32.  Europhys. Lett. 7:413 1988.
  33. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Silvestrov PG, Sushkov OP. 33.  J. Phys. B 20:3297 1987.
  34. Kozlov MG, Porsev SG, Johnson WR. 34.  Phys. Rev. A 64:052107 2001.
  35. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 35.  Phys. Rev. A 83:042514 2011.
  36. Bouchiat M-A, Guéna J, Pottier L, Hunter LR. 36.  J. Phys. 47:1709 1986.
  37. Noecker MC, Masterson BP, Wieman CE. 37.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 61:310 1988.
  38. Gilbert SL, Wieman CE. 38.  Phys. Rev. A 34:792 1986.
  39. Gilbert SL, Noecker MC, Watts RN, Wieman CE. 39.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 55:2680 1985.
  40. Flambaum VV, Murray DW. 40.  Phys. Rev. C 56:1641 1997.
  41. Lintz M, Guéna J, Bouchiat M-A. 41.  Eur. Phys. J. A 32:525 2007.
  42. Antypas D, Elliott DS. 42.  Phys. Rev. A 87:042505 2013.
  43. Antypas D, Elliott DS. 43.  Can. J. Chem. 92:144 2014.
  44. Sell JF. 44.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 84:010501R 2011. Patterson BM et al. Phys. Rev. A 91:012506 2015.
  45. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 45.  Phys. Rev. A 62:052101 2000.
  46. Bennett SC, Wieman CE. 46.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 82:2484 1999.
  47. Cho D. 47.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 55:1007 1997.
  48. Derevianko A. 48.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 85:1618 2000.
  49. Kuchiev MY, Flambaum VV. 49.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 89:283002 2002. Milstein AI, Sushkov OP, Terekhov IS Phys. Rev. A 67:062103 2003. Johnson WR, Bednyakov I, Soff G Phys. Rev. Lett. 87:233001 2001. Sapirstein J, Pachucki K, Veitia A, Cheng KT Phys. Rev. A 67:052110 2003.
  50. Flambaum VV, Ginges JSM. 50.  Phys. Rev. A 72:052115 2005.
  51. Shabaev VM, Pachucki K, Tupitsyn II, Yerokhin VA. 51.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 94:213002 2005.
  52. 52. Part. Data Group Phys. Rev. D 86:010001 2012.
  53. Peskin ME, Takeuchi T. 53.  Phys. Rev. D 46:381 1992.
  54. Rosner JL. 54.  Phys. Rev. D 65:073026 2002.
  55. Marciano WJ, Rosner JL. 55.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 65:2963 1990.
  56. 56. Q-weak Collab Phys. Rev. Lett. 111:141803 2013.
  57. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Sushkov OP. 57.  Phys. Rev. A 51:3454 1995.
  58. Safronova MS, Johnson WR. 58.  Phys. Rev. A 62:022112 2000.
  59. Gomez E. 59.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 75:033418 2007. Aubin S et al. AIP Conf. Proc. 1425:530 (2013); Aubin S et al. Hyperfine Interact. 214:163 2013. Tandecki M et al. J. Instrum. 9:P10013 2014.
  60. Tsigutkin K. 60.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 81:032114 2010. Dounas-Frazer DR, Tsigutkin K, English D, Budker B Phys. Rev. A 84:023404 2011.
  61. Porsev SG, Kozlov MG, Rakhlina YG. 61.  Hyperfine Interact. 127:395 2000.
  62. DeMille D. 62.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 74:4165 1995.
  63. Nguyen AT, Budker D, DeMille D, Zolotorev M. 63.  Phys. Rev. A 56:3453 1997.
  64. Leefer N, Bougas L, Antypas D, Budker D. 64.  arXiv1412.1245 [physics.atom-ph] 2014.
  65. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 65.  Phys. Rev. A 81:052515 2010.
  66. Fortson N. 66.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 70:2383 1993.
  67. Pal R, Jiang D, Safronova MS, Safronova UI. 67.  Phys. Rev. A 79:062505 2009.
  68. Wansbeek LW. 68.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 78:050501 2008.
  69. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Ginges JSM. 69.  Phys. Rev. A 63:062101 2001.
  70. Roberts BM, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 70.  Phys. Rev. A 88:012510 2013. Roberts BM, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV Phys. Rev. A 89:012502 2014.
  71. Williams SR. 71.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 88:012515 2013.
  72. Versolato OO. 72.  et al. Can. J. Phys. 89:65 2011. Nuñez Portela M et al. Hyperfine Interact. 214:157 2013. Nuñez Portela M et al. Appl. Phys. B 114:173 2013.
  73. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Roberts BM. 73.  Phys. Rev. A 86:062512 2012.
  74. Dutta NN, Majumder S. 74.  Phys. Rev. A 90:012522 2014.
  75. Roberts BM, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 75.  Phys. Rev. A 87:054502 2013.
  76. Roberts BM, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 76.  Phys. Rev. A 88:042507 2013.
  77. Bougas L. 77.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108:210801 2012.
  78. Sofikitis D. 78.  et al. Nature 514:76 2014.
  79. Fortson EN, Pang Y, Wilets L. 79.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 65:2857 1990.
  80. Derevianko A, Porsev SG. 80.  Phys. Rev. A 65:052115 2002.
  81. Brown BA, Derevianko A, Flambaum VV. 81.  Phys. Rev. C 79:035501 2009.
  82. Sushkov OP, Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB. 82.  Sov. Phys. JETP 60:873 1984.
  83. Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB. 83.  Phys. Lett. A 110:121 1985.
  84. Khriplovich IB. 84.  Phys. Scr. T112:52 2004.
  85. Haxton WC, Liu CP, Ramsey-Musolf MJ. 85.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 86:5247 2001. Haxton WC, Liu CP, Ramsey-Musolf MJ Phys. Rev. C 65:045502 2002.
  86. Kraftmakher AY. 86.  Phys. Lett. A 132:167 1988.
  87. Johnson WR, Safronova MS, Safronova UI. 87.  Phys. Rev. A 67:062106 2003.
  88. Kozlov MG. 88.  Phys. Lett. A 130:426 1988.
  89. Dmitriev VF, Telitsin VB. 89.  Nucl. Phys. A 613:237 1997.
  90. Dmitriev VF, Telitsin VB. 90.  Nucl. Phys. A 674:168 2000.
  91. Haxton WC, Holstein BR. 91.  Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 71:185 2013.
  92. Khriplovich IB. 92.  Phys. Lett. A 197:316 1995.
  93. Roberts BM, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 93.  Phys. Rev. A 89:042509 2014.
  94. Flambaum VV. 94.  Phys. Rev. A 60:2611 1999.
  95. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Ginges JSM. 95.  Phys. Rev. A 61:062509 2000.
  96. Labzowsky LN. 96.  Sov. Phys. JETP 48:434 1978.
  97. Kozlov MG, Labzowsky LN. 97.  J. Phys. B 28:1933 1995.
  98. Cahn SB. 98.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112:163002 2014.
  99. Isaev TA, Hoekstra S, Berger R. 99.  Phys. Rev. A 82:052521 2010.
  100. Borschevsky A. 100.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 86:050501 2012.
  101. Nayak M, Das BP. 101.  Phys. Rev. A 79:060502 2009.
  102. DeMille D. 102.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100:023003 2008.
  103. Dmitriev YY. 103.  et al. Phys. Lett. A 167:280 1992.
  104. Carr LD, DeMille D, Krems RV, Ye J. 104.  New J. Phys. 11:055049 2009.
  105. Shuman ES, Barry JF, DeMille D. 105.  Nature 467:820 2010.
  106. Barry JF. 106.  et al. Nature 512:286 2014.
  107. McCarron DJ, Norrgard EB, Steinecker MH, DeMille D. 107.  arXiv1412.8220 [physics.atom-ph] 2014.
  108. Zeppenfeld M. 108.  et al. Nature 491:570 2012.
  109. Khriplovich IB, Lamoreaux SK. 109.  CP Violation Without Strangeness Berlin: Springer 1997.
  110. Pospelov M, Ritz A. 110.  Ann. Phys. 318:119 2005.
  111. Engel J, Ramsey-Musolf MJ, van Kolck U. 111.  Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 71:21 2013.
  112. Chupp T, Ramsey-Musolf MJ. 112.  arXiv1407.1064 [hep-ph] 2014.
  113. Sandars PGH. 113.  Phys. Lett. 14:194 1965. Sandars PGH Phys. Lett. 22:290 1966. Sandars PGH Phys. Rev. Lett. 19:1396 1967.
  114. Schiff LI. 114.  Phys. Rev. 132:2194 1963.
  115. Flambaum VV, Kozlov A. 115.  Phys. Rev. A 85:022505 2012.
  116. Ensberg ES. 116.  Phys. Rev. 153:36 1967.
  117. Player MA, Sandars PGH. 117.  J. Phys. B 3:1620 1970.
  118. Hudson JJ. 118.  et al. Nature 473:493 2011.
  119. Eckel S. 119.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 87:052130 2013.
  120. 120. ACME Collab Science 343:269 2014.
  121. Griffith WC. 121.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102:101601 2009.
  122. Swallows MD. 122.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 87:012102 2013.
  123. Murthy SA, Krause D, Li ZL, Hunter LR. 123.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 63:965 1989.
  124. Regan BC, Commins ED, Schmidt CJ, DeMille D. 124.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 88:071805 2002.
  125. Rosenberry MA, Chupp TE. 125.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 86:22 2001.
  126. Cho D, Sangster K, Hinds EA. 126.  Phys. Rev. A 44:2783 1991.
  127. Romalis MV, Ledbetter MP. 127.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 87:067601 2001.
  128. Kara DM. 128.  et al. New J. Phys. 14:103051 2012.
  129. Tarbutt MR, Sauer BE, Hudson JJ, Hinds EA. 129.  New J. Phys. 15:053034 2013.
  130. Hunter LR. 130.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 85:012511 2012.
  131. Petrov AN. 131.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 89:062505 2014.
  132. Loh H. 132.  et al. Science 342:1220 2013.
  133. Kirilov E. 133.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 88:013844 2013.
  134. Vutha AC. 134.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 84:034502 2011.
  135. Asahi K. 135.  et al. Phys. Part. Nucl. 45:199 2014.
  136. Inoue T. 136.  et al. Hyperfine Interact. 231:157 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10751-014-1100-1 2014.
  137. Santra B. 137.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 90:040501 2014.
  138. Holt RJ. 138.  et al. Nucl. Phys. A 844:53c 2010.
  139. Parker RH. 139.  et al. Phys. Rev. C 86:065503 2012.
  140. Tardiff ER. 140.  et al. Hyperfine Interact. 225:197 2013.
  141. Gaffney LP. 141.  et al. Nature 497:199 2013.
  142. Jungmann KP. 142.  Hyperfine Interact. 227:5 2014.
  143. Wundt BJ, Munger CT, Jentschura UD. 143.  Phys. Rev. X 2:041009 2012.
  144. Ludlow JA, Sushkov OP. 144.  J. Phys. B 46:085001 2013.
  145. Budker D. 145.  Nat. Mater. 9:608 2010.
  146. Budker D, Lamoreaux SK, Sushkov AO, Sushkov OP. 146.  Phys. Rev. A 73:022107 2006.
  147. Eckel S, Sushkov AO, Lamoreaux SK. 147.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 109:193003 2012.
  148. Flambaum VV. 148.  Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 24:199 1976.
  149. Skripnikov LV, Petrov AN, Titov AV. 149.  J. Chem. Phys. 139:221103 2013.
  150. Fleig T, Nayak MK. 150.  J. Mol. Spectrosc. 300:16 2014.
  151. Liu ZW, Kelly HP. 151.  Phys. Rev. A 45:4210 1992.
  152. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV. 152.  Phys. Rev. A 80:062509 2009.
  153. Porsev SG, Safronova MS, Kozlov MG. 153.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 108:173001 2012.
  154. Nataraj HS, Sahoo BK, Das BP, Mukherjee D. 154.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 106:200403 2011.
  155. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Porsev SG. 155.  Phys. Rev. A 80:032120 2009.
  156. Martensson-Pendrill AM. 156.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 54:1153 1985.
  157. Flambaum VV, Ginges JSM. 157.  Phys. Rev. A 65:032113 2002.
  158. Auerbach N, Flambaum VV, Spevak V. 158.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 76:4316 1996.
  159. Sen'kov RA, Auerbach N, Flambaum VV, Zelevinsky VG. 159.  Phys. Rev. A 77:014101 2008.
  160. Flambaum VV, Kozlov A. 160.  Phys. Rev. C 85:068502 2012.
  161. Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB, Sushkov OP. 161.  Phys. Lett. B 162:213 1985. Flambaum VV, Khriplovich IB, Sushkov OP Nucl. Phys. A 449:750 1986.
  162. Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Ginges JSM, Kozlov MG. 162.  Phys. Rev. A 66:012111 2002.
  163. Latha KVP, Angom D, Das BP, Mukherjee D. 163.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 103:083001 2009.
  164. Singh Y, Sahoo BK, Das BP. 164.  Phys. Rev. A 89:030502 2014.
  165. Kudashov AD. 165.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 87:020102 2013.
  166. Dekens W. 166.  et al. J. High Energy Phys. 2014:69 2014.
  167. Dmitriev VF, Sen'kov RA. 167.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 91:212303 2003.
  168. Crewther RJ, Di Vecchia P, Veneziano G, Witten E. 168.  Phys. Lett. B 88:123 1979.
  169. Kawarabayashi K, Ohta N. 169.  Nucl. Phys. B 175:477 1980. Kawarabayashi K, Ohta N Prog. Theor. Phys. 66:1789 1981.
  170. Haxton WC, Henley EM. 170.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 51:1937 1983.
  171. Pospelov M. 171.  Phys. Lett. B 530:123 2002.
  172. Pospelov M, Ritz A. 172.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 83:2526 1999.
  173. Flambaum VV. 173.  Phys. Lett. B 320:211 1994.
  174. Flambaum VV, DeMille D, Kozlov MG. 174.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:103003 2014.
  175. Meyer E, Bohn JL, Deskevich M. 175.  Phys. Rev. A 73:062108 2006.
  176. Hutzler NR. 176.  et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13:18976 2011.
  177. Barry JF, Shuman ES, DeMille D. 177.  Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13:18936 2011.
  178. Ban S, Dobaczewski J, Engel J, Shukla A. 178.  Phys. Rev. C 82:015501 2010.
  179. Dmitriev VF, Flambaum VV. 179.  Phys. Rev. C 71:068501 2005.
  180. Dmitriev VF, Sen'kov RA, Auerbach N. 180.  Phys. Rev. C 71:035501 2005.
  181. Dmitriev VF, Telitsin VB, Flambaum VV, Dzuba VA. 181.  Phys. Rev. C 54:3305 1996.
  182. Kudashov AD. 182.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 90:052513 2014.
  183. Skripnikov LV. 183.  et al. Phys. Rev. A 90:064501 2014.
  184. Skripnikov LV, Petrov AN, Titov AV, Flambaum VV. 184.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:263006 2014.
  185. Weinberg S. 185.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 37:657 1976.
  186. Bertone G, Hooper D, Silk J. 186.  Phys. Rep. 405:279 2005.
  187. Riess AG. 187.  et al. Astron. J. 116:1009 1998.
  188. Peccei RD, Quinn HR. 188.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 38:1440 1977.
  189. Stadnik YV, Flambaum VV. 189.  Mod. Phys. Lett. A 29:1440007 2014.
  190. Stadnik YV, Flambaum VV. 190.  Phys. Rev. D 89:043522 2014.
  191. Roberts BM. 191.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:081601 2014. Roberts BM et al. Phys. Rev. D 90:096005 2014.
  192. Sikivie P. 192.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:201301 2014.
  193. Graham PW, Rajendran S. 193.  Phys. Rev. D 88:035023 2013.
  194. Budker D. 194.  et al. Phys. Rev. X 4:021030 2014.
  195. Graham PW, Rajendran S. 195.  Phys. Rev. D 84:055013 2011.
  196. Pospelov M. 196.  et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110:021803 2013.
  197. Stadnik YV, Flambaum VV. 197.  Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:151301 2014.
  198. Derevianko A, Pospelov M. 198.  Nat. Phys. 10:933 2014.
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-022331
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102014-022331
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error