1932

Abstract

At the dawn of a new decade, particle physics faces the challenge of explaining the mystery of dark matter, the origin of matter over antimatter in the Universe, the apparent fine-tuning of the electroweak scale, and many other aspects of fundamental physics. Perhaps the most striking frontier to emerge in the search for answers involves New Physics at mass scales comparable to that of familiar matter—below the GeV scale but with very feeble interaction strength. New theoretical ideas to address dark matter and other fundamental questions predict such feebly interacting particles (FIPs) at these scales, and existing data may even provide hints of this possibility. Emboldened by the lessons of the LHC, a vibrant experimental program to discover such physics is underway, guided by a systematic theoretical approach that is firmly grounded in the underlying principles of the Standard Model. We give an overview of these efforts, their motivations, and the decadal goals that animate the community involved in the search for FIPs, and we focus in particular on accelerator-based experiments.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-055056
2021-09-21
2025-02-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nucl/71/1/annurev-nucl-102419-055056.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-055056&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Feng JL et al. arXiv:1401.6085 [hep-ex] 2014.
  2. 2. 
    Hewett JL et al. arXiv:1401.6077 [hep-ex] 2014.
  3. 3. 
    Alexander J et al. arXiv:1608.08632 [hep-ph] 2016.
  4. 4. 
    Battaglieri M et al. arXiv:1707.04591 [hep-ph] 2017.
  5. 5. 
    Alimena J et al. J. Phys. G 47:090501 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Beacham J et al. J. Phys. G 47:010501 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Argüelles CA et al. Rep. Prog. Phys. 83:124201 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Ellis RK et al. arXiv:1910.11775 [hep-ex] 2020.
  9. 9. 
    Aielli G et al. Eur. Phys. J. C 80:1177 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Ariga A et al. arXiv:1812.09139 [physics.ins-det] 2018.
  11. 11. 
    Ariga A et al. Phys. Rev. D 99:095011 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Alpigiani C et al. arXiv:1811.00927 [physics.ins-det] 2018.
  13. 13. 
    Alpigiani C et al. arXiv:2009.01693 [physics.ins-det] 2020.
  14. 14. 
    NA62 Collab. Addendum I to P326: continuation of the physics programme of the NA62 experiment Rep. CERN-SPSC-2019-039/SPSC-P-326-ADD-1 CERN Geneva: 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Anelli M et al. arXiv:1504.04956 [physics.ins-det] 2015.
  16. 16. 
    Åkesson T et al. arXiv:1808.05219 [hep-ex] 2018.
  17. 17. 
    Batell B, Evans JA, Gori S, Rai M. arXiv:2008.08108 [hep-ph] 2020.
  18. 18. 
    Berryman JM et al. J. High Energy Phys. 2002.174 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    Kahn Y, Krnjaic G, Tran N, Whitbeck A J. High Energy Phys. 1809:153 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Christmann B et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 958:162398 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Raggi M, Kozhuharov V, Valente P. EPJ Web Conf. 96:01025 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Battaglieri M et al. arXiv:1607.01390 [hep-ex] 2016.
  23. 23. 
    Kolb R et al. Basic research needs for dark matter small projects: new initiatives Rep., US Dep. Energy Washington, DC: https://science.osti.gov/-/media/hep/pdf/Reports/Dark_Matter_New_Initiatives_rpt.pdf 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Barger V, Giudice GF, Han T. Phys. Rev. D 40:2987 1989.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Wells JD. Phys. Rev. D 71:015013 2005.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Arkani-Hamed N, Dimopoulos S J. High Energy Phys. 0506:073 2005.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Chacko Z, Goh H-S, Harnik R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96:231802 2006.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Burdman G, Chacko Z, Goh H-S, Harnik R. J. High Energy Phys. 0702:009 2007.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Arkani-Hamed N, Dimopoulos S, Dvali G. Phys. Lett. B 429:263 1998.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Graham PW, Kaplan DE, Rajendran S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115:221801 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Patt B, Wilczek F. arXiv:hep-ph/0605188 2006.
  32. 32. 
    Silveira V, Zee A. Phys. Lett. B 161:136 1985.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Crewther RJ, Di Vecchia P, Veneziano G, Witten E. Phys. Lett. B 88:123 1979.). Erratum. Phys. Lett. B 91:487 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Peccei RD, Quinn HR. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38:1440 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Weinberg S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40:223 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Wilczek F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40:279 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Minkowski P. Phys. Lett. B 67:421 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Kuzmin VA, Rubakov VA, Shaposhnikov ME. Phys. Lett. B 155:36 1985.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Fukugita M, Yanagida T. Phys. Lett. B 174:45 1986.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Akhmedov EK, Rubakov VA, Smirnov AY. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81:1359 1998.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Boehm C, Ensslin T, Silk J. J. Phys. G 30:279 2004.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Boehm C, Fayet P. Nucl. Phys. B 683:219 2004.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Pospelov M, Ritz A, Voloshin MB. Phys. Lett. B 662:53 2008.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Pospelov M. Phys. Rev. D 80:095002 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Arkani-Hamed N, Finkbeiner DP, Slatyer TR, Weiner N. Phys. Rev. D 79:015014 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Pospelov M, Ritz A. Phys. Lett. B 671:391 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Nollett KM, Steigman G. Phys. Rev. D 89:083508 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Batell B, Pospelov M, Ritz A. Phys. Rev. D 80:095024 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Alekhin S et al. Rep. Prog. Phys. 79:124201 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Arkani-Hamed N, Weiner N J. High Energy Phys. 0812:104 2008.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Baumgart M et al. J. High Energy Phys. 0904:014 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Slatyer TR, Padmanabhan N, Finkbeiner DP. Phys. Rev. D 80:043526 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Izaguirre E, Krnjaic G, Schuster P, Toro N. Phys. Rev. D 88:114015 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Willey RS, Yu HL. Phys. Rev. D 26:3086 1982.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Curtin D, Meade P, Yu CT J. High Energy Phys. 1411:127 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Kozaczuk J, Ramsey-Musolf M, Shelton J Phys. Rev. D 101:115035 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Dodelson S, Widrow LM. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72:17 1994.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Fayet P. Phys. Rev. D 74:054034 2006.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Mohapatra RN, Senjanovic G. Phys. Rev. D 23:165 1981.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Strassler MJ, Zurek KM. Phys. Lett. B 651:374 2007.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Angloher G et al. Eur. Phys. J. C 76:25 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    deNiverville P et al. Phys. Rev. D 84:075020 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Bjorken JD et al. Phys. Rev. D 38:3375 1988.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Riordan EM et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59:755 1987.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Bross A et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67:2942 1991.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Blümlein J, Brugger J. Phys. Lett. B 701:155 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Blümlein J, Brunner J. Phys. Lett. B 731:320 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Winter K Study of a new detector for neutrino electron scattering. Proceedings of the Workshop on SPS Fixed Target Physics for the Years 1984–1989 2 I Mannelli 170–79 Geneva: CERN 1983.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Aguilar-Arevalo AA et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 599:28 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Adinolfi M et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 488:51 2002.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Adinolfi M et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 482:364 2002.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Fanti V et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 574:433 2007.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Abashian A et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 479:117 2002.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Aubert B et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 479:1 2002.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Aad G et al. J. Instrum. 3:S08003 2008.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Chatrchyan S et al. J. Instrum. 3:S08004 2008.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Alves AA et al. J. Instrum. 3:S08005 2008.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Abe T et al. arXiv:1011.0352 [physics.ins-det] 2010.
  79. 79. 
    Ablikim M et al. Chin. Phys. C 44:040001 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Cortina Gil E et al. J. Instrum. 12:P05025 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Banerjee D et al. Addendum to the NA64 proposal: search for the invisible and X decays in 2021 Rep. CERN-SPSC-2018-004 CERN Geneva: http://cds.cern.ch/record/2300189?ln=en 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Celentano A et al. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 556:012064 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Abrahamyan S et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107:191804 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Antonello M et al. arXiv:1503.01520 [physics.ins-det] 2015.
  85. 85. 
    Berlin A, Gori S, Schuster P, Toro N. Phys. Rev. D 98:035011 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Abe K et al. arXiv:1901.03750 [physics.ins-det] 2019.
  87. 87. 
    Malbrunot C et al. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 312:102010 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Banerjee D et al. Addendum to the proposal P348: search for dark sector particles weakly coupled to muon with NA64μ Rep. CERN-SPSC-2018-024 CERN Geneva: http://cds.cern.ch/record/2640930?ln=en 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Gatto C. arXiv:1910.08505 [physics.ins-det] 2019.
  90. 90. 
    McConkey N et al. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 888:012148 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Feng JL, Galon I, Kling F, Trojanowski S. Phys. Rev. D 97:035001 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Ball A et al. arXiv:1607.04669 [physics.ins-det] 2016.
  93. 93. 
    Frank M et al. Phys. Lett. B 802:135204 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Battaglieri M et al. arXiv:1406.3028 [physics.ins-det] 2014.
  95. 95. 
    Balewski J et al. arXiv:1412.4717 [physics.ins-det] 2014.
  96. 96. 
    Arndt K et al. arXiv:2009.11690 [physics.ins-det] 2020.
  97. 97. 
    Andreas S et al. Proposal for an experiment to search for light dark matter at the SPS Rep. CERN-SPSC-2013-034 CERN Geneva: 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Bauer M, Brandt O, Lee L, Ohm C. arXiv:1909.13022 [physics.ins-det] 2019.
  99. 99. 
    Aidala CA et al. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 930:49 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Banerjee D et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118:011802 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Lee JP et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119:131804 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Banerjee D et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123:121801 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Batell B et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:171802 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Aguilar-Arevalo AA et al. Phys. Rev. D 98:112004 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Altmannshofer W et al. PTEP 12:123C01 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Raubenheimer T et al. arXiv:1801.07867 [physics.acc-ph] 2018.
  107. 107. 
    Åkesson T et al. Dark sector physics with a primary electron beam facility at CERN Rep. CERN-SPSC-2018-023 CERN Geneva: http://cds.cern.ch/record/2640784?ln=en 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    deNiverville P, Pospelov M, Ritz A Phys. Rev. D 92:095005 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Agnese R et al. Phys. Rev. D 95:082002 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Celentano A, Darmé L, Marsicano L, Nardi E. Phys. Rev. D 102:075026 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Marsicano L et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121:041802 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Fabbrichesi M, Gabrielli E, Lanfranchi G. The Physics of the Dark Photon: A Primer Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Berlin A et al. Phys. Rev. D 102:095011 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Merkel H et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112:221802 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Aaij R et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124:041801 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    CMS Collab. Search for a narrow resonance decaying to a pair of muons in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV Rep. CMS-PAS-EXO-19-018 CERN Geneva: 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Lees JP et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:201801 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  118. 118. 
    Archilli F et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. B 706:251 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  119. 119. 
    Babusci D et al. Phys. Lett. B 720:111 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  120. 120. 
    Babusci D et al. Phys. Lett. B 736:459 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  121. 121. 
    Anastasi A et al. Phys. Lett. B 757:356 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  122. 122. 
    Batley JR et al. Phys. Lett. B 746:178 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  123. 123. 
    Marsicano L et al. Phys. Rev. D 98:015031 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  124. 124. 
    Gninenko SN. Phys. Lett. B 713:244 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  125. 125. 
    Chang JH, Essig R, McDermott SD. J. High Energy Phys. 1701:107 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  126. 126. 
    Ilten P et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116:251803 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  127. 127. 
    Ilten P, Thaler J, Williams M, Xue W. Phys. Rev. D 92:115017 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  128. 128. 
    Adrian PH et al. Phys. Rev. D 98:091101 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  129. 129. 
    Doria L et al. arXiv:1908.07921 [hep-ex] 2019.
  130. 130. 
    Bertrand E, Essig R, Zhong YM. J. High Energy Phys. 1501:113 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  131. 131. 
    Curtin D, Essig R, Gori S, Shelton J J. High Energy Phys. 1502:157 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  132. 132. 
    Vogel H, Redondo J. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1402:029 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  133. 133. 
    Chang JH et al. J. High Energy Phys. 1809:51 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  134. 134. 
    Hagley EW, Pipkin FM. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72:1172 1994.
    [Google Scholar]
  135. 135. 
    Badertscher A et al. Phys. Rev. D 75:032005 2007.
    [Google Scholar]
  136. 136. 
    Prinz AA et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81:1175 1998.
    [Google Scholar]
  137. 137. 
    Magill G et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122:071801 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  138. 138. 
    Marocco G, Sarkar S. SciPost Phys. 10:043 2021.
    [Google Scholar]
  139. 139. 
    Davidson S et al. J. High Energy Phys. 0005:003 2000.
    [Google Scholar]
  140. 140. 
    Jaeckel J et al. Phys. Dark Univ. 2:111 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  141. 141. 
    Kovetz ED et al. Phys. Rev. D 98:103529 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  142. 142. 
    Liu H et al. Phys. Rev. D 100:123011 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  143. 143. 
    Monsalve RA et al. Astrophys. J. 863:11 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  144. 144. 
    Kelly KJ et al. Phys. Rev. D 100:015043 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  145. 145. 
    Winkler MW. Phys. Rev. D 99:015018 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  146. 146. 
    Bergsma F et al. Phys. Lett. B 157:458 1985.
    [Google Scholar]
  147. 147. 
    Artamonov AV et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101:191802 2008.
    [Google Scholar]
  148. 148. 
    Cortina Gil E et al. arXiv:2011.11329 [hep-ex] 2020.
  149. 149. 
    MicroBooNE Collab. Search for a Higgs Portal scalar decaying to electron-positron pairs in MicroBooNE MicroBooNE Note 1092-PUB Fermilab Batavia, IL: https://microboone.fnal.gov/wp-content/uploads/MICROBOONE-NOTE-1092-PUB.pdf 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  150. 150. 
    Egana-Ugrinovic D, Homiller S, Meade P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124:191801 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  151. 151. 
    Dev Bhupal, Mohapatra R, Zhang Y. Phys. Rev. D 101:075014 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  152. 152. 
    Aaij R et al. Phys. Rev. D 95:071101 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  153. 153. 
    Aaij R et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115:161802 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  154. 154. 
    Wei JT et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103:171801 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  155. 155. 
    Filimonova A, Schäfer R, Westhoff S. Phys. Rev. D 101:095006 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  156. 156. 
    Fradette A, Pospelov M. Phys. Rev. D 96:075033 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  157. 157. 
    Krnjaic G. Phys. Rev. D 94:073009 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  158. 158. 
    deNiverville P, McKee D, Ritz A Phys. Rev. D 86:035022 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  159. 159. 
    Aloni D, Soreq Y, Williams M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123:031803 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  160. 160. 
    Irastorza I, Redondo J. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 102:89 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  161. 161. 
    Ballou R et al. Phys. Rev. D 92:092002 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  162. 162. 
    Della Valle F et al. Eur. Phys. J. C 76:24 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  163. 163. 
    Anastassopoulos V et al. Nat. Phys. 13:584 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  164. 164. 
    Du N et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120:151301 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  165. 165. 
    Bähre R et al. J. Instrum. 8:T09001 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  166. 166. 
    Armengaud E et al. J. Instrum. 9:T05002 2014.
    [Google Scholar]
  167. 167. 
    Silva-Feaver M et al. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 27:1400204 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  168. 168. 
    Brun P et al. Eur. Phys. J. C 79:186 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  169. 169. 
    Acciarri M et al. Phys. Lett. B 345:609 1995.
    [Google Scholar]
  170. 170. 
    Abreu P et al. Phys. Lett. B 268:296 1991.
    [Google Scholar]
  171. 171. 
    Abreu P et al. Phys. Lett. B 327:386 1994.
    [Google Scholar]
  172. 172. 
    Acciarri M et al. Phys. Lett. B 353:136 1995.
    [Google Scholar]
  173. 173. 
    Jaeckel J, Spannowsky M. Phys. Lett. B 753:482 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  174. 174. 
    Abudinén F et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125:161806 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  175. 175. 
    Döbrich B. arXiv:1708.05776 [hep-ph] 2017.
  176. 176. 
    Banerjee D et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125:081801 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  177. 177. 
    Blümlein J et al. Z. Phys. C 51:341 1991.
    [Google Scholar]
  178. 178. 
    Halprin A, Andersen CM, Primakoff H. Phys. Rev. 152:1295 1966.
    [Google Scholar]
  179. 179. 
    Larin I et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106:162303 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  180. 180. 
    Aloni D, Fanelli C, Soreq Y, Williams M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123:071801 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  181. 181. 
    Knapen S et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118:171801 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  182. 182. 
    Sirunyan A et al. Phys. Lett. B 797:134826 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  183. 183. 
    Aad G et al. arXiv:2008.05355 [hep-ex] 2020.
  184. 184. 
    Aaboud M et al. J. High Energy Phys. 1609:1 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  185. 185. 
    Aad G et al. Eur. Phys. J. C 76:210 2016.
    [Google Scholar]
  186. 186. 
    Bauer M et al. J. High Energy Phys. 1712:44 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  187. 187. 
    Knapen S, Lin T, Zurek KM. Phys. Rev. D 96:115021 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  188. 188. 
    Dolan MJ et al. J. High Energy Phys. 1712:94 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  189. 189. 
    Drewes M, Hajer J, Klaric J, Lanfranchi G. J. High Energy Phys. 1807:105 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  190. 190. 
    Caputo A, Hernández P, López-Pavón J, Salvado J. J. High Energy Phys. 1706:112 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  191. 191. 
    Bernardi G et al. Phys. Lett. B 203:332 1988.
    [Google Scholar]
  192. 192. 
    Vaitaitis A et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83:4943 1999.
    [Google Scholar]
  193. 193. 
    Artamonov AV et al. Phys. Rev. D 91:052001 2015.). Erratum. Phys. Rev. D 91:059903 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  194. 194. 
    Aoki M et al. Phys. Rev. D 84:052002 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  195. 195. 
    Britton DI et al. Phys. Rev. D 46:885 1992.
    [Google Scholar]
  196. 196. 
    Badier J et al. Z. Phys. C 31:341 1986.
    [Google Scholar]
  197. 197. 
    Aguilar-Arevalo A et al. Phys. Rev. D 97:072012 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  198. 198. 
    Abe K et al. Phys. Rev. D 100:052006 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  199. 199. 
    Cortina Gil E et al. Phys. Lett. B 807:135599 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  200. 200. 
    Leventsev D et al. Phys. Rev. D 87:071102 2013.). Erratum. Phys. Rev. D 95:099903 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  201. 201. 
    Abreu P et al. Z. Phys. C 74:57 1997.). Erratum. Z. Phys. C 75:580 1997.
    [Google Scholar]
  202. 202. 
    Asd G et al. J. High Energy Phys. 1910.265 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  203. 203. 
    Sirunyan AM et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120:221801 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  204. 204. 
    Dib CO et al. Phys. Rev. D 101:093003 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  205. 205. 
    Ballett P, Boschi T, Pascoli S J. High Energy Phys. 2003.111 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
  206. 206. 
    Sabti N, Magalich A, Filimonova A. J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2011.056 2020.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-055056
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102419-055056
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary Data

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error