1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
  4. Volume 74, 2024
  5. Article

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Volume 74, 2024

Superallowed Nuclear Beta Decays and Precision Tests of the Standard Model

Abstract

For many decades, the main source of information on the top-left corner element of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa quark mixing matrix, , was superallowed nuclear β decays with an impressive 0.01% precision. This precision, apart from experimental data, relies on theoretical calculations in which nuclear structure–dependent effects and uncertainties play a prime role. This review is dedicated to a thorough reassessment of all ingredients that enter the extraction of the value of from experimental data. We try to keep balance between historical retrospect and new developments, many of which occurred in just the past 5 years. They have not yet been reviewed in a complete manner, not least because new results are forthcoming. This review aims to fill this gap and offers an in-depth yet accessible summary of all recent developments.

Keyword(s): ab-initio methods, beta decays, dispersion relation, isospin symmetry breaking, nuclear radii, radiative corrections
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-020726
2024-09-26
2025-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nucl/74/1/annurev-nucl-102622-020726.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-020726&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.
    Wu CS, et al. Phys. Rev. 105::1413 ( 1957.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  2. 2.
    Lee TD, Yang CN. Phys. Rev. 104::254 ( 1956.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. 3.
    Cox RT, McIlwraith C, Kurrelmeyer B. PNAS 14:(7):544 ( 1928.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  4. 4.
    Chase CT. Phys. Rev. 34::1069 ( 1929.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  5. 5.
    Chase CT. Phys. Rev. 36::984 ( 1930.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.
    Chase CT. Phys. Rev. 36::1060 ( 1930.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  7. 7.
    Fermi E. Z. Phys. 88::161 ( 1934.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. 8.
    Klein O. In Les Nouvelles Theories de la Physique: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Warsaw, 30 May–3 June 1938, p. 6. Paris:: Inst. Int. Coop. Intellect. ( 1938.)
     [Google Scholar]
  9. 9.
    Yukawa H. Proc. Phys.-Math. Soc. Jpn. 17::48 ( 1935.)
     [Google Scholar]
  10. 10.
    Glashow SL. Nucl. Phys. 22::579 ( 1961.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.
    Weinberg S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19::1264 ( 1967.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  12. 12.
    Salam A. Conf. Proc. C 680519::367 ( 1968.)
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 13.
    Higgs PW. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13::508 ( 1964.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  14. 14.
    Englert F, Brout R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13::321 ( 1964.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.
    Fritzsch H, Gell-Mann M, Leutwyler H. Phys. Lett. B 47::365 ( 1973.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  16. 16.
    ’t Hooft G, Veltman MJG. Nucl. Phys. B 44::189 ( 1972.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  17. 17.
    Gross DJ, Wilczek F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30::1343 ( 1973.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  18. 18.
    Gross DJ, Wilczek F. Phys. Rev. D 8::3633 ( 1973.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  19. 19.
    Gross DJ, Wilczek F. Phys. Rev. D 9::980 ( 1974.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.
    Politzer HD. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30::1346 ( 1973.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.
    Cabibbo N. Phys. Rev. Lett. 10::531 ( 1963.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.
    Kobayashi M, Maskawa T. Prog. Theor. Phys. 49::652 ( 1973.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.
    Seng CY, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121:(24):241804 ( 2018.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.
    Czarnecki A, Marciano WJ, Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. D 100:(7):073008 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  25. 25.
    Shiells K, Blunden PG, Melnitchouk W. Phys. Rev. D 104:(3):033003 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.
    Seng CY, Feng X, Gorchtein M, Jin LC. Phys. Rev. D 101:(11):111301 ( 2020.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  27. 27.
    Hayen L. Phys. Rev. D 103:(11):113001 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  28. 28.
    Feng X, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124:(19):192002 ( 2020.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.
    Ma PX, et al. Phys. Rev. D 103::114503 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.
    Yoo JS, et al. Phys. Rev. D 108:(3):034508 ( 2023.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.
    Ma PX, et al. arXiv:2308.16755 [hep-lat] ( 2023.)
  32. 32.
    Seng CY, Galviz D, Gorchtein M, Meißner UG. Phys. Lett. B 820::136522 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  33. 33.
    Seng CY, Galviz D, Gorchtein M, Meißner UG. J. High Energy Phys. 2111::172 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  34. 34.
    Seng CY, Galviz D, Gorchtein M, Meißner UG. J. High Energy Phys. 2207::71 ( 2022.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  35. 35.
    Seng CY, Gorchtein M, Ramsey-Musolf MJ. Phys. Rev. D 100:(1):013001 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  36. 36.
    Gorchtein M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123:(4):042503 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  37. 37.
    Seng CY, Gorchtein M. Phys. Lett. B 838::137654 ( 2023.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  38. 38.
    Seng CY, Gorchtein M. arXiv:2304.03800 [nucl-th] ( 2023.)
  39. 39.
    Seng CY. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130:(15):152501 ( 2023.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  40. 40.
    Seng CY, Gorchtein M. arXiv:2309.16893 [nucl-th] ( 2023.)
  41. 41.
    Hardy JC, Towner IS. Nucl. Phys. A 254::221 ( 1975.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  42. 42.
    Hardy JC, Towner IS. Phys. Rev. C 102:(4):045501 ( 2020.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  43. 43.
    Märkisch B, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122:(24):242501 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  44. 44.
    Gonzalez FM, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127:(16):162501 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.
    Workman RL, et al. PTEP 2022::083C01 ( 2022.)
     [Google Scholar]
  46. 46.
    Wilkinson D, Macefield B. Nucl. Phys. A 158::110 ( 1970.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.
    Gorchtein M, Seng CY. Universe 9:(9):422 ( 2023.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  48. 48.
    Hayen L, et al. Rev. Mod. Phys. 90:(1):015008 ( 2018.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  49. 49.
    Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. 164::1767 ( 1967.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  50. 50.
    Jaus W, Rasche G. Nucl. Phys. A 143::202 ( 1970.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.
    Jaus W. Phys. Lett. B 40::616 ( 1972.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  52. 52.
    MacDonald WM. Phys. Rev. 110::1420 ( 1958.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.
    Jaus W, Rasche G. Phys. Rev. D 41::166 ( 1990.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  54. 54.
    Hardy JC, Towner IS. Phys. Rev. C 71::055501 ( 2005.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. 55.
    Hardy JC, Towner IS. Phys. Rev. C 79::055502 ( 2009.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. 56.
    Behrens H, Bühring W. Electron Radial Wave Functions and Nuclear Beta-Decay. Oxford, UK:: Clarendon ( 1982.)
     [Google Scholar]
  57. 57.
    De Vries H, De Jager CW, De Vries C. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 36::495 ( 1987.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  58. 58.
    Fricke G, Heilig K, Schopper HF. Nuclear Charge Radii. Berlin:: Springer ( 2004.)
     [Google Scholar]
  59. 59.
    Angeli I, Marinova KP. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 99:(1):69 ( 2013.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.
    Wilkinson DH. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 335::182 ( 1993.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.
    Li T, Luo Y, Wang N. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 140::101440 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.
    Miller AJ, et al. Nat. Phys. 15:(5):432 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  63. 63.
    Bissell ML, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113:(5):052502 ( 2014.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  64. 64.
    Pineda SV, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127:(18):182503 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  65. 65.
    Plattner P, et al. arXiv:2310.15291 [nucl-ex] ( 2023.)
  66. 66.
    Ohayon B, et al. arXiv:2310.03846 [physics.atom-ph] ( 2023.)
  67. 67.
    Audouin N, et al. Report CERN-INTC-2020-024/INTC-P-552 , CERN, Geneva: ( 2020.)
  68. 68.
    Nörtershäuser W, Moore ID. In Handbook of Nuclear Physics, ed. I Tanihata, H Toki, T Kajino , pp. 1–70. Singapore:: Springer ( 2023.)
     [Google Scholar]
  69. 69.
    Towner IS, Hardy JC. Phys. Rev. C 82::065501 ( 2010.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  70. 70.
    Towner IS, Hardy JC. Phys. Rev. C 77::025501 ( 2008.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  71. 71.
    Hardy JC, Towner IS. Phys. Rev. C 91:(2):025501 ( 2015.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  72. 72.
    Satuła W, Bączyk P, Dobaczewski J, Konieczka M. Phys. Rev. C 94:(2):024306 ( 2016.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  73. 73.
    Ormand WE, Brown BA. Phys. Rev. C 52::2455 ( 1995.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. 74.
    Liang H, Van Giai N, Meng J. Phys. Rev. C 79::064316 ( 2009.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  75. 75.
    Auerbach N. Phys. Rev. C 79::035502 ( 2009.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  76. 76.
    Lam YH, et al. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 99::680 ( 2013.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  77. 77.
    Miller GA, Schwenk A. Phys. Rev. C 78::035501 ( 2008.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  78. 78.
    Miller GA, Schwenk A. Phys. Rev. C 80::064319 ( 2009.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  79. 79.
    Damgaard J. Nucl. Phys. A 130::233 ( 1969.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.
    Behrends RE, Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 4::186 ( 1960.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. 81.
    Ademollo M, Gatto R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13::264 ( 1964.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  82. 82.
    Brown BA. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85::5296 ( 2000.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.
    Horowitz CJ, et al. J. Phys. G 41::093001 ( 2014.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.
    Kumar KS. Ann. Phys. 412::168012 ( 2020.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.
    Adhikari D, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 126:(17):172502 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  86. 86.
    Adhikari D, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 129:(4):042501 ( 2022.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. 87.
    Becker D, et al. Eur. Phys. J. A 54:(11):208 ( 2018.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  88. 88.
    Koshchii O, et al. Phys. Rev. C 102:(2):022501 ( 2020.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  89. 89.
    Leach KG, Friedrich S. J. Low Temp. Phys. 209:(5–6):796 ( 2022.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  90. 90.
    Carney D, Leach KG, Moore DC. PRX Quantum 4:(1):010315 ( 2023.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  91. 91.
    Sirlin A. Rev. Mod. Phys. 50::573 ( 1978.). Erratum. Rev. Mod. Phys. 50::905 ( 1978.)
     [Google Scholar]
  92. 92.
    Seng CY. Particles 4:(4):397 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  93. 93.
    Bloch F, Nordsieck A. Phys. Rev. 52::54 ( 1937.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  94. 94.
    Yennie DR, Frautschi SC, Suura H. Ann. Phys. 13::379 ( 1961.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  95. 95.
    Kinoshita T, Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. 113::1652 ( 1959.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  96. 96.
    Kinoshita T. J. Math. Phys. 3::650 ( 1962.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  97. 97.
    Lee TD, Nauenberg M. Phys. Rev. 133::B1549 ( 1964.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  98. 98.
    Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. D 35::3423 ( 1987.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  99. 99.
    Sirlin A, Zucchini R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57::1994 ( 1986.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  100. 100.
    Tishchenko V, et al. Phys. Rev. D 87:(5):052003 ( 2013.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  101. 101.
    Czarnecki A, Marciano WJ, Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. D 70::093006 ( 2004.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  102. 102.
    Baikov PA, Chetyrkin KG, Kuhn JH. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl. 205–206::237 ( 2010.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. 103.
    Baikov P, Chetyrkin K, Kuhn J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104::132004 ( 2010.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. 104.
    Ye Z, Arrington J, Hill RJ, Lee G. Phys. Lett. B 777::8 ( 2018.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  105. 105.
    Lorenz IT, Hammer HW, Meißner UG. Eur. Phys. J. A 48::151 ( 2012.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  106. 106.
    Lorenz IT, Meißner UG, Hammer HW, Dong YB. Phys. Rev. D 91:(1):014023 ( 2015.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  107. 107.
    Lin HW, et al. Phys. Rev. D 78::014505 ( 2008.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.
    Lin YH, Hammer HW, Meißner UG. Phys. Lett. B 816::136254 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.
    Lin YH, Hammer HW, Meißner UG. Eur. Phys. J. A 57:(8):255 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.
    Bhattacharya B, Hill RJ, Paz G. Phys. Rev. D 84::073006 ( 2011.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.
    Marciano WJ, Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56::22 ( 1986.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.
    Marciano WJ, Sirlin A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96::032002 ( 2006.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.
    Gorchtein M, Horowitz CJ. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102::091806 ( 2009.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.
    Seng CY, Gorchtein M. Phys. Rev. C 107:(3):035503 ( 2023.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.
    Shen G, et al. Phys. Rev. C 86::035503 ( 2012.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.
    Lovato A, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112:(18):182502 ( 2014.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  117. 117.
    Lovato A, et al. Phys. Rev. C 97:(2):022502 ( 2018.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  118. 118.
    Rocco N. Front. Phys. 8::116 ( 2020.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. 119.
    Lovato A, et al. Phys. Rev. X 10:(3):031068 ( 2020.)
     [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.
    Sobczyk JE, Acharya B, Bacca S, Hagen G. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127:(7):072501 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  121. 121.
    Sobczyk JE, Bacca S. arXiv:2309.00355 [nucl-th] ( 2023.)
  122. 122.
    Gross DJ, Llewellyn Smith CH. Nucl. Phys. B 14::337 ( 1969.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  123. 123.
    Aubert JJ, et al. Phys. Lett. B 123::275 ( 1983.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  124. 124.
    Gomez J, et al. Phys. Rev. D 49::4348 ( 1994.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  125. 125.
    Schmookler B, et al. Nature 566:(7744):354 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  126. 126.
    Seely J, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103::202301 ( 2009.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. 127.
    Leung WC, et al. Phys. Lett. B 317::655 ( 1993.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  128. 128.
    Kim JH, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81::3595 ( 1998.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. 129.
    Kopeliovich BZ, Morfin JG, Schmidt I. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 68::314 ( 2013.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  130. 130.
    Barker FC, Brown BA, Jaus W, Rasche G. Nucl. Phys. A 540::501 ( 1992.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  131. 131.
    Towner IS. Nucl. Phys. A 540::478 ( 1992.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. 132.
    Towner IS. Phys. Lett. B 333::13 ( 1994.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  133. 133.
    Brown BA, Wildenthal BH. Phys. Rev. C 28::2397 ( 1983.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  134. 134.
    Brown BA, Wildenthal BH. At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 33::347 ( 1985.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  135. 135.
    Brown BA, Wildenthal BH. Nucl. Phys. A 474::290 ( 1987.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  136. 136.
    Towner IS. Phys. Rep. 155::263 ( 1987.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  137. 137.
    Towner IS, Hardy JC. Phys. Rev. C 66::035501 ( 2002.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  138. 138.
    Gysbers P, et al. Nat. Phys. 15:(5):428 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  139. 139.
    Coraggio L, et al. Phys. Rev. C 100:(1):014316 ( 2019.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  140. 140.
    Chadwick M, et al. Nucl. Data Sheets 107:(12):2931 ( 2006.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  141. 141.
    Jackson JD, Treiman SB, Wyld HW. Phys. Rev. 106::517 ( 1957.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  142. 142.
    Falkowski A, González-Alonso M, Naviliat-Cuncic O. J. High Energy Phys. 2104::126 ( 2021.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  143. 143.
    Xayavong L, Smirnova NA. Phys. Rev. C 97:(2):024324 ( 2018.)
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-020726
Loading
Superallowed Nuclear Beta Decays and Precision Tests of the Standard Model
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 74, 23 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-020726
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-020726
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102622-020726
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error