1932

Abstract

Despite some gender-related bumps in the road, the author had the good fortune that her career spanned the evolution of the Standard Model from its inception in the late 1960s and early 1970s to its final confirmation with the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. Her major contributions to these developments and other facets of her career are described.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716
2021-09-21
2025-04-27
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/nucl/71/1/annurev-nucl-111119-053716.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Gaillard MK. Nuovo Cim. A 61:499 1969.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Gell-Mann M. Phys. Lett. 8:214 1964.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    Zweig G. An SU3 model for strong interaction symmetry and its breaking Rep. CERN-TH-401, CERN, Geneva 1964.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Brandt RA, Preparata G Lett. Nuovo Cim R4S1:80 1970.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Chounet LM, Gaillard MK. Phys. Lett. B 32:505 1970.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Donaldson G et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 31:337 1973.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Bloom ED et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 23:930 1969.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Eichten T et al. Phys. Lett. B 46:274 1973.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    Gross DJ, Wilczek F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30:1343 1973.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Politzer HD. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30:1346 1973.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Greenberg OW. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13:598 1964.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Fritzsch H, Gell-Mann M, Leutwyler H. eConf C 720906V2:135 1972. [arXiv:hep-ph/0208010]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Cabibbo N. Phys. Rev. Lett. 10:531 1963.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Gaillard MK, Lee BW. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33:108 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Altarelli G, Maiani L. Phys. Lett. B 52:351 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Bjorken JD, Glashow SL. Phys. Lett. 11:255 1964.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Mohapatra RN, Rao JS, Marshak RE. Phys. Rev. 171:1502 1968.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Glashow SL, Iliopoulos J, Maiani L. Phys. Rev. D 2:1285 1970.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    't Hooft G Nucl. Phys. B 33:173 1971.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    Glashow SL. The vector meson in elementary particle decays PhD Diss., Harvard Univ. Cambridge, MA: 1959.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Weinberg S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19:1264 1967.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Salam A. Conf. Proc. C 680519:367 1968.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Bouchiat C, Iliopoulos J, Meyer P. Phys. Lett. B 42:91 1972.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Gross DJ, Jackiw R. Phys. Rev. D 6:477 1972.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Adler SL. Phys. Rev. 177:2426 1969.); Bell JS, Jackiw R Nuovo Cim. A 60:47 (1969)
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Lee BW, Primack JR, Treiman SB. Phys. Rev. D 7:510 1973.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Gaillard MK, Lee BW. Phys. Rev. D 10:897 1974.); Gaillard MK, Lee BW, Shrock RE Phys. Rev. D 13:2674 (1976)
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Vainshtein AI, Khriplovich IB. ZhETF Pis. Red. 18:141 1973.); JETP Lett. 18:83 (1973)
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Ma E. Phys. Rev. D 9:3103 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Gaillard MK, Lee BW, Rosner JL. Rev. Mod. Phys. 47:277 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Feynman RP. Phys. Rev. Lett. 23:1415 1969.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Okubo S. Phys. Lett. 4:114 1963.); Zweig G. An SU3 model for strong interaction symmetry and its breaking . Rep. CERN-TH-412, CERN, Geneva (1964); Iizuka J. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl . 37–38:21 (1966)
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Christenson JH et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25:1523 1970.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Niu K, Mikumo E, Maeda Y Prog. Theor. Phys. 46:1644 1971.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Rubbia C Results from the Harvard, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin-FNAL experiment. Proceedings of the XVII International Conference on High Energy Physics, London, July 1974 JR Smith, G Manning, pp. IV.117–20 Chilton, UK: Sci. Res. Counc., Rutherford Lab 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    de Rújula A, Georgi H, Glashow SL. Phys. Rev. D 12:147 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Cazzoli EG et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 34:1125 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Appelquist T, Politzer HD. Phys. Rev. Lett. 34:43 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Aubert JJ et al. (E598 Collab.) Phys. Rev. Lett. 33:1404 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Augustin JE et al. (SLAC-SP-017 Collab.) Phys. Rev. Lett. 33:1406 1974. [Adv. Exp. Phys. 5:141 (1976)]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Feldman G, Matthews PT. Nuovo Cim. A 31:447 1976.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Dolgov AD. On the possible interpretation of the new particles as gauge bosons Rep. CERN-TH-1999, CERN, Geneva 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Goldhaber G. Observation of a narrow state at 1865-MeV/c2 decaying into and produced in e+e annihilation. Proceedings of the IPP International School on the Experimental Status and Theoretical Approaches in Physics at High Energy Accelerators241–71 Montreal: McGill Univ. 1976.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Pinzino J. (NA62 Collab.) Proc. Sci. HQL 2018:027 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Ellis JR, Gaillard MK, Nanopoulos DV. Nucl. Phys. B 100:313 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Ellis JR, Gaillard MK, Nanopoulos DV. Nucl. Phys. B 106:292 1976.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Higgs P. Phys. Rev. 145:1156 1966.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Englert F, Brout R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13:321 1964.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Georgi HM, Glashow SL, Machacek ME, Nanopoulos DV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40:692 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Glashow SL, Nanopoulos DV, Yildiz A. Phys. Rev. D 18:1724 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Goldstein J et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86:1694 2001.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Aad G et al. (ATLAS Collab.) Phys. Lett. B 716:1 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Chatrchyan S et al. (CMS Collab.) Phys. Lett. B 716:30 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Ellis JR, Gaillard MK, Ross GG. Nucl. Phys. B 111:253 1976. Erratum Nucl. Phys. B 130:516 (1977)
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Buras AJ, Ellis JR, Gaillard MK, Nanopoulos DV. Nucl. Phys. B 135:66 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    Hanson G et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35:1609 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    DeGrand TA, Ng YJ, Tye SHH. Phys. Rev. D 16:3251 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Sterman GF, Weinberg S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:1436 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Georgi H, Machacek M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:1237 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Farhi E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:1587 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    de Rújula A, Ellis JR, Floratos EG, Gaillard MK. Nucl. Phys. B 138:387 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Berger C et al. (PLUTO Collab.) Phys. Lett. B 82:449 1979.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Herb SW et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:252 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Wu SL, Zobernig G Z. Phys. C 2:107 1979.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Wiik BH. Conf. Proc. C 7906181:113 1979.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Brandelik R et al. (TASSO Collab.) Phys. Lett. B 86:243 1979.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Bartel W et al. (JADE Collab. Phys. Lett. B 91:142 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Barber DP et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 43:830 1979.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Perl M et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35:1489 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Kobayashi M, Maskawa T. Prog. Theor. Phys. 49:652 1973.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Harari H Theoretical implications of the new particles. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies, Stanford, Calif., Aug 21–27, 1975 WT Kirk 317–53 Stanford, CA: SLAC 1975.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Georgi H, Quinn HR, Weinberg S. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33:451 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Georgi H, Glashow SL. Phys. Rev. Lett. 32:438 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Chanowitz M, Ellis JR, Gaillard MK. Nucl. Phys. B 128:506 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Maiani L. Phys. Lett. B 62:183 1976.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Ellis JR, Gaillard MK, Nanopoulos DV, Rudaz S. Nucl. Phys. B 131:285 1977. Erratum Nucl. Phys. B 132:541 (1978)
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Gaillard MK. Report on women in scientific careers at CERN Rep. CERN-DG-11, CERN Geneva: 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Gaillard MK. A Singularly Unfeminine Profession Singapore: World Sci 2015.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Lee BW, Quigg C, Thacker HB. Phys. Rev. Lett. 38:883 1977.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Chanowitz MS, Gaillard MK. Phys. Lett. B 142:85 1984.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Chanowitz MS, Gaillard MK. Nucl. Phys. B 261:379 1985.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    't Hooft G Recent Developments in Gauge Theories New York/London: Plenum 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Weinberg S. Phys. Rev. D 13:974 1976.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Golfand YA, Likhtman EP. JETP Lett 13:323 1971.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Volkov DV, Akulov VP. Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 16:621 1972.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Wess J, Zumino B. Phys. Lett. B 49:52 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Mandelstam S. Nucl. Phys. B 213:149 1983.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Freedman DZ, van Nieuwenhuizen P, Ferrara S. Phys. Rev. D 13:3214 1976.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Deser S, Zumino B. Phys. Lett. B 62:335 1976.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    Bern Z et al. Fortsch. Phys. 59:561 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Kallosh R. J. High Energy Phys. 1106:073 2011.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Ellis JR, Gaillard MK, Maiani L, Zumino B Attempts at superunification. Unification of the Fundamental Particle Interactions S Ferrara, J Ellis, P van Nieuwenhuizen 69–88 New York/London: Plenum 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    Cremmer E, Julia B Phys. Lett. B 80:48 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Gaillard MK, Zumino B. Nucl. Phys. B 193:221 1981.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    D'Adda A, Di Vecchia P, Lüscher M. Nucl. Phys. B 152:125 1979.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    Weinberg S, Witten E. Phys. Lett. B 96:59 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Coleman SR, Witten E. Phys. Rev. Lett. 45:100 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Scherk J, Schwarz J. Nucl. Phys. B 81:118 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Yoneya T. Prog. Theor. Phys. 51:1907 1974.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Green MB, Schwarz JH. Phys. Lett. B 149:117 1984.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Kaufman BL, Nelson BD, Gaillard MK. Phys. Rev. D 88:025003 2013.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. 102. 
    Gaillard MK, Leedom J. Nucl. Phys. B 927:196 2018.
    [Google Scholar]
  103. 103. 
    Gaillard MK, Leedom JM. Nucl. Phys. B 949:114785 2019.
    [Google Scholar]
  104. 104. 
    Gaillard MK, Nelson BD. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 22:1451 2007.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. 
    Gaillard MK, Stora R Proceedings of the Les Houches Summer School in Theoretical Physics, Vol. 37: Gauge Theories in High-Energy Physics Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co 1983.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. 106. 
    Gaillard MK, Maiani L, Petronzio R. Phys. Lett. B 110:489 1982.
    [Google Scholar]
  107. 107. 
    Wojcicki S et al. Report of the 1983 HEPAP Subpanel on New Facilities. Rep. DOE/ER-0169, US Dep. Energy Washington, DC: 1983.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. 108. 
    Appelquist T, Gaillard MK, Jackson JD. Am. Sci. 72:151 1984.
    [Google Scholar]
  109. 109. 
    Gaillard MK Superconducting supercollider. McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology 335 SP Parker 333–35 New York: McGraw-Hill 1986.
    [Google Scholar]
  110. 110. 
    Gaillard MK. Electroweak interactions at the SSC: introductory remarks: multi W and Z production Paper presented at the Workshop on Options for the Super Collider Univ. Chicago Feb. 13–17 1984.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. 111. 
    Appelquist T, Gaillard MK, Hinchliffe I Proceedings of the Theoretical Workshop on Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley Lab 1984.
    [Google Scholar]
  112. 112. 
    Gaillard MK. Physics at the Superconducting Supercollider Presented in the Shell Seminar Series at the National Science Teachers Association National Convention St. Louis, MO: Apr. 7–10 1988.); Lederman LM, Quigg C , eds. Appraising the Ring: Statements in Support of the Supercollider Washington, DC: Univ. Res. Assoc. (1988)
    [Google Scholar]
  113. 113. 
    Witherell M et al. Report of the 1992 HEPAP Subpanel on the U.S. Program of High Energy Physics Research Rep. DOE/ER-0542P, US Dep. Energy Washington, DC: 1992.
    [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. 
    Armstrong J et al. Government funding of scientific research Work. Pap. NSB-97-186 Natl. Sci. Board Alexandria, VA: 1997.
    [Google Scholar]
  115. 115. 
    Gaillard MK et al. Failing our children: implications of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study Rep. NSB-98-154 Natl. Sci. Board Alexandria, VA: 1998.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. 116. 
    Kelly EM, Suzuki RH, Gaillard MK. Issues Sci. Technol. 15:37 1999.
    [Google Scholar]
  117. 117. 
    Kelly EM et al. Preparing our children: math and science education in the national interest Rep. NSB-99-31 Natl. Sci. Board Alexandria, VA: 1999.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-053716
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error