1932

Abstract

The field of nonverbal communication (NVC) has a long history involving many cue modalities, including face, voice, body, touch, and interpersonal space; different levels of analysis, including normative, group, and individual differences; and many substantive themes that cross from psychology into other disciplines. In this review, we focus on NVC as it pertains to individuals and social interaction. We concentrate specifically on () the meanings and correlates of cues that are enacted (sent) by encoders and () the perception of nonverbal cues and the accuracy of such perception. Frameworks are presented for conceptualizing and understanding the process of sending and receiving nonverbal cues. Measurement issues are discussed, and theoretical issues and new developments are covered briefly. Although our review is primarily oriented within social and personality psychology, the interdisciplinary nature of NVC is evident in the growing body of research on NVC across many areas of scientific inquiry.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103145
2019-01-04
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/psych/70/1/annurev-psych-010418-103145.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103145&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abel MH 2002. An Empirical Reflection on the Smile Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Adrien JL, Lenoir P, Martineau J, Perrot A, Hameury L et al. 1993. Blind ratings of early symptoms of autism based upon home movies. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 32:617–26
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Agnew CR, Carlston DE, Graziano WG, Kelly JR 2010. Then a Miracle Occurs: Focusing on Behavior in Social Psychological Theory and Research Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ambady N 2010. The perils of pondering: intuition and thin slice judgments. Psychol. Inq. 21:271–78
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Apicella CL, Feinberg DR 2009. Voice pitch alters mate-choice-relevant perception in hunter-gatherers. Proc. R. Soc. B 276:1077–82
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Aubanel V, Nguyen N 2010. Automatic recognition of regional phonological variation in conversational interaction. Speech Commun 52:577–86
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Babiloni F, Astolfi L 2014. Social neuroscience and hyperscanning techniques: past, present and future. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 44:76–93
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Back MD, Kenny DA 2010. The social relations model: how to understand dyadic processes. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 4:855–70
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Back MD, Schmukle SC, Egloff B 2011. A closer look at first sight: social relations lens model analysis of personality and interpersonal attraction at zero acquaintance. Eur. J. Personal. 25:225–38
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Baeck H, Corthals P, Borsel J 2011. Pitch characteristics of homosexual males. J. Voice 25:e211–14
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bänziger T, Patel S, Scherer KR 2014. The role of perceived voice and speech characteristics in vocal emotion communication. J. Nonverbal Behav. 38:31–52
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Hill J, Raste Y, Plumb I 2001. The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 42:241–51
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bartlett M, Littlewort G, Vural E, Whitehill J, Wu T et al. 2011. Insights on spontaneous facial expressions from automatic expression measurement. Dynamic Faces: Insights from Experiments and Computation C Curio, HH Bülthoff, MA Giese 211–38 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Benson V, Castelhano MS, Howard PL, Latif N, Rayner K 2016. Looking, seeing and believing in autism: Eye movements reveal how subtle cognitive processing differences impact in the social domain. Autism Res 9:879–87
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bernieri FJ, Gillis JS, Davis JM, Grahe JE 1996. Dyad rapport and the accuracy of its judgment across situations: a lens model analysis. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 71:110–29
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Biesanz JC 2010. The social accuracy model of interpersonal perception: assessing individual differences in perceptive and expressive accuracy. Multivar. Behav. Res. 45:853–85
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Biesanz JC, Human LJ 2010. The cost of forming more accurate impressions: Accuracy-motivated perceivers see the personality of others more distinctively but less normatively than perceivers without an explicit goal. Psychol. Sci. 21:589–94
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Blake R, Shiffrar M 2007. Perception of human motion. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58:47–73
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Blanch-Hartigan D, Andrzejewski SA, Hill KM 2012. The effectiveness of training to improve person perception accuracy: a meta-analysis. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 34:483–98
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bond CF Jr, DePaulo BM 2006. Accuracy of deception judgments. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 10:214–34
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bonneh YS, Levanon Y, Dean-Pardo O, Lossos L, Adini Y 2011. Abnormal speech spectrum and increased pitch variability in young autistic children. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 4:237
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Borkenau P, Brecke S, Möttig C, Paelecke M 2009. Extraversion is accurately perceived after a 50-ms exposure to a face. J. Res. Personal. 43:703–6
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Borkenau P, Mauer N, Riemann R, Spinath FM, Angleitner A 2004. Thin slices of behavior as cues of personality and intelligence. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 86:599–614
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Borkowska B, Pawlowski B 2011. Female voice frequency in the context of dominance and attractiveness perception. Anim. Behav. 82:55–59
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Broesch T, Bryant GA 2017. Fathers' infant-directed speech in a small-scale society. Child Dev 89:e29–41
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Brown BL, Lambert WW 1976. A cross-cultural study of social status markers in speech. Can. J. Behav. Sci. 8:39–55
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Brunswik E 1956. Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments Berkeley, CA: Univ. Calif. Press, 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Bryant G, Haselton M 2008. Vocal cues of ovulation in human females. Biol. Lett. 5:12–15
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Burgoon JK, Dunbar NE 2006. Nonverbal expressions of dominance and power in human relationships. Manusov & Patterson 2006 279–97
  30. Burgoon JK, Guerrero LK, Floyd K 2016. Nonverbal Communication London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Calvo RA, D'Mello SK, Gratch J, Kappas A 2015. The Oxford Handbook of Affective Computing Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Cartei V, Reby D 2012. Acting gay: Male actors shift frequency components of their voices towards female values when playing homosexual characters. J. Nonverbal Behav. 36:79–93
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Chaby L, Hupont I, Luherne-du Boullay V, Chetouani M 2017. Gaze behavior consistency among older and younger adults when looking at emotional faces. Front. Psychol. 8:548
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Chartrand TL, Lakin JL 2013. The antecedents and consequences of human behavioral mimicry. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64:285–308
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Cheng JT, Tracy JL, Ho S, Henrich J 2016. Listen, follow me: Dynamic vocal signals of dominance predict emergent social rank in humans. J. Exp. Psychol. 145:536–54
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Cho SH, Park JM, Kwon OY 2004. Gender differences in three dimensional gait analysis data from 98 healthy Korean adults. Clin. Biomech. 19:145–52
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Christov-Moore L, Iacoboni M 2015. Emotions in interaction: toward a supraindividual study of empathy. Emotion in Group Decision and Negotiation B Martinovsky 1–32 Berlin: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Cohn JF, Ambadar Z, Ekman P 2007. Observer-based measurement of facial expression with the Facial Action Coding System. Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment JA Coan, JJB Allen 203–21 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Côté S, Kraus MW, Cheng BH, Oveis C, van der Löwe I et al. 2011. Social power facilitates the effect of prosocial orientation on empathic accuracy. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 101:217–32
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Daily SB, James MT, Cherry D, Porter JJ III, Darnell SS et al. 2017. Affective computing: historical foundations, current applications, and future trends. Emotions and Affect in Human Factors and Human-Computer Interaction M Jeon 213–31 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Dasgupta PB 2017. Detection and analysis of human emotions through voice and speech pattern processing. Int. J. Comput. Trends Technol. 52:1
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Dickey CC, Vu MAT, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, McCarley RW, Panych LP 2012. Prosodic abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder. Schiz. Res. 142:20–30
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Doherty-Sneddon G, Whittle L, Riby DM 2013. Gaze aversion during social style interactions in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome. Res. Dev. Disabil. 34:616–26
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Doré BP, Zerubavel N, Ochsner KN 2015. Social cognitive neuroscience: a review of core systems. APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 1: Attitudes and Social Cognition M Mikulincer, PR Shaver, E Borgida, JA Bargh 693–720 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Eftekhar A, Fullwood C, Morris N 2014. Capturing personality from Facebook photos and photo-related activities: How much exposure do you need?. Comp. Hum. Behav. 37:162–70
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Ekman P 2017. Facial expressions. Fernández-Dols & Russell 2017 39–56
  47. Elfenbein HA, Ambady N 2002. On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 128:203–35
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Ellis L, Das S, Buker H 2008. Androgen-promoted physiological traits and criminality: a test of the evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory. Personal. Individ. Differ. 44:701–11
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Esposito G, Venuti P, Bornstein MH 2011. Assessment of distress in young children: a comparison of autistic disorder, developmental delay, and typical development. Res. Autism Spectr. Dis. 5:1510–16
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Fawcett C, Wesevich V, Gredeback C 2016. Pupillary contagion in infancy: evidence for spontaneous transfer of arousal. Psychol. Sci. 27:997–1003
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Fernández-Dols J-M, Russell JA 2017. The Science of Facial Expression Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Finset A 2014. Talk-in-interaction and neuropsychological processes. Scand. J. Psychol. 55:212–18
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Fischer J, Semple S, Fickenscher G, Jürgens R, Kruse E et al. 2011. Do women's voices provide cues of the likelihood of ovulation? The importance of sampling regime. PLOS ONE 6:e24490
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Fitzgerald CJ, Horgan TG, Himes SM 2016. Shaping men's memory: the effects of a female's waist-to-hip ratio on men's memory for her appearance and biographical information. Evol. Hum. Behav. 37:510–16
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Fraccaro PJ, Jones BC, Vukovic J, Smith FG, Watkins CD et al. 2011. Experimental evidence that women speak in a higher voice pitch to men they find attractive. J. Evol. Psychol. 9:57–67
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Fridlund AJ 2017. The behavioral ecology view of facial displays, 25 years later. Fernández-Dols & Russell 2017 77–92
  57. Funder DC 1999. Personality Judgment: A Realistic Approach to Person Perception Cambridge, MA: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Gadassi R, Mor N, Rafaeli E 2011. Depression and empathic accuracy in couples: an interpersonal model of gender differences in depression. Psychol. Sci. 22:1033–41
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Goffman E 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life New York: Doubleday
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Gökçen E, Frederickson N, Petrides KV 2016. Theory of mind and executive control deficits in typically developing adults and adolescents with high levels of autism traits. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 46:2072–87
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Goldin-Meadow S, Alibali MW 2013. Gesture's role in speaking, learning, and creating language. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64:257–83
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Gunaydin G, Selcuk E, Zayas V 2017. Impressions based on a portrait predict, 1-month later, impressions following a live interaction. Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci. 8:36–44
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Hall JA, Andrzejewski SA, Murphy NA, Schmid Mast M, Feinstein BA 2008. Accuracy of judging others’ traits and states: comparing mean levels across tests. J. Res. Personal. 42:1476–89
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Hall JA, Andrzejewski SA, Yopchick JE 2009.a Psychosocial correlates of interpersonal sensitivity: a meta-analysis. J. Nonverbal Behav. 33:149–80
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Hall JA, Blanch DC, Horgan TG, Murphy NA, Rosip JC, Schmid Mast M 2009.b Motivation and interpersonal sensitivity: Does it matter how hard you try. Motiv. Emot. 33:291–302
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Hall JA, Coats EJ, Smith LeBeau L 2005. Nonverbal behavior and the vertical dimension of social relations: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 131:898–924
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Hall JA, Gunnery SD 2013. Gender differences in nonverbal communication. Hall & Knapp 2013, 639–69
  68. Hall JA, Gunnery SD, Horgan TG 2016.a Gender differences in interpersonal accuracy. Hall et al. 2016b 309–27
  69. Hall JA, Knapp ML 2013. Nonverbal Communication Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Hall JA, Rosip JC, Smith LeBeau L, Horgan TG, Carter JD 2006. Attributing the sources of accuracy in unequal-power dyadic communication: Who is better and why?. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 42:18–27
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Hall JA, Schmid Mast M, Latu I 2015. The vertical dimension of social relations and accurate interpersonal perception: a meta-analysis. J. Nonverbal Behav. 39:131–63
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Hall JA, Schmid Mast M, West TV 2016.b The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Harrigan JA, Rosenthal R, Scherer KR 2005. The New Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Heaver B, Hutton SB 2011. Keeping an eye on the truth? Pupil-size changes associated with recognition memory. Memory 19:398–405
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hirschmüller S, Schmukle SC, Krause S, Back MD, Egloff B 2018. Accuracy of self-esteem judgments at zero acquaintance. J. Personal. 86:308–19
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Hodges SD, Lewis KL, Ickes W 2015. The matter of other minds: empathic accuracy and the factors that influence it. APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 3: Interpersonal Relations M Mikulincer, PR Shaver, JA Simpson, JF Dovidio 319–48 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Horgan TG, Broadbent J, McKibbin WF, Duehring AJ 2016. Show versus tell? The effects of mating context on women's memory for a man's physical features and verbal statements. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 33:733–50
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Hughes S, Dispenza F, Gallup G 2004. Ratings of voice attractiveness predict sexual behavior and body configuration. Evol. Hum. Behav. 25:295–304
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Ickes W 2016. Empathic accuracy: judging thoughts and feelings. Hall et al. 2016b 52–69
  80. Jack RE, Schyns PG 2017. Toward a social psychophysics of face communication. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 68:269–97
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Karelaia N, Hogarth RM 2008. Determinants of linear judgment: a meta-analysis of lens model studies. Psychol. Bull. 134:404–26
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Karthikeyan S, Ramachandra V 2016. Are vocal pitch changes in response to facial expressions of emotions potential cues of empathy? A preliminary report. J. Psycholinguist. Res. 46:457–68
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Kaufmann E, Athanasou JA 2009. A meta-analysis of judgment achievement as defined by the lens model equation. Swiss J. Psychol. 68:99–112
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Kemper S 1994. Speech accommodations to older adults. Aging Cogn 1:17–28
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Kenny DA, West TV 2008. Zero acquaintance: definitions, statistical model, findings, and process. First Impressions N Ambady, JJ Skowronski 129–46 New York: Guilford
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Klimecki O, Singer T 2013. Empathy from the perspective of social neuroscience. The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience J Armony, P Vuilleumier 533–49 Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Knapp ML, Hall JA, Horgan TG 2014. Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 8th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Ko SJ, Sadler M, Galinsky AD 2014. The sound of power: conveying and detecting hierarchical rank through voice. Psychol. Sci. 26:3–14
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Ko SU, Tolea MI, Hausdorff JM, Ferrucci L 2011. Sex-specific differences in gait patterns of healthy older adults: results from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J. Biomech. 44:1974–79
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Kostić A, Chadee D 2015. The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication London: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Kraus MW, Keltner D 2009. Signs of socioeconomic status: a thin-slicing approach. Psychol. Sci. 20:99–106
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Krumhuber EG, Tamarit L, Roesch EB, Scherer KR 2012. FACSGen 2.0 animation software: generating three-dimensional FACS-valid facial expressions for emotion research. Emotion 12:351–63
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Kuhl PK, Andruski JE, Chistovich IA, Chistovich LA, Kozhevnikova EV et al. 1997. Cross-language analysis of phonetic units in language addressed to infants. Science 277:684–86
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Labov W 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  95. LaFrance M, Hecht MA, Paluck EL 2003. The contingent smile: a meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychol. Bull. 129:305–34
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Lakin JL 2006. Automatic cognitive processes and nonverbal communication. Manusov & Patterson 2006 59–77
  97. Leongómez JD, Binter J, Kubicová L, Stolařová P, Klapilová K et al. 2014. Vocal modulation during courtship increases proceptivity even in naive listeners. Evol. Hum. Behav. 35:489–96
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Leongómez JD, Mileva VR, Little AC, Roberts SC 2017. Perceived differences in social status between speaker and listener affect the speaker's vocal characteristics. PLOS ONE 12:e0179407
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Linneman TJ 2012. Gender in jeopardy! Intonation variation on a television game show. Gender Soc 27:82–105
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Lombardi N, Buchanan J, Wolf S, Campana K, Sattler A, Lai D 2014. Is elderspeak appropriate? A survey of certified nursing assistants. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 40:44–52
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Loveland K, Tunali-Kotoski B, Pearson DA, Brelsford KA, Ortegon J, Chen R 1994. Imitation and expression of facial affect in autism. Dev. Psychopathol. 6:433–44
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Manusov V, Patterson ML 2006. TheSAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Martineau J, Hernandez N, Hiebel L, Roché L, Metzge A, Bonnet-Brilhault F 2011. Can pupil size and pupil responses during visual scanning contribute to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in children?. J. Psychiatr. Res. 45:1077–82
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Matsumoto D, Hwang H, Frank MG 2016. APA Handbook of Nonverbal Communication Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc
    [Google Scholar]
  105. McNeill D 2016. Why We Gesture: The Surprising Role of Hand Movements in Communication Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Moriuchi JM, Klin A, Jones W 2017. Mechanisms of diminished attention to eyes in autism. Am. J. Psychiatry 174:26–35
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Mundt J, Snyder P, Cannizzaro M, Chappi K, Geralts D 2007. Voice acoustic measures of depression severity and treatment response collected via interactive voice response (IVR) technology. J. Neurolinguist. 20:50–64
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Murphy NA, Hall JA, Ruben MA, Frauendorfer D, Schmid Mast M et al. 2018. Predictive validity of thin-slice nonverbal behavior from social interactions. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Murphy NA, Hall JA, Schmid Mast M, Ruben MA, Frauendorfer D et al. 2015. Reliability and validity of nonverbal thin slices in social interactions. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 41:199–213
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Murphy NA, Lehrfeld JM, Isaacowitz DM 2010. Recognition of posed and spontaneous dynamic smiles in young and older adults. Psychol. Aging 25:811–21
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Mutic S, Moellers EM, Wiesmann M, Freiherr J 2015. Chemosensory communication of gender information: masculinity bias in body odor perception and femininity bias introduced by chemosignals during social perception. Front. Psychol. 6:1980
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Narayan CR, McDermott LC 2016. Speech rate and pitch characteristics of infant-directed speech: longitudinal and cross-linguistic observations. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139:1272–81
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Naumann LP, Vazire S, Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD 2009. Personality judgments based on physical appearance. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 35:1661–71
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Nestler S, Back MD 2013. Applications and extensions of the lens model to understand interpersonal judgments at zero acquaintance. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 22:374–79
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Nowicki S, Duke MP 2001. Nonverbal receptivity: the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy (DANVA). Interpersonal Sensitivity: Theory and Measurement JA Hall, FJ Bernieri 183–98 Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  116. O'Connor J, Re D, Feinberg DR 2011. Voice pitch influences perceptions of sexual infidelity. Evol. Psychol. 9:64–78
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Otero SC, Weeks BS, Hutton SB 2011. Pupil size changes during recognition memory. Psychophysiology 48:1346–53
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Patterson ML 1982. A sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange. Psychol. Rev. 89:231–49
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Patterson ML 2018. A systems model of dyadic nonverbal interaction. J. Nonverbal Behav. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Pernet C, Belin P 2012. The role of pitch and timbre in voice gender categorization. Front. Psychol. 3:23
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Piazza EA, Iordan MC, Lew-Williams C 2017. Mothers consistently alter their unique vocal fingerprints when communicating with infants. Curr. Biol. 27:3162–67
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Pine K, Gurney D, Fletcher B 2010. The semantic specificity hypothesis: when gestures do not depend upon the presence of a listener. J. Nonverbal Behav. 34:169–78
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Plusquellec P, Denault V 2018. The 1000 most cited papers on visible nonverbal behavior: a bibliometric analysis. J. Nonverbal Behav. 3:347–77
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Puts DA, Doll LM, Hill AK 2014. Sexual selection on human voices. Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior VA Weekes-Shackelford, TK Shackelford 69–86 Berlin: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Puts DA, Hill AK, Bailey DH, Walker RS, Rendall D et al. 2016. Sexual selection on male vocal fundamental frequency in humans and other anthropoids. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:182920152830
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Realo A, Allik J, Nõlvak A, Valk R, Ruus T et al. 2003. Mind-reading ability: beliefs and performance. J. Res. Personal. 37:420–45
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Reed L, Sayette M, Cohn J 2007. Impact of depression on response to comedy: a dynamic facial coding analysis. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 116:804–9
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Reynolds DJ, Gifford R 2001. The sounds and sights of intelligence: a lens model channel analysis. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 27:187–200
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Richeson JA, Shelton JN 2005. Thin slices of racial bias. J. Nonverbal Behav. 29:75–86
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Rodriguez-Lujan I, Bailador G, Sanchez-Avila C, Herrero A, Vidal-de-Miguel G 2013. Analysis of pattern recognition and dimensionality reduction techniques for odor biometrics. Knowl.-Based Syst. 52:279–89
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Rule NO, Alaei R 2016. “Gaydar”: the perception of sexual orientation from subtle cues. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 25:444–48
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Rule NO, Tskhay KO 2014. The influence of economic context on the relationship between chief executive officer facial appearance and company profits. Leadersh. Q. 25:846–54
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Ryan EB, Hummert ML, Boich LH 1995. Communication predicaments of ageing: patronizing behavior towards older adults. J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 14:144–66
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Saint-Georges C, Chetouani M, Cassel R, Apicella F, Mahdhaoui A et al. 2013. Motherese in interaction: at the cross-road of emotion and cognition? (A systematic review). PLOS ONE 8:e78103
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Schlegel K, Boone RT, Hall JA 2017.a Individual differences in interpersonal accuracy: a multi-level meta-analysis to assess whether judging other people is one skill or many. J. Nonverbal Behav. 41:103–37
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Schlegel K, Grandjean D, Scherer KR 2014. Introducing the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test: an example of Rasch-based test development. Psychol. Assess. 26:666–72
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Schlegel K, Scherer KR 2018. The nomological network of emotion knowledge and emotion understanding in adults: evidence from two new performance-based tests. Cogn. Emot. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Schlegel K, Vicaria IM, Isaacowitz DM, Hall JA 2017.b Effectiveness of a short audiovisual emotion recognition training program in adults. Motiv. Emot. 5:646–60
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Schmid P 2016. Situational influences on interpersonal accuracy. Hall et al. 2016b 230–52
  140. Schmid Mast M, Gatica-Perez D, Frauendorfer D, Nguyen L, Choudhury T 2015. Social sensing for psychology: automated interpersonal behavior assessment. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 24:154–60
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Schmid Mast M, Hall JA 2018. The impact of interpersonal accuracy for behavioral outcomes. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Sell A, Bryant G, Cosmides L, Tooby J, Sznycer D et al. 2010. Adaptations in humans for assessing physical strength from the voice. Proc. R. Soc. B 277:3509–18
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Sibai FN, Hosani HI, Naqbi RN, Dhanhani S, Shehhi S 2011. Iris recognition using artificial neural networks. Expert Syst. Appl. 38:5940–46
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Skorska MN, Geniole SN, Vrysen BM, McCormick CM, Bogaert AF 2015. Facial structure predicts sexual orientation in both men and women. Arch. Sex. Behav. 44:1377–94
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Smith-Genthôs R, Reich DA, Lakin J, Casa de Calvo M 2015. The tongue-tied chameleon: the role of nonconscious mimicry in the behavioral confirmation process. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 56:179–82
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Sulpizio S, Kuroda K, Dalsasso M, Asakawa T, Bornstein MH et al. 2018. Discriminating between mothers' infant- and adult-directed speech: cross-linguistic generalizability from Japanese to Italian and German. Neurosci. Res. 133:21–27
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Takemura N, Makihara Y, Moramatsu D, Echigo T, Yasushi Y 2018. On input/output architectures for convolutional neural network-based cross-view gait recognition. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Thimm C, Rademacher U, Kruse L 1998. Age stereotypes and patronizing messages: features of age-adapted speech in technical instructions to the elderly. J. Appl. Commun. Res. 26:66–82
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Todorov A 2017. Face Value: The Irresistible Influence of First Impressions Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Todorov A, Olivola CY, Dotsch R, Mende-Siedlecki P 2015. Social attributions from faces: determinants, consequences, accuracy, and functional significance. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66:519–45
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Trevisan DA, Bowering M, Birmingham E 2016. Alexithymia, but not autism spectrum disorder, may be related to the production of emotional facial expressions. Mol. Autism Brain Cogn. Behav. 7:46
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Van Bezooijen R 1995. Sociocultural aspects of pitch differences between Japanese and Dutch women. Lang. Speech 38:253–65
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Vazire S, Naumann LP, Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD 2008. Portrait of a narcissist: manifestations of narcissism in physical appearance. J. Res. Personal. 42:1439–47
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Vicaria IM, Dickens L 2016. Meta-analyses of the intra- and interpersonal outcomes of interpersonal coordination. J. Nonverbal Behav. 40:335–61
    [Google Scholar]
  155. West TV, Kenny DA 2011. The truth and bias model of judgment. Psychol. Rev. 118:357–78
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Wiener M, Devoe S, Rubinow S, Geller J 1972. Nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication. Psychol. Rev. 79:185–214
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Wieser MJ, Pauli P, Grosseibl M, Molzow I, Mühlberger A 2010. Virtual social interactions in social anxiety: the impact of sex, gaze, and interpersonal distance. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 13:547–54
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Williams K, Herman R 2011. Linking resident behavior to dementia care communication: effects of emotional tone. Behav. Ther. 42:42–46
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Witt PL, Wheeless LR, Allen M 2006. The relationship between teacher immediacy and student learning: a meta-analysis. Classroom Communication and Instructional Processes: Advances through Meta-Analysis BM Gayle, RW Preiss, N Burrell, M Allen 149–68 Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Yirmiya N, Kasari C, Sigman M, Mundy P 1989. Facial expressions of affect in autistic, mentally retarded and normal children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 30:725–35
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Zaki J 2013. Cue integration: a common framework for social cognition and physical perception. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8:296–312
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Zaki J, Weber J, Bolger N, Ochsner K 2009. The neural bases of empathic accuracy. PNAS 106:11382–87
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Zangl R, Mills D 2007. Increased brain activity to infant‐directed speech in 6‐ and 13‐month‐old infants. Infancy 11:31–62
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Zebrowitz LA, Collins MA 1997. Accurate social perception at zero acquaintance: the affordances of a Gibsonian approach. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 1:204–23
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Zhang J, Reid SA, Gasiorek J, Palomares NA 2018. Voice pitch variation and status differentiation in mixed-sex dyads: a test of expectation states theory, role congruity theory, and the biosocial model. Commun. Res. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Zougkou K, Weinstein N, Paulmann S 2017. ERP correlates of motivating voices: Quality of motivation and time-course matters. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 12:1687–700
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103145
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103145
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error