1932

Abstract

Culture and personality are two central topics in psychology. Individuals are culturally influenced influencers of culture, yet the research linking culture and personality has been limited and fragmentary. We integrate the literatures on culture and personality with recent advances in socioecology and genetics to formulate the Socioecological-Genetic Framework of Culture and Personality. Our framework not only delineates the mutual constitution of culture and personality but also sheds light on () the roots of culture and personality, () how socioecological changes partly explain temporal trends in culture and personality, and () how genes and culture/socioecology interact to influence personality (i.e., nature × nurture interactions). By spotlighting the roles of socioecology and genetics, our integrative framework advances the understanding of culture and personality.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-032631
2023-01-18
2024-05-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/psych/74/1/annurev-psych-032420-032631.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-032631&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adam H, Obodaru O, Lu JG, Maddux WW, Galinsky AD. 2018. The shortest path to oneself leads around the world: Living abroad increases self-concept clarity. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 145:16–29
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allport GW. 1961. Pattern and Growth in Personality Oxford, UK: Holt, Reinhart & Winston
  3. Ashton MC, Lee K, Perugini M, Szarota P, de Vries RE et al. 2004. A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 86:2356–66
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bartram D. 2013. Scalar equivalence of OPQ32: Big Five profiles of 31 countries. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 44:161–83
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Benet V, Waller NG. 1995. The Big Seven factor model of personality description: evidence for its cross-cultural generality in a Spanish sample. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69:4701–18
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Benet-Martínez V 2021. Culture and personality processes: basic tenets and current directions. The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes JF Rauthmann 247–71 Amsterdam: Elsevier
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Benet-Martínez V, Oishi S 2008. Culture and personality. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research OP John, RW Robins, LA Pervin 542–67 New York: Guilford. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Benet-Martínez V, Waller NG. 1997. Further evidence for the cross-cultural generality of the Big Seven factor model: indigenous and imported Spanish personality constructs. J. Pers. 65:3567–98
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bianchi EC. 2016. American individualism rises and falls with the economy: cross-temporal evidence that individualism declines when the economy falters. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 111:4567–84
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bleidorn W, Klimstra TA, Denissen JJA, Rentfrow PJ, Potter J, Gosling SD. 2013. Personality maturation around the world: a cross-cultural examination of social-investment theory. Psychol. Sci 24:122530–40
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bond MH. 2000. Localizing the imperial outreach: the Big Five and more in Chinese culture. Am. Behav. Sci. 44:163–72
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bouchard TJ, Loehlin JC. 2001. Genes, evolution, and personality. Behav. Genet. 31:3243–73
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brouwers SA, van Hemert DA, Breugelmans SM, van de Vijver FJR. 2004. A historical analysis of empirical studies published in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1970–2004. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 35:3251–62
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Cai H, Zou X, Feng Y, Liu Y, Jing Y. 2018. Increasing need for uniqueness in contemporary China: empirical evidence. Front. Psychol. 9:554
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Cheung FM, Leung K, Zhang J-X, Sun H-F, Gan Y-Q et al. 2001. Indigenous Chinese personality constructs: Is the five-factor model complete?. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 32:4407–33
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Chiu C-Y, Gelfand MJ, Yamagishi T, Shteynberg G, Wan C 2010. Intersubjective culture: the role of intersubjective perceptions in cross-cultural research. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5:4482–93
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Chua RYJ, Huang KG, Jin M 2019. Mapping cultural tightness and its links to innovation, urbanization, and happiness across 31 provinces in China. PNAS 116:146720–25
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Church AT. 2016. Personality traits across cultures. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 8:22–30
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Cohen AB, Varnum ME. 2016. Beyond East versus West: social class, region, and religion as forms of culture. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 8:5–9
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Cole SW. 2009. Social regulation of human gene expression. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 18:3132–37
    [Google Scholar]
  21. De Raad B, Barelds DPH, Levert E, Ostendorf F, Mlačić B et al. 2010. Only three factors of personality description are fully replicable across languages: a comparison of 14 trait taxonomies. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 98:1160–73
    [Google Scholar]
  22. DeYoung CG. 2015. Cybernetic Big Five Theory. J. Res. Pers. 56:33–58
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Durkee PK, Lukaszewski AW, von Rueden CR, Gurven MD, Buss DM, Tucker-Drob EM. 2022. Niche diversity predicts personality structure across 115 nations. Psychol. Sci 33:2285–98
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Fetvadjiev VH, Meiring D, van de Vijver FJR, Nel JA, Hill C. 2015. The South African Personality Inventory (SAPI): a culture-informed instrument for the country's main ethnocultural groups. Psychol. Assess. 27:3827–37
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Fincher CL, Thornhill R, Murray DR, Schaller M. 2008. Pathogen prevalence predicts human cross-cultural variability in individualism/collectivism. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 275: 1640.1279–85
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Fischer R, Lee A, Verzijden MN. 2018. Dopamine genes are linked to Extraversion and Neuroticism personality traits, but only in demanding climates. Sci. Rep. 8:11733
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, Ropero S, Setien F et al. 2005. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. PNAS 102:3010604–9
    [Google Scholar]
  28. García LF, Aluja A, Rossier J, Ostendorf F, Glicksohn J et al. 2022. Exploring the stability of HEXACO-60 structure and the association of gender, age, and social position with personality traits across 18 countries. J. Pers. 90:2256–76
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Gelfand MJ, Jackson JC, Pan X, Nau D, Pieper D et al. 2021. The relationship between cultural tightness-looseness and COVID-19 cases and deaths: a global analysis. Lancet Planet. Health 5:3e135–44
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Gelfand MJ, Raver JL, Nishii L, Leslie LM, Lun J et al. 2011. Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study. Science 332:60331100–4
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Gentile B, Twenge JM, Campbell WK. 2010. Birth cohort differences in self-esteem, 1988–2008: a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 14:3261–68
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Götz FM, Ebert T, Gosling SD, Obschonka M, Potter J, Rentfrow PJ. 2021. Local housing market dynamics predict rapid shifts in cultural openness: a 9-year study across 199 cities. Am. Psychol. 76:6947–61
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Götz FM, Stieger S, Gosling SD, Potter J, Rentfrow PJ. 2020. Physical topography is associated with human personality. Nat. Hum. Behav. 4:111135–44
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Greenfield PM. 2013. The changing psychology of culture from 1800 through 2000. Psychol. Sci. 24:91722–31
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Grossmann I, Varnum MEW. 2015. Social structure, infectious diseases, disasters, secularism, and cultural change in America. Psychol. Sci. 26:3311–24
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Güngör D, Bornstein MH, De Leersnyder J, Cote L, Ceulemans E, Mesquita B. 2013. Acculturation of personality: a three-culture study of Japanese, Japanese Americans, and European Americans. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 44:5701–18
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Gurven M, von Rueden C, Massenkoff M, Kaplan H, Lero Vie M 2013. How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 104:2354–70
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Hamamura T. 2012. Are cultures becoming individualistic? A cross-temporal comparison of individualism-collectivism in the United States and Japan. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 16:13–24
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Hamamura T, Heine SJ, Paulhus DL. 2008. Cultural differences in response styles: the role of dialectical thinking. Pers. Individ. Differ. 44:4932–42
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Han N, Ren X, Wu P, Liu X, Zhu T. 2021. Increase of collectivistic expression in China during the COVID-19 outbreak: an empirical study on online social networks. Front. Psychol. 12:632204
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Harrington JR, Gelfand MJ. 2014. Tightness-looseness across the 50 United States. PNAS 111:227990–95
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Heine SJ, Buchtel EE. 2009. Personality: the universal and the culturally specific. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 60:369–94
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Heine SJ, Buchtel EE, Norenzayan A. 2008. What do cross-national comparisons of personality traits tell us? The case of conscientiousness. Psychol. Sci. 19:4309–13
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Heine SJ, Lehman DR, Markus HR, Kitayama S. 1999. Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?. Psychol. Rev. 106:4766–94
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Henry S, Mõttus R. 2020. Traits and adaptations: a theoretical examination and new empirical evidence. Eur. J. Pers. 34:3265–84
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Higgins ET. 1998. Promotion and prevention: regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 30:1–46
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Hofstede G, McCrae RR. 2004. Personality and culture revisited: linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cult. Res. 38:152–88
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Hong Y-y, Morris MW, Chiu C-y, Benet-Martínez V. 2000. Multicultural minds: a dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. Am. Psychol. 55:7709–20
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Inglehart R, Baker WE. 2000. Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. Am. Sociol. Rev. 65:119–51
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Jokela M. 2020. Selective residential mobility and social influence in the emergence of neighborhood personality differences: longitudinal data from Australia. J. Res. Pers. 86:103953
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Jokela M, Bleidorn W, Lamb ME, Gosling SD, Rentfrow PJ. 2015. Geographically varying associations between personality and life satisfaction in the London metropolitan area. PNAS 112:3725–30
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Jokela M, Lehtimäki T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. 2007. The influence of urban/rural residency on depressive symptoms is moderated by the serotonin receptor 2A gene. Am. J. Med. Genet. 144B:7918–22
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Kashima Y, Bain PG, Perfors A. 2019. The psychology of cultural dynamics: What is it, what do we know, and what is yet to be known?. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70:499–529
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Kim HS, Sherman DK, Mojaverian T, Sasaki JY, Park J et al. 2011. Gene-culture interaction: oxytocin receptor polymorphism (OXTR) and emotion regulation. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 2:6665–72
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Kitayama S, Berg MK, Chopik WJ. 2020. Culture and well-being in late adulthood: theory and evidence. Am. Psychol. 75:4567–76
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Kitayama S, Conway LG, Pietromonaco PR, Park H, Plaut VC. 2010. Ethos of independence across regions in the United States: the production-adoption model of cultural change. Am. Psychol. 65:6559–74
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Kitayama S, Huff S 2015. Cultural neuroscience: connecting culture, brain, and genes. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences MC Buchmann, RA Scott, SM Kosslyn Hoboken, NJ: Wiley https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0062
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kitayama S, Ishii K, Imada T, Takemura K, Ramaswamy J. 2006. Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: evidence from Japan's “northern frontier. .” J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91:3369–84
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Kitayama S, King A, Yoon C, Tompson S, Huff S, Liberzon I. 2014. The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) moderates cultural difference in independent versus interdependent social orientation. Psychol. Sci 25:61169–77
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Kitayama S, Markus HR, Matsumoti H, Norasakkunkit V. 1997. Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 72:61245–67
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Kitayama S, Yu Q 2020. Mutual constitution of culture and the mind: insights from cultural neuroscience. Culture, Mind, and Brain: Emerging Concepts, Models, and Applications LJ Kirmayer, CM Worthman, S Kitayama, R Lemelson, CA Cummings 89–119 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Krueger RF, Johnson W 2021. Behavioral genetics and personality: ongoing efforts to integrate nature and nurture. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research OP John, RW Robins 217–41 New York: Guilford. , 4th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Kwan VSY, Herrmann SD 2015. The interplay between culture and personality. APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 4: Personality Processes and Individual Differences M Mikulincer, PR Shaver 553–74 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Laland KN, Odling-Smee J, Myles S 2010. How culture shaped the human genome: bringing genetics and the human sciences together. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11:2137–48
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Lee K, Ashton MC. 2008. The HEXACO personality factors in the indigenous personality lexicons of English and 11 other languages. J. Pers. 76:51001–54
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Leung AK-Y, Cohen D. 2011. Within- and between-culture variation: individual differences and the cultural logics of honor, face, and dignity cultures. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100:3507–26
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Li LMW, Li W, Mei D, Wang Y 2020. Self-esteem among Chinese Cohorts: its temporal trend and its relationships with socioecological factors, 1993–2016. Eur. J. Pers. 34:2203–14
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Lu JG. 2020. Air pollution: a systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 32:52–65
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Lu JG. 2022. Two large-scale global studies on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy over time: culture, uncertainty avoidance, and vaccine side-effect concerns. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol press. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000320
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  70. Lu JG, Hafenbrack AC, Eastwick PW, Wang DJ, Maddux WW, Galinsky AD. 2017a.. “ Going out” of the box: Close intercultural friendships and romantic relationships spark creativity, workplace innovation, and entrepreneurship. J. Appl. Psychol. 102:71091–108
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Lu JG, Jin P, English AS 2021. Collectivism predicts mask use during COVID-19. PNAS 118:23e2021793118
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lu JG, Nisbett RE, Morris MW. 2020. Why East Asians but not South Asians are underrepresented in leadership positions in the United States. PNAS 117:94590–600
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Lu JG, Nisbett RE, Morris MW. 2022a. The surprising underperformance of East Asians in US law and business schools: the liability of low assertiveness and the ameliorative potential of online classrooms. PNAS 119:13e2118244119
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Lu JG, Quoidbach J, Gino F, Chakroff A, Maddux WW, Galinsky AD. 2017b. The dark side of going abroad: how broad foreign experiences increase immoral behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 112:11–16
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Lu JG, Swaab RI, Galinsky AD. 2022b. Global leaders for global teams: Leaders with multicultural experiences communicate and lead more effectively, especially in multinational teams. Organ. Sci 33:4155473
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Lukaszewski AW, Gurven M, von Rueden CR, Schmitt DP. 2017. What explains personality covariation? A test of the socioecological complexity hypothesis. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 8:8943–52
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Maddux WW, Lu JG, Affinito SJ, Galinsky AD. 2021. Multicultural experiences: a systematic review and new theoretical framework. Acad. Manag. Ann. 15:2345–76
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Markus HR. 2004. Culture and personality: brief for an arranged marriage. J. Res. Pers. 38:175–83
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Markus HR, Kitayama S. 2010. Cultures and selves: a cycle of mutual constitution. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5:4420–30
    [Google Scholar]
  80. McAdams DP. 2010. The problem of meaning in personality psychology from the standpoints of dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and life stories. Jpn. J. Pers. 18:3173–86
    [Google Scholar]
  81. McAdams DP, Pals JL. 2006. A new Big Five: fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. Am. Psychol. 61:3204–17
    [Google Scholar]
  82. McCrae RR. 2017. The Five-Factor Model across cultures. The Praeger Handbook of Personality Across Cultures: Trait Psychology Across Cultures AT Church 47–71. Westport, CT: Praeger/ABC-CLIO
    [Google Scholar]
  83. McCrae RR, Costa PT 2008. The five-factor theory of personality. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, ed. OP John, RW Robins, LA Pervin 159–81 New York: Guilford. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  84. McCrae RR, Terracciano A. 2005. Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 89:3407–25
    [Google Scholar]
  85. McCrae RR, Yik MSM, Trapnell PD, Bond MH, Paulhus DL. 1998. Interpreting personality profiles across cultures: bilingual, acculturation, and peer rating studies of Chinese undergraduates. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74:41041–55
    [Google Scholar]
  86. McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonté B et al. 2009. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat. Neurosci. 12:3342–48
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Morris MW, Chiu C, Liu Z. 2015. Polycultural psychology. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66:631–59
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Murray DR, Schaller M. 2010. Historical prevalence of infectious diseases within 230 geopolitical regions: a tool for investigating origins of culture. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 41:199–108
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Murray DR, Schaller M, Suedfeld P. 2013. Pathogens and politics: further evidence that parasite prevalence predicts authoritarianism. PLOS ONE 8:5e62275
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Murray DR, Trudeau R, Schaller M. 2011. On the origins of cultural differences in conformity: four tests of the pathogen prevalence hypothesis. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 37:3318–29
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Nagel M, Jansen PR, Stringer S, Watanabe K, de Leeuw CA et al. 2018. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism in 449,484 individuals identifies novel genetic loci and pathways. Nat. Genet. 50:7920–27
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Niehoff E, Petersdotter L, Freund PA. 2017. International sojourn experience and personality development: selection and socialization effects of studying abroad and the Big Five. Pers. Individ. Diff. 112:55–61
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Obschonka M, Stuetzer M, Rentfrow PJ, Lee N, Potter J, Gosling SD. 2018a. Fear, populism, and the geopolitical landscape: the “sleeper effect” of neurotic personality traits on regional voting behavior in the 2016 Brexit and Trump elections. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 9:3285–98
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Obschonka M, Stuetzer M, Rentfrow PJ, Shaw-Taylor L, Satchell M et al. 2018b. In the shadow of coal: how large-scale industries contributed to present-day regional differences in personality and well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 115:5903–27
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Ogihara Y, Fujita H, Tominaga H, Ishigaki S, Kashimoto T et al. 2015. Are common names becoming less common? The rise in uniqueness and individualism in Japan. Front. Psychol 6:1490
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Oishi S. 2014. Socioecological psychology. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 65:581–609
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Oishi S, Komiya A. 2017. Natural disaster risk and collectivism. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 48:81263–70
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Oishi S, Kushlev K, Benet‑Martínez V 2021. Culture and personality: current directions. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, ed. OP John, RW Robins 686–703 New York: Guilford. , 4th ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Oyserman D. 2017. Culture three ways: culture and subcultures within countries. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 68:435–63
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Ozer DJ, Benet-Martínez V. 2006. Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57:401–21
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Peng L, Luo S. 2021. Impact of social economic development on personality traits among Chinese college students: a cross-temporal meta-analysis, 2001–2016. Pers. Individ. Diff. 171:110461
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Perroud N, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Prada P, Olié E, Salzmann A et al. 2011. Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma. Transl. Psychiatry 1:12e59
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Plomin R, DeFries JC, Knopik VS, Neiderhiser JM. 2016. Top 10 replicated findings from behavioral genetics. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 11:13–23
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Raskin RN, Hall CS. 1979. A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychol. Rep. 45:2590
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Rentfrow PJ. 2010. Statewide differences in personality: toward a psychological geography of the United States. Am. Psychol. 65:6548–58
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD, Potter J. 2008. A theory of the emergence, persistence, and expression of geographic variation in psychological characteristics. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3:5339–69
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Rentfrow PJ, Jokela M, Lamb ME. 2015. Regional personality differences in Great Britain. PLOS ONE 10:3e0122245
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Rentfrow PJ, Jost JT, Gosling SD, Potter J 2009. Statewide differences in personality predict voting patterns in 1996–2004 U.S. presidential elections. Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification JT Jost, AC Kay, H Thorisdottir 314–47 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Richerson PJ, Boyd R, Henrich J. 2010. Gene-culture coevolution in the age of genomics. PNAS 107:Suppl. 28985–92
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Roberts BW, Walton KE, Viechtbauer W. 2006. Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol. Bull. 132:11–25
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Roberts BW, Wood D, Smith JL. 2005. Evaluating Five Factor Theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development. J. Res. Pers. 39:1166–84
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Roberts BW, Yoon HJ. 2022. Personality psychology. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 73:489–516
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Santos HC, Varnum MEW, Grossmann I. 2017. Global increases in individualism. Psychol. Sci. 28:91228–39
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Sasaki JY, Kim HS. 2017. Nature, nurture, and their interplay: a review of cultural neuroscience. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 48:14–22
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Saucier G, Thalmayer AG, Bel-Bahar TS. 2014. Human attribute concepts: relative ubiquity across twelve mutually isolated languages. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 107:1199–216
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Schaller M, Murray DR. 2008. Pathogens, personality, and culture: Disease prevalence predicts worldwide variability in sociosexuality, extraversion, and openness to experience. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 95:1212–21
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Schmitt DP, Allik J, McCrae RR, Benet-Martínez V. 2007. The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits: patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 38:2173–212
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Schwekendiek D. 2009. Height and weight differences between North and South Korea. J. Biosoc. Sci. 41:151–55
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Scollon CN, Diener E. 2006. Love, work, and changes in extraversion and neuroticism over time. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91:61152–65
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Shweder RA. 1991. Thinking Through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
  121. Singelis TM, Triandis HC, Bhawuk DPS, Gelfand MJ. 1995. Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cult. Res. 29:3240–75
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Smaldino PE, Lukaszewski A, von Rueden C, Gurven M. 2019. Niche diversity can explain cross-cultural differences in personality structure. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3:121276–83
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Smits IAM, Dolan CV, Vorst HCM, Wicherts JM, Timmerman ME. 2011. Cohort differences in Big Five personality factors over a period of 25 years. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100:61124–38
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Sng O, Neuberg SL, Varnum MEW, Kenrick DT. 2017. The crowded life is a slow life: population density and life history strategy. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 112:5736–54
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Talhelm T, English AS. 2020. Historically rice-farming societies have tighter social norms in China and worldwide. PNAS 117:3319816–24
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Talhelm T, Zhang X, Oishi S, Shimin C, Duan D et al. 2014. Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science 344:6184603–8
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Thomson R, Yuki M, Talhelm T, Schug J, Kito M et al. 2018. Relational mobility predicts social behaviors in 39 countries and is tied to historical farming and threat. PNAS 115:297521–26
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Thornhill R, Fincher CL, Aran D. 2009. Parasites, democratization, and the liberalization of values across contemporary countries. Biol. Rev. 84:1113–31
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Thornhill R, Fincher CL, Murray DR, Schaller M. 2010. Zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases in relation to human personality and societal values: support for the parasite-stress model. Evol. Psychol. 8:2151–69
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Triandis HC. 2001. Individualism-collectivism and personality. J. Pers. 69:6907–24
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Triandis HC, Suh EM. 2002. Cultural influences on personality. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53:133–60
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Turkheimer E, Pettersson E, Horn EE. 2014. A phenotypic null hypothesis for the genetics of personality. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 65:515–40
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Twenge JM. 2001. Birth cohort changes in extraversion: a cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1966–1993. Pers. Individ. Diff. 30:5735–48
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Twenge JM, Abebe EM, Campbell WK. 2010. Fitting in or standing out: trends in American parents’ choices for children's names, 1880–2007. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 1:119–25
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Twenge JM, Campbell WK. 2001. Age and birth cohort differences in self-esteem: a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 5:4321–44
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Twenge JM, Konrath S, Foster JD, Campbell WK, Bushman BJ. 2008. Egos inflating over time: a cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. J. Pers. 76:4875–902
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Uchida Y, Takemura K, Fukushima S, Saizen I, Kawamura Y et al. 2019. Farming cultivates a community-level shared culture through collective activities: examining contextual effects with multilevel analyses. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 116:11–14
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Uchiyama R, Spicer R, Muthukrishna M. 2021. Cultural evolution of genetic heritability. Behav. Brain Sci 45:e152
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Uskul AK, Kitayama S, Nisbett RE. 2008. Ecocultural basis of cognition: Farmers and fishermen are more holistic than herders. PNAS 105:258552–56
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Van de Vliert E. 2011. Climato-economic origins of variation in ingroup favoritism. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 42:3494–515
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Van de Vliert E. 2020. The global ecology of differentiation between us and them. Nat. Hum. Behav. 4:3270–78
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Van de Vliert E, Postmes T. 2012. Climato-economic livability predicts societal collectivism and political autocracy better than parasitic stress does. Behav. Brain Sci. 35:294–95
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Van de Vliert E, Van Lange PAM. 2019. Latitudinal psychology: an ecological perspective on creativity, aggression, happiness, and beyond. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 14:5860–84
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Van de Vliert E, Yang H, Wang Y, Ren X. 2013. Climato-economic imprints on Chinese collectivism. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 44:4589–605
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Vandello JA, Cohen D. 1999. Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 77:2279–92
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Varnum MEW, Grossmann I. 2017. Pathogen prevalence is associated with cultural changes in gender equality. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1:0003
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Varnum MEW, Kitayama S. 2011. What's in a name? Popular names are less common on frontiers. Psychol. Sci. 22:2176–83
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Vukasović T, Bratko D. 2015. Heritability of personality: a meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychol. Bull. 141:4769–85
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Wei W, Lu JG, Galinsky AD, Wu H, Gosling SD et al. 2017. Regional ambient temperature is associated with human personality. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1:12890–95
    [Google Scholar]
  150. White AE, Kenrick DT, Li YJ, Mortensen CR, Neuberg SL, Cohen AB. 2012. When nasty breeds nice: Threats of violence amplify agreeableness at national, individual, and situational levels. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 103:4622–34
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Yamagishi T, Hashimoto H, Li Y, Schug J. 2012. Stadtluft macht frei (City air brings freedom). J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 43:138–45
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Yamawaki N. 2012. Within-culture variations of collectivism in Japan. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 43:81191–204
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Zeng R, Greenfield PM. 2015. Cultural evolution over the last 40 years in China: using the Google Ngram Viewer to study implications of social and political change for cultural values. Int. J. Psychol. 50:147–55
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Zhang R, Noels KA, Guan Y, Weng L. 2017. Making sense of positive self-evaluations in China: the role of sociocultural change. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 47:136–52
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Zimmermann J, Neyer FJ. 2013. Do we become a different person when hitting the road? Personality development of sojourners. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 105:3515–30
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-032631
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-032631
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error