1932

Abstract

The ability to prioritize valuable information is critical for the efficient use of memory in daily life. When information is important, we engage more effective encoding mechanisms that can better support retrieval. Here, we describe a dual-mechanism framework of value-directed remembering in which both strategic and automatic processes lead to differential encoding of valuable information. Strategic processes rely on metacognitive awareness of effective deep encoding strategies that allow younger and healthy older adults to selectively remember important information. In contrast, some high-value information may also be encoded automatically in the absence of intention to remember, but this may be more impaired in older age. These different mechanisms are subserved by different neural substrates, with left-hemisphere semantic processing regions active during the strategic encoding of high-value items, and automatic enhancement of encoding of high-value items may be supported by activation of midbrain dopaminergic projections to the hippocampal region.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032921-050951
2022-01-04
2024-12-14
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/psych/73/1/annurev-psych-032921-050951.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032921-050951&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adcock RA, Thangavel A, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Knutson B, Gabrieli JDE. 2006. Reward motivated learning: Mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron 50:507–17
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen RJ, Atkinson AL, Nicholls LAB. 2021. Strategic prioritisation enhances young and older adults’ visual feature binding in working memory. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 74:2363–76
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ariel R, Castel AD 2014. Eyes wide open: enhanced pupil dilation when selectively studying important information. Exp. Brain Res. 232:337–44
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ariel R, Dunlosky J, Bailey H 2009. Agenda-based regulation of study-time allocation: when agendas override item-based monitoring. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 138:432–47
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Ariel R, Price J, Hertzog C 2015. Age-related associative memory deficits in value-based remembering: the contribution of agenda-based regulation and strategy use. Psychol. Aging 30:795–808
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Berridge KC. 2006. The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology 191:391–431
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. 1998. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res. Rev. 28:309–69
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bethus I, Tse D, Morris RGM. 2010. Dopamine and memory: modulation of the persistence of memory for novel hippocampal NMDA receptor-dependent paired associates. J. Neurosci. 30:1610–18
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bijleveld E, Custers R, Aarts H 2012. Adaptive reward pursuit: how effort requirements affect unconscious reward responses and conscious reward decisions. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 141:728–42
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Binder JR, Desai RH. 2011. The neurobiology of semantic memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15:527–36
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bjork RA, Woodward AE. 1973. Directed forgetting of individual words in free recall. J. Exp. Psychol. 99:22–27
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Blumenfeld RS, Ranganath C. 2007. Prefrontal cortex and long-term memory encoding: an integrative review of findings from neuropsychology and neuroimaging. Neuroscientist 13:280–91
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Boekaerts M. 1999. Self-regulated learning: Where are we today?. Int. J. Educ. Res. 31:445–57
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bowen HJ. 2020. Examining memory in the context of emotion and motivation. Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep. 7:193–202
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bowen HJ, Ford JH, Grady CL, Spaniol J 2020. Frontostriatal functional connectivity supports reward-enhanced memory in older adults. Neurobiol. Aging 90:1–12
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Braun EK, Wimmer GE, Shohamy D. 2018. Retroactive and graded prioritization of memory by reward. Nat. Commun. 9:4886
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Carr VA, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2015. Age-related differences in memory after attending to distinctiveness or similarity during learning. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 22:155–69
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Castel AD. 2008. The adaptive and strategic use of memory by older adults: evaluative processing and value-directed remembering. Skill and Strategy in Memory Use AS Benjamin, BH Ross pp. 22570 London: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Castel AD, Balota DA, McCabe DP. 2009. Memory efficiency and the strategic control of attention at encoding: impairments of value-directed remembering in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 23:297–306
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Castel AD, Benjamin AS, Craik FIM, Watkins MJ. 2002. The effects of aging on selectivity and control in short-term recall. Mem. Cogn. 30:1078–85
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Castel AD, Farb N, Craik FIM. 2007. Memory for general and specific value information in younger and older adults: measuring the limits of strategic control. Mem. Cogn. 35:689–700
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Castel AD, Friedman MC, McGillivray S, Flores CC, Murayama K et al. 2016. I owe you: age-related similarities and differences in associative memory for gains and losses. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 23:5549–65
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Castel AD, Humphreys KL, Lee SS, Galván A, Balota DA, McCabe DP. 2011a. The development of memory efficiency and value-directed remembering across the lifespan: a cross-sectional study of memory and selectivity. Dev. Psychol. 47:1553–64
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Castel AD, Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Moore AN. 2011b. Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology 25:15–24
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Castel AD, McGillivray S, Friedman MC 2012. Metamemory and memory efficiency in older adults: learning about the benefits of priority processing and value-directed remembering. Memory and Aging: Current Issues and Future Directions M Naveh-Benjamin, N Ohta 245–70 New York: Psychology Press
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Castel AD, Middlebrooks CD, McGillivray S 2015. Monitoring memory in old age: impaired, spared, and aware. The Oxford Handbook of Metamemory J Dunlosky, S Tauber 519–35 Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Castel AD, Murayama K, Friedman MC, McGillivray S, Link I 2013. Selecting valuable information to remember: age-related differences and similarities in self-regulated learning. Psychol. Aging 28:232–42
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Chakravarty S, Fujiwara E, Madan CR, Tomlinson SE, Ober I, Caplan JB. 2019. Value bias of verbal memory. J. Mem. Lang. 107:25–39
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Chu L, Tsai JL, Fung HH. 2020. Association between age and intellectual curiosity: the mediating roles of future time perspective and importance of curiosity. Eur. J. Ageing 18:145–53
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Cohen MS, Rissman J, Hovhannisyan M, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2017. Free recall test experience potentiates strategy-driven effects of value on memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn 43:1581–601
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Cohen MS, Rissman J, Suthana NA, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2014. Value-based modulation of memory encoding involves strategic engagement of fronto-temporal semantic processing regions. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 14:578–92
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Cohen MS, Rissman J, Suthana NA, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2016. Effects of aging on value-directed modulation of semantic network activity during verbal learning. Neuroimage 125:1046–62
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Davachi L, Mitchell JP, Wagner AD 2003. Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial temporal lobe processes build item and source memories. PNAS 100:2157–62
    [Google Scholar]
  34. den Ouden HEM, Kok P, de Lange FP. 2012. How prediction errors shape perception, attention, and motivation. Front. Psychol. 3:548
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Diana RA, Yonelinas AP, Ranganath C. 2007. Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: a three-component model. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11:379–86
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Dunlosky J 1998. Linking metacognitive theory to education. Metacognition in Educational Theory and Practice DJ Hacker, J Dunlosky, AC Grasser 367–81 Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Eldridge LL, Knowlton BJ, Furmanski CS, Bookheimer SY, Engel SA. 2000. Remembering episodes: a selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval. Nat. Neurosci. 3:1149–52
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Elliott BL, Blais C, McClure SM, Brewer GA. 2020a. Neural correlates underlying the effect of reward value on recognition memory. Neuroimage 206:116296
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Elliott BL, Brewer GA. 2019. Divided attention selectively impairs value-directed encoding. Collabra Psychol 5:4
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Elliott BL, McClure SM, Brewer GA. 2020b. Individual differences in value-directed remembering. Cognition 201:104275
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Fabiani M, Karis D, Donchin E 1990. Effects of mnemonic strategy manipulation in a Von Restorff paradigm. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 75:22–35
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Fastrich GM, Kerr T, Castel AD, Murayama K. 2018. The role of interest in memory for trivia questions: an investigation with a large-scale database. Motiv. Sci. 4:227–50
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Ferguson LM, Ahrens AM, Longyear LG, Aldridge JW. 2020. Neurons of the ventral tegmental area encode individual differences in motivational “wanting” for reward cues. J. Neurosci. 40:8951–63
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Fibiger HC, Phillips AG 1986. Reward, motivation, cognition: psychobiology of mesotelencephalic dopamine systems. Handbook of Physiology: The Nervous System IV FE Bloom, SD Geiger 647–58 Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Fourquet NY, Patterson TK, Li C, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2020. Effects of age-related stereotype threat on metacognition. Front. Psychol. 11:604978
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Friedman MC, McGillivray S, Murayama K, Castel AD 2015. Memory for medication side effects in younger and older adults: the role of subjective and objective importance. Mem. Cogn. 43:206–15
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Galli G, Sirota M, Gruber MJ, Ivanof BE, Ganesh J et al. 2018. Learning facts during aging: the benefits of curiosity. Exp. Aging Res. 44:311–28
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Galván A, Hare TA, Parra CE, Penn J, Voss H et al. 2006. Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. J. Neurosci. 26:6885–92
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Gardiner JM, Gawlik B, Richardson-Klavehn A. 1994. Maintenance rehearsal affects knowing, not remembering; elaborative rehearsal affects remembering, not knowing. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1:107–10
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Garrett DD, Grady CL, Hasher L. 2010. Everyday memory compensation: the impact of cognitive reserve, subjective memory, and stress. Psychol. Aging 25:74–83
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Gasbarri A, Sulli A, Packard MG. 1997. The dopaminergic mesencephalic projections to the hippocampal formation in the rat. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 21:1–22
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Gasbarri A, Verney C, Innocenzi R, Campana E, Pacitti C 1994. Mesolimbic dopamine neurons innervating the hippocampal formation in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study. Brain Res 668:71–79
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Ghetti S, Bunge SA. 2012. Neural changes underlying the development of episodic memory during middle childhood. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 2:381–95
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Giedd JN. 2004. Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1021:77–85
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Glimscher PW. 2011. Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. PNAS 108:15647–54
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Gogtay N, Nugent TF 3rd, Herman DH, Ordonez A, Greenstein D et al. 2006. Dynamic mapping of normal human hippocampal development. Hippocampus 16:664–72
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Griffin ML, Benjamin AS, Sahakyan L, Stanley SE. 2019. A matter of priorities: High working memory enables (slightly) superior value-directed remembering. J. Mem. Lang. 108:104032
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Gruber MJ, Ritchey M, Wang S-F, Doss MK, Ranganath CR. 2016. Post-learning hippocampal dynamics promote preferential retention of rewarding events. Neuron 89:1110–20
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Hadwin AF, Winne PH, Stockley DB, Nesbit JC, Woszczyna C. 2001. Context moderates students’ self-reports about how they study. J. Educ. Psychol. 93:477–87
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hanten G, Li X, Chapman SB, Swank P, Gamino JF et al. 2007. Development of verbal selective learning. Dev. Neuropsychol. 32:585–96
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hargis MB, Castel AD. 2017. Younger and older adults’ associative memory for social information: the role of information importance. Psychol. Aging 32:4325–30
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Hargis MB, Castel AD. 2018. Younger and older adults’ associative memory for medication interactions of varying severity. Memory 26:81151–58
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Hargis MB, Siegel ALM, Castel AD. 2019. Motivated memory, learning, and decision making in older age: shifts in priorities and goals. The Aging Brain G Samanez-Larkin 135–64 Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Hargis MB, Whatley MC, Siegel ALM, Castel AD 2020. Motivated cognition and curiosity in the aging consumer. The Aging Consumer A Drolet, C Yoon 47–66 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Harvey DY, Wei T, Ellmore TM, Hamilton AC, Schnur TT. 2013. Neuropsychological evidence for the functional role of the uncinate fasciculus in semantic control. Neuropsychologia 51:789–801
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Hayes MG, Kelly AJ, Smith AD 2013. Working memory and the strategic control of attention in older and younger adults. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 68:176–83
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Hennessee JP, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2017. Recognizing what matters: Value improves recognition by selectively enhancing recollection. J. Mem. Lang. 94:195–205
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Hennessee JP, Knowlton BJ, Castel AD. 2018. The effects of value on context-item associative memory in younger and older adults. Psychol. Aging 33:46–56
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Hennessee JP, Patterson TK, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2019a. Forget me not: encoding processes in value-directed remembering. J. Mem. Lang. 106:29–39
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Hennessee JP, Reggente N, Cohen MS, Rissman J, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ. 2019b. White matter integrity in brain structures supporting semantic processing is associated with value-directed remembering in older adults. Neuropsychologia 129:246–54
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Hertzog C, Dunlosky J. 1996. The aging of practical memory: an overview. Basic Appl. Mem. Res. Theory Context 1:337–58
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Hertzog C, Price J, Dunlosky J 2008. How is knowledge generated about memory encoding strategy effectiveness?. Learn. Individ. Differ. 18:430–45
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Hertzog C, Sinclair SM, Dunlosky J. 2010. Age differences in the monitoring of learning: cross-sectional evidence of spared resolution across the adult life span. Dev. Psychol. 46:939–48
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Hess TM, Growney CM, O'Brien EL, Neupert SD, Sherwood A 2018. The role of cognitive costs, attitudes about aging, and intrinsic motivation in predicting engagement in everyday activities. Psychol. Aging 33:953–64
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hidi SE, Renninger KA. 2019. Interest development and its relation to curiosity: needed neuroscientific research. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 31:833–52
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Isaacson RM, Fujita F. 2006. Metacognitive knowledge monitoring and self-regulated learning: academic success and reflections on learning. Int. J. Scholarsh. Teach. Learn. 6:39–55
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Jay TM. 2003. Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory mechanisms. Prog. Neurobiol. 69:375–90
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kim A, Merriam SB 2004. Motivations for learning among older adults in a learning in retirement institute. Educ. Gerontol. 30:441–55
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Kinzer A, Suhr JA. 2016. Dementia worry and its relationship to dementia exposure, psychological factors, and subjective memory concerns. Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult 23:196–204
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Kornell N, Bjork RA. 2007. The promise and perils of self-regulated study. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14:219–24
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Kosobud AE, Harris GC, Chapin JK. 1994. Behavioral associations of neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. J. Neurosci. 14:7117–29
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Leanos S, Kürüm E, Strickland-Hughes CM, Ditta AS, Nguyen G et al. 2020. The impact of learning multiple real-world skills on cognitive abilities and functional independence in healthy older adults. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 75:1155–69
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Lebel C, Beaulieu C. 2011. Longitudinal development of human brain wiring continues from childhood into adulthood. J. Neurosci. 31:10937–47
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Li P, Zhang Y, Li W, Li X 2018. Age-related differences in effectiveness of item restudy choices: the role of value. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 25:122–31
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Lisman J, Grace AA. 2005. The hippocampal-VTA loop: controlling the entry of information into long-term memory. Neuron 46:703–13
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Lisman J, Grace AA, Duzel E. 2011. A neo-Hebbian framework for episodic memory; role of dopamine-dependent late LTP. Trends Neurosci 34:536–47
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Ljungberg T, Apicella P, Schultz W 1992. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions. J. Neurophysiol. 67:145–63
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Lo JC, Bennion KA, Chee MW. 2016. Sleep restriction can attenuate prioritization benefits on declarative memory consolidation. J. Sleep Res. 25:664–72
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Madan CR. 2017. Motivated cognition: effects of reward, emotion, and other motivational factors across a variety of cognitive domains. Collabra Psychol 3:124
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Madan CR, Fujiwara E, Gerson BC, Caplan JB. 2012. High reward makes items easier to remember, but harder to bind to a new temporal context. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 6:61
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Mather M. 2016. The affective neuroscience of aging. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 67:213–38
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Mazerolle M, Régner I, Barber SJ, Paccalin M, Miazola AC et al. 2017. Negative aging stereotypes impair performance on brief cognitive tests used to screen for predementia. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 72:6932–36
    [Google Scholar]
  93. McDaniel MA, Einstein GO. 2020. Training learning strategies to promote self-regulation and transfer: the knowledge, belief, commitment, and planning framework. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 15:1363–81
    [Google Scholar]
  94. McGillivray S, Castel AD. 2011. Betting on memory leads to metacognitive improvement by younger and older adults. Psychol. Aging 26:137–42
    [Google Scholar]
  95. McGillivray S, Castel AD. 2017. Older and younger adults’ strategic control of metacognitive monitoring: the role of consequences, task experience and prior knowledge. Exp. Aging Res. 43:233–56
    [Google Scholar]
  96. McGillivray S, Murayama K, Castel AD. 2015. Thirst for knowledge: the effects of curiosity and interest on memory in younger and older adults. Psychol. Aging 30:835–41
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Middlebrooks CD, Castel AD. 2018. Self-regulated learning of important information under sequential and simultaneous encoding conditions. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn 44:779–92
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Middlebrooks CD, Kerr T, Castel AD. 2017. Selectively distracted: divided attention and memory for important information. Psychol. Sci. 28:1103–15
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Middlebrooks CD, Murayama K, Castel AD. 2016. The value in rushing: memory and selectivity when short on time. Acta Psychol 170:1–9
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Moscovitch M, Cabeza R, Winocur G, Nadel L 2016. Episodic memory and beyond: the hippocampus and neocortex in transformation. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 67:105–34
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Murayama K, Kitagami S. 2014. Consolidation power of extrinsic rewards: Reward cues enhance long-term memory for irrelevant past events. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 143:15–20
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Murphy DH, Agadzhanyan K, Whatley MC, Castel AD 2021. Metacognition and fluid intelligence in value-directed remembering. Metacogn. Learn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-021-09265-9
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  103. Murphy DH, Castel AD. 2020. Responsible remembering: how metacognition impacts adaptive selective memory. Z. Psychol. 228:301–3
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Murphy DH, Castel AD. 2021. Responsible remembering and forgetting as contributors to memory for important information. Mem. Cogn. 49:895–911
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Naveh-Benjamin M. 2000. Adult age differences in memory performance: tests of an associative deficit hypothesis. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 26:1170–87
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Nguyen C, Leanos S, Natsuaki MN, Rebok GW, Wu R. 2020. Adaptation for growth via learning new skills as a means to long-term functional independence in older adulthood: insights from emerging adulthood. Gerontologist 60:4–11
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Nguyen LT, Marini F, Shende SA, Llano DA, Mudar RA. 2020. Investigating EEG theta and alpha oscillations as measures of value-directed strategic processing in cognitively normal younger and older adults. Behav. Brain Res. 391:112702
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Nguyen LT, Marini F, Zacharczuk L, Llano DA, Mudar RA. 2019. Theta and alpha band oscillations during value-directed strategic processing. Behav. Brain Res. 367:210–14
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Nyberg L, Pudas S. 2019. Successful memory aging. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70:219–43
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Ofen N, Kao YC, Sokol-Hessner P, Kim H, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli JD. 2007. Development of the declarative memory system in the human brain. Nat. Neurosci. 10:1198–205
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Ozubko JD, Gopie N, MacLeod CM 2012. Production benefits both recollection and familiarity. Mem. Cogn. 40:326–38
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Pintrich PR. 1995. Understanding self-regulated learning. New Dir. Teach. Learn. 63:3–12
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Polich J. 2007. Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118:2128–48
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Popov V, Marevic I, Rummer J, Reder LM. 2019. Forgetting is a feature, not a bug: Intentionally forgetting some things helps us remember others by freeing up working memory resources. Psychol. Sci. 30:1303–17
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Reggente N, Cohen MS, Zheng ZS, Castel AD, Knowlton BJ, Rissman J. 2018. Memory recall for high reward value items correlates with individual differences in white matter pathways associated with reward processing and fronto-temporal communication. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 12:241
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Rescorla RA, Wagner AD 1972. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory AH Black, WF Prokasy 64–99 New York: Appleton, Century, Crofts
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Robison MK, Unsworth N. 2017. Working memory capacity, strategic allocation of study time, and value-directed remembering. J. Mem. Lang. 93:231–44
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Sakaki M, Yagi A, Murayama K 2018. Curiosity in old age: a possible key to achieving adaptive aging. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 88:106–16
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Salthouse TA. 2019. Trajectories of normal cognitive aging. Psychol. Aging 34:117–24
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Samanez-Larkin GR, Worthy DA, Mata R, McClure SM, Knutson B. 2014. Adult age differences in frontostriatal representation of prediction error but not reward outcome. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 14:672–82
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Schultz W. 2007. Multiple dopamine functions at different time-courses. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 30:259–88
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Schultz W. 2015. Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data. Physiol. Rev. 95:853–951
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Schultz W. 2016. Dopamine reward prediction error coding. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 18:23–32
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Schwartz ST, Siegel ALM, Castel AD. 2020. Strategic encoding and enhanced memory for positive value-location associations. Mem. Cogn. 48:1015–31
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Shohamy D, Adcock RA. 2010. Dopamine and adaptive memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14:464–72
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Siegel ALM, Castel AD. 2018. Memory for important item-location associations in younger and older adults. Psychol. Aging 33:30–45
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Siegel ALM, Castel AD. 2019. Age-related differences in metacognition for memory capacity and selectivity. Memory 27:1236–49
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Siegel ALM, Whatley MC, Hargis MB, Castel AD 2020. Changes in memory and metacognition in older adulthood. The Aging Consumer A Drolet, C Yoon 26–46 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Soderstrom NC, Bjork RA. 2014. Testing facilitates the regulation of subsequent study time. J. Mem. Lang. 73:99–115
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Spaniol J, Bowen HJ, Wegier P, Grady C 2015. Neural responses to monetary incentives in younger and older adults. Brain Res 1612:70–82
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Spaniol J, Schain C, Bowen HJ. 2014. Reward-enhanced memory in younger and older adults. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 69:730–40
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Stefanidi A, Ellis DM, Brewer GA 2018. Free recall dynamics in value-directed remembering. J. Mem. Lang. 100:18–31
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Storm BC, Hickman ML, Bjork EL. 2016. Improving encoding strategies as a function of test knowledge and experience. Mem. Cogn. 44:660–70
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Swirsky LT, Spaniol J. 2019. Cognitive and motivational selectivity in healthy aging. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci. 10:e1512
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Thomas AK, Gutchess A 2020. The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Aging: A Life Course Perspective Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Tulving E, Arbuckle TY. 1966. Input and output interference in short-term associative memory. J. Exp. Psychol. 72:145–50
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Unsworth N. 2010. On the division of working memory and long-term memory and their relation to intelligence: a latent variable approach. Acta Psychol 134:16–28
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Unsworth N. 2016. Working memory capacity and recall from long-term memory: examining the influences of encoding strategies, study time allocation, search efficiency, and monitoring abilities. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn 42:50–61
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Villaseñor JJ, Sklenar AM, Frankenstein AN, Urban Levy P, McCurdy MP, Leshikar ED 2021. Value-directed memory effects on item and context memory. Mem. Cogn. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01153-6
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  140. Visser M, Jeffries E, Lambon Ralph MA. 2010. Semantic processing in the anterior temporal lobes: a meta-analysis of the functional neuroimaging literature. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22:1083–94
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Wendelken C, O'Hare ED, Whitaker KJ, Ferrer E, Bunge SA 2011. Increased functional selectivity over development in rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 31:17260–68
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Witherby AE, Tauber SK, Rhodes MG, Castel AD. 2019. Aging and forgetting: Forgotten information is perceived as less important than is remembered information. Psychol. Aging 34:228–41
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Wittmann BC, Bunzeck N, Dolan RJ, Düzel E. 2007. Anticipation of novelty recruits reward system and hippocampus while promoting recollection. Neuroimage 38:194–202
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Wong S, Irish M, Savage G, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M 2019. Strategic value-directed learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. J. Neuropsychol. 13:328–53
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Yarkoni T, Poldrack RA, Nichols TE, Van Essen DC, Wager TD. 2011. Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. Nat. Methods 8:665–70
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Yonelinas AP. 2002. The nature of recollection and familiarity: a review of 30 years of research. J. Mem. Lang. 46:441–517
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Zanto TP, Gazzaley A. 2019. Aging of the frontal lobe. Handb. Clin. Neurol 163:369–89
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032921-050951
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-032921-050951
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error