1932

Abstract

Orality, literacy, and digitality are forms of knowledge and communication based on speech, reading and writing, and electronic technologies using binary formats, respectively. This article reviews four possible relationships between them: Is literacy (and by extension digitality) the superior form, is orality superior, are all three mostly interchangeable, or do they all change each other as they emerge historically? These different positions imply different histories: linear, contingent, and epochal. This article considers the future of digitality by reviewing these relationships, past and present. These four intellectual positions did not arise neutrally. In fact, the superiority of literacy is rooted in Eurocentric views of technological progress and colonial power. Because this positionality is crucial to understanding the historical relationship among them, the article draws on the philosophy of science of dialectical realism to look for the similarities and differences between the positions, as well as the contradictions. It is a bold call for the comparative historical sociology of digitality (and everything else).

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-033022-035644
2024-08-12
2025-02-15
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/50/1/annurev-soc-033022-035644.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-033022-035644&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Ahmar M. 2022.. Orality and identity in the writing practices of politicians, celebrities, and activists on Lebanese Twitter. . In Digital Orality: Vernacular Writing in Online Spaces, ed. C Cutler, M Ahmar, S Bahri , pp. 95128. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Akinnaso FN. 1992.. Schooling, language, and knowledge in literate and nonliterate societies. . Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 34:(1):68109
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aliakbari R. 2020.. Comparative print culture and alternative literary modernities: a critical introduction to frameworks and case studies. . In Comparative Print Culture: A Study of Alternative Literary Modernities, ed. R Aliakbari , pp. 122. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Allington D, Pihlaja S. 2016.. Reading in the age of the Internet. . Lang. Lit. 25:(3):20110
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson B. 1991.. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London:: Verso. Rev. ed .
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bahri S. 2022.. Ettounsi and Tamazight writing on Facebook: oral vernaculars or new literacies. . In Digital Orality: Vernacular Writing in Online Spaces, ed. C Cutler, M Ahmar, S Bahri , pp. 6593. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bail CA. 2012.. The fringe effect: civil society organizations and the evolution of media discourse about Islam since the September 11th attacks. . Am. Sociol. Rev. 77:(6):85579
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bakhtin M. 1984 (1968).. Rabelais and His World, transl. H Iswolsky. Bloomington:: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Ballantyne T. 2007.. What difference does colonialism make? Reassessing print and social change in an age of global imperialism. . In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ed. SA Baron, EN Lindquist, EF Shevlin , pp. 34252. Amherst:: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Barber K. 2007.. The Anthropology of Texts, Persons and Publics: Oral and Written Culture in Africa and Beyond. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Baron NS. 2005.. The future of written culture: envisioning language in the new millennium. . Ibérica 9::731
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bawden D. 2008.. Origins and concepts of digital literacy. . In Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies and Practices, ed. C Lankshear, M Knobel , pp. 1732. New York:: Peter Lang
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Berger PL, Luckmann T. 1966.. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY:: Doubleday
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bhandari V. 2007.. Print and the emergence of multiple publics in nineteenth-century Punjab. . In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ed. SA Baron, EN Lindquist, EF Shevlin , pp. 26886. Amherst: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bhaskar M. 2013.. The Content Machine: Towards a Theory of Publishing from the Printing Press to the Digital Network. London:: Anthem
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Biakolo E. 1999.. On the theoretical foundations of orality and literacy. . Res. Afr. Lit. 30:(2):4265
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Biber D. 1988.. Variation Across Speech and Writing. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bigelow AM. 2020.. Mining Language: Racial Thinking, Indigenous Knowledge, and Colonial Metallurgy in the Early Modern Iberian World. Williamsburg, VA:: Omohundro Inst. Early Am. Hist. Cult.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Birkerts S. 1994.. The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age. Boston:: Faber and Faber
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bolter JD. 2019.. The Digital Plenitude: The Decline of Elite Culture and the Rise of New Media. Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Boone EH. 1994.. Introduction: writing and recording knowledge. . In Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes, ed. EH Boone, WD Mignolo , pp. 326. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Briggs A, Burke P. 2009.. A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Cambridge, UK:: Polity. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Brill de Ramírez SB. 1999.. Contemporary American Indian Literatures & the Oral Tradition. Tucson:: Univ. Ariz. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Brock A Jr. 2020.. Distributed Blackness: African American Cybercultures. New York:: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Brownlees N. 2005.. Spoken discourse in early English newspapers. . Media Hist. 11:(1/2):6985
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  26. Burrow JA. 1982.. Medieval Writers and Their Work: Middle English Literature 1100–1500. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Camic C, Gross N, Lamont M. 2011.. The study of social knowledge in the making. . In Social Knowledge in the Making, ed. C Camic, N Gross, M Lamont , pp. 140. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Carruthers MJ. 1990.. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Chafe W. 2017.. Orality, literacy, and the representation of thought. . Writ. Pedagogy 9:(1):1520
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. Chang K. 2007.. Kant's disputation of 1770: the dissertation and the communication of knowledge in early modern Europe. . Endeavour 31:(2):4549
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  31. Chetrit J. 2013.. Textual orality and knowledge of illiterate women: the textual performance of Jewish women in Morocco. . In Women and Knowledge in the Mediterranean, ed. F Sadiqi , pp. 89107. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Chow K-W. 2007.. Reinventing Gutenberg: woodblock and movable-type printing in Europe and China. . In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ed. SA Baron, EN Lindquist, EF Shevlin , pp. 16992. Amherst: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Clanchy MT. 1993 (1979).. From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307. Oxford, UK:: Blackwell. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Cutler C, Ahmar M, Bahri S. 2022.. Introduction: the oralization of digital written communication. . In Digital Orality: Vernacular Writing in Online Spaces, ed. C Cutler, M Ahmar, S Bahri , pp. 331. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Dahl P. 2009.. The rise and fall of literacy in classical music: an essay on musical notation. . Font. Artis Musicae 56:(1):6676
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Davis GV. 2021.. How to write an oral culture: Indigenous tradition in contemporary Canadian native writing. . In Orality and Language, ed. GN Devy, GV Davis , pp. 11530. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Derrida J. 1997 (1967).. Of Grammatology, transl. GC Spivak . Baltimore, MD:: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Deschênes B, Eguchi Y. 2018.. Embodied orality: transmission in traditional Japanese music. . Asian Music 49:(1):5879
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  39. Devy GN. 2021.. The languages in India and a movement in retrospect. . In Orality and Language, ed. GN Devy, GV Davis , pp. 3449. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Dewar JA, Ang PH. 2007.. The cultural consequence of printing and the Internet. . In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ed. SA Baron, EN Lindquist, EF Shevlin , pp. 36577. Amherst: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Dobson TM, Willinsky J. 2009.. Digital literacy. . In The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy, ed. DR Olson, N Torrance , pp. 286312. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Eastman C. 2019.. Reading aloud: editorial societies and orality in magazines of the early American republic. . Early Am. Lit. 54:(1):16388
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  43. Edwards BFR. 2020.. Print culture and the reassertion of Indigenous nationhood in early-mid-twentieth-century Canada. . In Comparative Print Culture: A Study of Alternative Literary Modernities, ed. R Aliakbari , pp. 22544. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Eisenstein EL. 2005 (1983).. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Ellerman E. 2007.. The Internet in context. . In Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersonal Implications, ed. J Gackenbach , pp. 1133. Amsterdam:: Elsevier. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Emigh RJ. 1997.. The power of negative thinking: the use of negative case methodology in the development of sociological theory. . Theor. Soc. 26:(5):64984
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  47. Emigh RJ. 2002.. Numeracy or enumeration? The uses of numbers by states and societies. . Soc. Sci. Hist. 26:(4):65398
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Emigh RJ. 2016.. Transitions to capitalisms: past and present. . In The Sociology of Development Handbook, ed. G Hooks, S Makaryan, P Almeida, D Brown, S Cohn , et al., pp. 57796. Oakland:: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Emigh RJ, Ahmed P, Riley D. 2021.. How Everyday Forms of Racial Categorization Survived Imperialist Censuses in Puerto Rico. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Emigh RJ, Hernández-Pérez J. 2022.. The present of the past: a sociotechnological framework for understanding the availability of research materials. . IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput. 44:(4):1627
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  51. Emigh RJ, Riley D, Ahmed P. 2016a.. How Societies and States Count, Vol. 1, Antecedents of Censuses from Medieval to Nation States. Basingstoke, UK:: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Emigh RJ, Riley D, Ahmed P. 2016b.. How Societies and States Count, Vol. 2, Changes in Censuses from Imperialist to Welfare States. Basingstoke, UK:: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Emigh RJ, Riley D, Ahmed P. 2024.. The dialectical comparative methodology. . In After Positivism: New Approaches to Comparison in Historical Sociology, ed. D Mayrl, NH Wilson , 284330. New York:: Columbia Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Evans J, Johns A. 2020.. The new rules of knowledge: an introduction. . Crit. Inq. 46:(4):80612
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  55. Evans MS. 2012.. Who wants a deliberative public sphere?. Sociol. Forum 27:(4):87295
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ewald J. 1988.. Speaking, writing, and authority: explorations in and from the kingdom of Taqali. . Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 30:(2):199224
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  57. Ezell MJM. 1999.. Social Authorship and the Advent of Print. Baltimore, MD:: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Feenberg A. 1999.. Questioning Technology. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Fernback J. 2003.. Legends on the net: an examination of computer-mediated communication as a locus of oral culture. . New Media Soc. 5:(1):2945
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  60. Filbert NW. 2021.. Learning the code: deciphering digital literacy. . Int. J. Digit. Lit. Digit. Competence 12:(2). https://www.igi-global.com/article/learning-the-code/287623
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  61. Finkelstein D, McCleery A. 2005.. An Introduction to Book History. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Finnegan R. 1988.. Literacy and Orality: Studies in the Technology of Communication. Oxford, UK:: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Fleming BJ. 2016.. The materiality of South Asian manuscripts from the University of Pennsylvania MS Coll. 390 and the Rāmamālā library in Bangladesh. . Manuscr. Stud. 1:(1):2851
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  64. Fox A. 2000.. Oral and Literate Culture in England 1500–1700. Oxford, UK:: Clarendon
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Franklin S. 2015.. Control: Digitality as Cultural Logic. Cambridge, UK:: MIT Press
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Fried D. 2020.. Song dynasty classicism and the eleventh century “print modernity. .” In Comparative Print Culture: A Study of Alternative Literary Modernities, ed. R Aliakbari , pp. 2339. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Friedenthal M, Marti H, Seidel R. 2021.. Introduction. . In Early Modern Disputations and Dissertations in an Interdisciplinary and European Context, ed. M Friedenthal, H Marti, R Seidel , pp. 133. Leiden, Neth:.: Brill
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Furniss G. 2004.. Orality: The Power of the Spoken Word. Basingstoke, UK:: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Gackenbach J, von Stackelberg H. 2007.. Self online: personality and demographic implications. . In Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersonal Implications, ed. J Gackenbach , pp. 5573. Amsterdam:: Elsevier. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Gaur A. 1987.. A History of Writing. London:: Br. Libr. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Gee JP. 2012.. Social Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses. Abingdon, UK:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Ginzburg C. 1992 (1976).. The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller, transl. J Tedeschi, A Tedeschi . Baltimore, MD:: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Go J. 2017.. Decolonizing sociology: epistemic inequality and sociological thought. . Soc. Probl. 64:(2):19499
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. Goertzel B. 2007.. World wide brain: self-organizing Internet intelligence as the actualization of the collective unconscious. . In Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersonal Implications, ed. J Gackenbach , pp. 30935. Amsterdam:: Elsevier. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Gomez J. 2008.. Print Is Dead: Books in Our Digital Age. London:: Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Goody J. 1986.. The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Graff HJ. 1987.. The Legacies of Literacy: Continuities and Contradictions in Western Culture and Society. Bloomington:: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Gramsci A. 1971.. Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. Q Hoare, GN Smith, transl. Q Hoare, GN Smith . New York:: International
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Griswold W. 2008.. Regionalism and the Reading Class. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Griswold W, McDonnell T, Wright N. 2005.. Reading and the reading class in the twenty-first century. . Annu. Rev. Sociol. 31::12741
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  81. Habermas J. 1989 (1962).. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, transl. T Burger, with F Lawrence . Cambridge, MA:: MIT Press
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Hassan R. 2020.. The Condition of Digitality: A Post-Modern Marxism for the Practice of Digital Life. London:: Univ. Westminster Press
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Havelock EA. 1982.. The Literature Revolution in Greece and Its Cultural Consequences. Princeton, NJ:: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Haythornthwaite C, Nielsen AL. 2007.. Revisiting computer-mediated communication for work, community, and learning. . In Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Transpersonal Implications, ed. J Gackenbach , pp. 16785. Amsterdam:: Elsevier. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Heyd T. 2021.. Tertiary orality? New approaches to spoken CMC. . Anglistik Int. J. Engl. Stud. 32:(2):13147
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Hoggart R. 1957.. The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working Class Life with Special Reference to Publications and Entertainments. Harmondsworth, UK:: Penguin
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Houston S. 1994.. Literacy among the pre-Columbian Maya: a comparative perspective. . In Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes, ed. EH Boone, WD Mignolo , pp. 2749. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Hudson N. 2002.. Challenging Eisenstein: recent studies in print culture. . Eighteenth-Century Life 26:(2):8395
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  89. Innis HA. 2008 (1951).. The Bias of Communication. Toronto:: Univ. Toronto Press. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Iyengar S, Kinder DR. 1987.. News that Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Johansson C. 2021.. YouTube podcasting, the new orality, and diversity of thought: intermediality, media history, and communication theory as methodological approaches. . In Digital Human Sciences: New ObjectsNew Approaches, ed. S Petersson , pp. 25384. Stockholm, Swed:.: Stockholm Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Johns A. 1998.. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Johns A. 2000.. Miscellaneous methods: authors, societies and journals in early modern England. . Br. J. Hist. Sci. 33:(2):15986
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  94. Kamei-Dyche AT. 2020.. Crafting the modern word: writing, publishing, and modernity in the print culture of prewar Japan. . In Comparative Print Culture: A Study of Alternative Literary Modernities, ed. R Aliakbari , pp. 185203. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Kelly L. 2015.. Knowledge and Power in Prehistoric Societies: Orality, Memory and the Transmission of Culture. New York:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Kern R. 2015.. Language, Literacy, and Technology. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  97. King MB. 1994.. Hearing the echoes of verbal art in Mixtec writing. . In Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes, ed. EH Boone, WD Mignolo , pp. 10236. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Lang A. 2012.. Introduction: transforming reading. . In From Codex to Hypertext: Reading at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, ed. A Lang , pp. 124. Amherst:: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Lanham RA. 1993.. The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts. Chicago:: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Lankshear C, Knobel M. 2008.. Introduction: digital literacies—concepts, policies, and practices. . In Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies and Practices, ed. C Lankshear, M Knobel , pp. 116. New York:: Peter Lang
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Lawson FRS. 2010.. Rethinking the orality-literacy paradigm in musicology. . Oral Tradit. 25:(2):42946
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  102. Lee D-H. 2013.. Mobile snapshots: pictorial communication in the age of tertiary orality. . In New Visualities, New Technologies: The New Ecstasy of Communication, ed. JM Wise, H Koskela , pp. 17188. Farnham, UK:: Ashgate
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Lilliestam L. 1996.. On playing by ear. . Pop. Music 15:(2):195216
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. Liu J. 2022.. Deviant writing and youth identity: transcription of Shanghai Wu dialect on the Internet. . In Digital Orality: Vernacular Writing in Online Spaces, ed. C Cutler, M Ahmar, S Bahri , pp. 12956. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Lo Turco B. 2013.. Propagation of written culture in Brahmanical India. . Scripta 6::8593
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Logan RK. 2010.. Understanding New Media: Extending Marshall McLuhan. New York:: Peter Lang
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Majeed J. 2012.. Literary modernity in South Asia. . In India and the British Empire, ed. DM Peers, N Gooptu , pp. 26283. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Martin A. 2008.. Digital literacy and the “digital society. .” In Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies and Practices, ed. C Lankshear, M Knobel , pp. 15176. New York:: Peter Lang
    [Google Scholar]
  109. McDowell P. 1998.. The Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace 1678–1730. Oxford, UK:: Clarendon Press
    [Google Scholar]
  110. McLuhan M. 1962.. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto:: Univ. Toronto Press
    [Google Scholar]
  111. McRae J. 2007.. “ Ki ngā pito e whā o te ao nei” (To the four corners of this world): Maori publishing and writing for nineteenth-century Maori-language newspapers. . In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ed. SA Baron, EN Lindquist, EF Shevlin , pp. 28799. Amherst:: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Mifsud Joslin B. 2018.. Oral rhetoric and digital media: the Twitter campaign of the 2016 American presidential election. . Antae 5:(3):25871
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Mignolo WD. 1994.. Afterword: writing and recorded knowledge in colonial and postcolonial situations. . In Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes, ed. EH Boone, WD Mignolo , pp. 293313. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Minocha A. 2020.. Fashioning the self: women and transnational networks in colonial Pubjab. . In Comparative Print Culture: A Study of Alternative Literary Modernities, ed. R Aliakbari , pp. 16584. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Mukerji C. 1983.. From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism. New York:: Columbia Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Mun S-H. 2013.. Printing press without copyright: a historical analysis of printing and publishing in Song, China. . Chin. J. Commun. 6:(1):123
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  117. Murray S. 2018.. The Digital Literary Sphere: Reading, Writing, and Selling Books in the Internet Era. Baltimore, MD:: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Negroponte N. 1995.. Being Digital. London:: Hodder and Stoughton
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Noble SU. 2018.. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York:: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Obiechina E. 1975.. Culture, Tradition and Society in the West African Novel. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Okpewho I. 1992.. African Oral Literature: Backgrounds, Character, and Continuity. Bloomington:: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Olson DR, Torrance N. 1991.. Introduction. . In Literacy and Orality, ed. DR Olson, N Torrance , pp. 17. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Omran AI. 2020.. Knowledge disembodied: from paper to digital media. . CyberOrient 14:(1):7295
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  124. Ong WJ. 1982.. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London:: Methuen
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Overbeck A. 2017.. Orality and literacy of online communication. . In Manual of Romance Languages in the Media, ed. K Bedijs, C Maaß , pp. 176200. Berlin:: De Gruyter
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Papacharissi Z. 2015.. The unbearable lightness of information and the impossible gravitas of knowledge: Big Data and the makings of a digital orality. . Media Culture Soc. 37:(7):1095100
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  127. Pattison R. 1982.. On Literacy: The Politics of the Word from Homer to the Age of Rock. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Perrin AJ, Vaisey S. 2008.. Parallel public spheres: distance and discourse in letters to the editor. . Am. J. Sociol. 114:(3):781810
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. Pettegree A. 2014.. The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself. New Haven, CT:: Yale Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Phillips A. 2014.. Turning the Page: The Evolution of the Book. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Polletta F, Chen PCB. 2013.. Gender and public talk: accounting for women's variable participation in the public sphere. . Sociol. Theory 31:(4):291317
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  132. Postman N. 2006 (1985).. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business. London:: Penguin
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Prince BF. 2020.. Podcasts: the potential and possibilities. . Teach. Sociol. 48:(4):26971
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  134. Purves A. 1998.. Flies in the web of hypertext. . In Handbook of Literacy and Technology: Transformations in a Post-Typographic World, ed. D Reinking, MC McKenna, LD Labbo, RD Kieffer , pp. 23551. Mahwah, NJ:: Lawrence Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Ramos G, Yannakakis Y. 2014.. Introduction. . In Indigenous Intellectuals: Knowledge, Power, and Colonial Culture in Mexico and the Andes, ed. G Ramos, Y Yannakakis , pp. 117. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Rappaport J. 1994.. Object and alphabet: Andean Indians and documents in the colonial period. . In Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes, ed. EH Boone, WD Mignolo , pp. 27192. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Rappaport J, Cummins T. 2012.. Beyond the Lettered City: Indigenous Literacies in the Andes. Durham, NC:: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Reinking D. 1998a.. Introduction: synthesizing technological transformations of literacy in a post-typographic world. . In Handbook of Literacy and Technology: Transformations in a Post-Typographic World, ed. D Reinking, MC McKenna, LD Labbo, RD Kieffer , pp. xi-xxx. Mahwah, NJ:: Lawrence Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Reinking D. 1998b.. Transforming texts. . In Handbook of Literacy and Technology: Transformations in a Post-Typographic World, ed. D Reinking, MC McKenna, LD Labbo, RD Kieffer , pp. 12. Mahwah, NJ:: Lawrence Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Ricoeur P. 1971.. The model of the text: meaningful action considered as a text. . Soc. Res. 38:(3):52962
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Riley D, Ahmed P, Emigh RJ. 2021.. Getting real: heuristics in sociological knowledge. . Theor. Soc. 50:(2):31556
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  142. Rodríguez-Buckingham A. 2007.. Change and the printing press in sixteenth-century Spanish America. . In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ed. SA Baron, EN Lindquist, EF Shevlin , pp. 21637. Amherst: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Rogers G. 2020.. Between poetry and reportage: Raúl González Tuñón, journalism and literary modernization in 1930s Argentina. . In Comparative Print Culture: A Study of Alternative Literary Modernities, ed. R Aliakbari , pp. 83103. Cham, Switz:.: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Roper G. 2007.. The printing press and change in the Arab world. . In Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies After Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, ed. SA Baron, EN Lindquist, EF Shevlin , pp. 25067. Amherst: Univ. Mass. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Royston RA. 2023.. Podcasts and new orality in the African mediascape. . New Media Soc. 25:(9):245574
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  146. Salganik MJ. 2018.. Bit by Bit: Social Research in the Digital Age. Princeton, NJ:: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Schudson M. 1997.. Why conversation is not the soul of democracy. . Crit. Stud. Mass Comm. 14:(4):297309
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  148. Soffer O. 2010.. “ Silent orality”: toward a conceptualization of the digital oral features on CMC and SMS texts. . Commun. Theor. 20:(4):387404
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  149. Spunta M. 2006.. The facets of Italian orality: an overview of the recent debate. . In Orality and Literacy in Modern Italian Culture, ed. M Caesar, M Spunta , pp. 93104. London:: Legenda
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Stock B. 1983.. The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Princeton, NJ:: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Street BV. 1984.. Literacy in Theory and Practice. Cambridge, UK:: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Swidler A, Arditi J. 1994.. The new sociology of knowledge. . Annu. Rev. Sociol. 20::30529
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  153. Tandoc EC Jr. 2019.. The facts of fake news: a research review. . Sociol. Compass 3::e12724
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  154. Tannen D. 1982.. Oral and literate strategies in spoken and written narratives. . Language 58:(1):121
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  155. Thompson EP. 1963.. The Making of the English Working Class. New York:: Vintage
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Törnberg P. 2018.. Echo chambers and viral misinformation: modeling fake news as complex contagion. . PLOS ONE 13:(9):e0203958
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  157. Turner D, Allen W. 2013.. Documents, dialogue and the emergence of tertiary orality. . Inf. Res. 18:(3):C44
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Ulmer GL. 2003.. Internet Invention: From Literacy to Electracy. New York:: Longman
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Vaidhyanathan S. 2018.. Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy. Oxford, UK:: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Valle FS. 2023.. In Defense of Solidarity and Pleasure: Feminist Technopolitics from the Global South. Stanford, CA:: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Van der Wal M, Rutten G. 2016.. At the crossroads: orality and literacy in early and late modern Dutch private letters. . In Reading and Writing from Below: Exploring the Margins of Modernity, ed. A-C Edlund, TG Ashplant, A Kuismin , pp. 197214. Umeå, Swed:.: Umeå Univ.
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Van Engelenhoven A. 2021.. Orality in Southeast Asia. . In Orality and Language, ed. GN Devy, GV Davis , pp. 933. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Viereck Salinas R. 2021.. Orality and writing in Spanish America: a translation perspective. , transl. J Alderman . In Orality and Language, ed. GN Devy, GV Davis , pp. 72114. London:: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S. 2018.. The spread of true and false news online. . Science 359:(6380):114651
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  165. Weijers O. 2013.. In Search of the Truth: A History of Disputation Techniques from Antiquity to Early Modern Times. Turnout, Belg.:: Brepols
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Wolf M. 2018.. Reader, Come Home: The Reading Brain in a Digital World. New York:: HarperCollins
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-033022-035644
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error