1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Sociology
  4. Volume 41, 2015
  5. Article

Annual Review of Sociology

Volume 41, 2015

The Emergence of Global Systemic Risk

Abstract

In this article, we discuss the increasing interdependence of societies, focusing specifically on issues of systemic instability and fragility generated by the new and unprecedented level of connectedness and complexity resulting from globalization. We define the global system as a set of tightly coupled interactions that allow for the continued flow of information, capital, goods, services, and people. Using the general concepts of globality, complexity, networks, and the nature of risk, we analyze case studies of trade, finance, infrastructure, climate change, and public health to develop empirical support for the concept of global systemic risk. We seek to identify and describe the sources and nature of such risks and methods of thinking about risks that may inform future academic research and policy-making decisions.

Keyword(s): complexity, emergence, globality, networks, risk
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112317
2015-08-14
2025-05-17
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/soc/41/1/annurev-soc-073014-112317.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112317&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. AIG & Advisen 2013. The vulnerability of global supply chains: the importance of resiliency in the face of systemic risk 2013 White Papers. Advisen Ltd., New York [Google Scholar]
  2. Albert R, Jeong H, Barabási A-L. 2000. Error and attack tolerance of complex networks. Nature 406:6794378–82 [Google Scholar]
  3. Allen F, Gale D. 2000. Financial contagion. J. Polit. Econ. 108:11–33 [Google Scholar]
  4. Altizer S, Ostfeld RS, Johnson PTJ, Kutz S, Harvell CD. 2013. Climate change and infectious diseases: from evidence to a predictive framework. Science 341:6145514–19 [Google Scholar]
  5. Arnell NW. 2010. Adapting to climate change: an evolving research programme. Clim. Change 100:107–11 [Google Scholar]
  6. Bak P. 1996. How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality New York: Copernicus [Google Scholar]
  7. Barabási A-L, Albert R. 1999. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286:5439509–12 [Google Scholar]
  8. Barigozzi M, Fagiolo G, Garlaschelli D. 2010. Multinetwork of international trade: a commodity-specific analysis. Phys. Rev. E 81:4046104 [Google Scholar]
  9. Battiston S, Delli Gatti D, Gallegati M, Greenwald B, Stiglitz JE. 2012. Liaisons dangereuses: increasing connectivity, risk sharing, and systemic risk. J. Econ. Dyn. Control 36:81121–41 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bauch CT, Lloyd-Smith JO, Coffee MP, Galvani AP. 2005. Dynamically modeling SARS and other newly emerging respiratory illnesses: past, present, and future. Epidemiology 16:6791–801 [Google Scholar]
  11. Beck U. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity London: Sage [Google Scholar]
  12. Beck U. 1999. World Risk Society Cambridge, UK: Polity [Google Scholar]
  13. Bernstein PL. 1998. Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk New York: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  14. Bhagwati J. 2004. In Defense of Globalization Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  15. Blinder AS. 2013. After the Music Stopped: The Financial Crisis, the Response, and the Work Ahead New York: Penguin [Google Scholar]
  16. Brenot J, Bonnefous S, Marris C. 1998. Testing the cultural theory of risk in France. Risk Anal. 18:6729–39 [Google Scholar]
  17. Brockmann D, Helbing D. 2013. The hidden geometry of complex, network-driven contagion phenomena. Science 342:61641337–42 [Google Scholar]
  18. Brooke JL. 2014. Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  19. Brunnermeier MK, Oehmke M. 2013. Bubbles, financial crises, and systemic risk. Handbook of the Economics of Finance GM Constantinides, M Harris, RM Stulz, 2:1221–88 Amsterdam: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
  20. Buldyrev SV, Parshani R, Paul G, Stanley HE, Havlin S. 2010. Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks. Nature 464:72911025–28 [Google Scholar]
  21. Butler CD, Weinstein P. 2011. Global ecology, global health, ecohealth. Ecohealth 8:3253–54 [Google Scholar]
  22. Castells M. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  23. CBO (Congr. Budget Off.) 1992. The economic effects of the savings & loan crisis Washington, DC: Congr. Budget Off http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/1992_01_theeconeffectsofthesavings.pdf [Google Scholar]
  24. Centeno MA, Cohen JN. 2010. Global Capitalism: A Sociological Perspective Cambridge, UK: Polity [Google Scholar]
  25. Centeno MA, Cohen JN. 2012. The arc of neoliberalism. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 38:317–40 [Google Scholar]
  26. Centola D, Macy M. 2007. Complex contagions and the weakness of long ties. Am. J. Sociol. 113:3702–34 [Google Scholar]
  27. Chapin FS III, Sala OE, Huber-Sannwald E. 2001. Global Biodiversity in a Changing Environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century New York: Springer [Google Scholar]
  28. Clarke LB. 2005. Worst Cases: Terror and Catastrophe in the Popular Imagination Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  29. Cline EH. 2014. 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  30. Cohen R, Erez K, ben-Avraham D, Havlin S. 2000. Resilience of the Internet to random breakdowns. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85:214626–28 [Google Scholar]
  31. Conant RC, Ashby WR. 1970. Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 1:289–97 [Google Scholar]
  32. Daily GC, Söderqvist T, Aniyar S, Arrow K, Dasgupta P. et al. 2000. The value of nature and the nature of value. Science 289:5478395–96 [Google Scholar]
  33. Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. 2001. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. Acta Trop. 78:2103–16 [Google Scholar]
  34. Dean M. 1999. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society London: Sage [Google Scholar]
  35. Diamond JM. 2004. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed New York: Viking [Google Scholar]
  36. Dicken P. 1986. Global Shift: Industrial Change in a Turbulent World London: Harper & Row [Google Scholar]
  37. Dornbusch R. 2000. Keys to Prosperity: Free Markets, Sound Money, and a Bit of Luck Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  38. Douglas M. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  39. Douglas M, Wildavsky A. 1982. How can we know the risks we face? Why risk selection is a social process. Risk Anal. 2:249–58 [Google Scholar]
  40. Durkheim E. 1973. On Morality and Society Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  41. EIA (US Energy Inf. Adm.) 2012. World oil transit chokepoints Washington, DC: EIA http://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics.cfm?fips=wotc&trk=p3 [Google Scholar]
  42. Elder-Vass D. 2010. The Causal Power of Social Structures: Emergence, Structure and Agency Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  43. Erisman JW, Brasseur G, Ciais P, van Eekeren N, Theis TL. 2015. Global change: put people at the centre of global risk management. Nature 519:7542151–53 [Google Scholar]
  44. European Environment Agency 2014. Marine messages. Our seas, our future—moving towards a new understanding. Luxembourg: Publ. Off. European Union [Google Scholar]
  45. Evenson RE, Gollin D. 2003. Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 300:5620758–62 [Google Scholar]
  46. Fagan BM. 1999. Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations New York: Basic Books [Google Scholar]
  47. Fagiolo G, Reyes J, Schiavo S. 2008. On the topological properties of the world trade web: a weighted network analysis. Phys. A 387:153868–73 [Google Scholar]
  48. Fagiolo G, Reyes J, Schiavo S. 2010. The evolution of the world trade web: a weighted-network analysis. J. Evol. Econ. 20:4479–514 [Google Scholar]
  49. Fiksel J, Polyviou M, Croxton KL, Pettit TJ. 2015. From risk to resilience: learning to deal with disruption. MIT Sloan Manag. Rev. 56:279–86 [Google Scholar]
  50. Fineberg HV, Wilson ME. 2009. Epidemic science in real time. Science 324:5930987 [Google Scholar]
  51. Fouque J-P, Langsam J. 2013. Handbook on Systemic Risk Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  52. Funk RJ, Hirschman D. 2014. Derivatives and deregulation financial innovation and the demise of Glass-Steagall. Adm. Sci. Q. 59:4669–704 [Google Scholar]
  53. Gai P, Kapadia S. 2010. Contagion in financial networks. Proc. R. Soc. A 466:2401–23 [Google Scholar]
  54. Galati G, Moessner R. 2013. Macroprudential policy: a literature review. J. Econ. Surv. 27:5846–78 [Google Scholar]
  55. Gao J, Buldyrev SV, Stanley HE, Havlin S. 2012. Networks formed from interdependent networks. Nat. Phys. 8:140–48 [Google Scholar]
  56. Garlaschelli D, Loffredo MI. 2005. Structure and evolution of the world trade network. Phys. A 355:1138–44 [Google Scholar]
  57. Gereffi G, Korzeniewicz M. 1994. Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism Westport, CT: Praeger [Google Scholar]
  58. Giddens A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age Cambridge, UK: Polity [Google Scholar]
  59. Goldin I, Mariathasan M. 2014. The Butterfly Defect: How Globalization Creates Systemic Risks, and What to Do About It Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  60. Gorton GB. 2008. The panic of 2007 NBER Work. Pap. No. 14358, Washington, DC [Google Scholar]
  61. Gorton GB. 2009. Information, liquidity, and the (ongoing) panic of 2007 NBER Work. Pap. No. 14649, Washington, DC [Google Scholar]
  62. Gorton GB. 2010. Slapped by the Invisible Hand: The Panic of 2007 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  63. Gorton GB, Metrick A. 2012. Securitized banking and the run on repo. J. Financ. Econ. 104:3425–51 [Google Scholar]
  64. Granovetter M. 1978. Threshold models of collective behavior. Am. J. Sociol. 83:61420–43 [Google Scholar]
  65. Guillén MF. 2001. Is globalization civilizing, destructive or feeble? A critique of five key debates in the social science literature. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:235–60 [Google Scholar]
  66. Hedström P, Ylikoski P. 2010. Causal mechanisms in the social sciences. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 36:49–67 [Google Scholar]
  67. Helbing D. 2013. Globally networked risks and how to respond. Nature 497:744751–59 [Google Scholar]
  68. Held D, McGrew AG. 2007. Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies Cambridge, UK: Polity [Google Scholar]
  69. Holling CS. 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4:5390–405 [Google Scholar]
  70. Huang X, Gao J, Buldyrev SV, Havlin S, Stanley HE. 2011. Robustness of interdependent networks under targeted attack. Phys. Rev. E 83:6065101 [Google Scholar]
  71. Hufnagel L, Brockmann D, Geisel T. 2004. Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world. PNAS 101:4215124–29 [Google Scholar]
  72. Hutter BM, Lloyd-Bostock S. 2013. Risk, interest groups and the definition of crisis: the case of volcanic ash. Br. J. Sociol. 64:3383–404 [Google Scholar]
  73. IPCC (Intergov. Panel Clim. Change) 2014. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switz. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ [Google Scholar]
  74. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D. et al. 2008. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451:7181990–93 [Google Scholar]
  75. Kahn LH. 2006. Confronting zoonoses, linking human and veterinary medicine. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:4556–61 [Google Scholar]
  76. Kali R, Reyes J. 2010. Financial contagion on the international trade network. Econ. Inq. 48:41072–101 [Google Scholar]
  77. Kambhu J, Weidman S, Krishnan N. 2007. New Directions for Understanding Systemic Risk: A Report on a Conference Cosponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  78. Kauffman SA. 1993. The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  79. Kavussanos MG, Visvikis ID. 2006a. Derivatives and Risk Management in Shipping London: Witherby [Google Scholar]
  80. Kavussanos MG, Visvikis ID. 2006b. Shipping freight derivatives: a survey of recent evidence. Marit. Policy Manag. 33:3233–55 [Google Scholar]
  81. Kilpatrick AM, Randolph SE. 2012. Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet 380:98571946–55 [Google Scholar]
  82. Kim S, Shin E-H. 2002. A longitudinal analysis of globalization and regionalization in international trade: a social network approach. Soc. Forces 81:2445–68 [Google Scholar]
  83. Kingston C. 2007. Marine insurance in Britain and America, 1720–1844: a comparative institutional analysis. J. Econ. Hist. 67:02379–409 [Google Scholar]
  84. Kivelä M, Arenas A, Barthelemy M, Gleeson JP, Moreno Y, Porter MA. 2014. Multilayer networks. J. Complex Netw. 2:3203–71 [Google Scholar]
  85. Knight FH. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit New York: Houghton Mifflin [Google Scholar]
  86. Koehler C, Weissbarth R. 2004. The art of underengineering. strategy+business Spring, Issue 34. http://www.strategy-business.com/article/04114?gko=b200f [Google Scholar]
  87. Krippner GR. 2011. Capitalizing on Crisis: The Political Origins of the Rise of Finance Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  88. Langton CG. 1990. Computation at the edge of chaos: phase transitions and emergent computation. Phys. D 42:1–312–37 [Google Scholar]
  89. Laprie J-C, Kanoun K, Kaâniche M. 2007. Modelling interdependencies between the electricity and information infrastructures. Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security F Saglietti, N Oster 54–67 Berlin: Springer [Google Scholar]
  90. Lenton TM. 2011. Early warning of climate tipping points. Nat. Clim. Change 1:4201–9 [Google Scholar]
  91. Levin SA. 1999. Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons Reading, MA: Perseus [Google Scholar]
  92. Levin SA, Xepapadeas A, Crépin A-S, Norberg J, de Zeeuw AJ. et al. 2013. Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems: modeling and policy implications. Environ. Dev. Econ. 18:2111–32 [Google Scholar]
  93. Lidskog R, Soneryd L, Uggla Y, Irwin A. 2009. Transboundary Risk Governance Sterling, VA: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  94. Little RG. 2005. Tending the infrastructure commons: ensuring the sustainability of our vital public systems. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 1:4263–70 [Google Scholar]
  95. Little RG, Weaver EA. 2005. Protection from extreme events: using a socio-technological approach to evaluate policy options. Int. J. Emerg. Manag. 2:4263–74 [Google Scholar]
  96. Lloyd P, Mahutga MC, De Leeuw J. 2009. Looking back and forging ahead: thirty years of research on the world-system. J. World Syst. Res. 15:148–85 [Google Scholar]
  97. Lloyd-Smith JO, George D, Pepin KM, Pitzer VE, Pulliam JRC. et al. 2009. Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface. Science 326:59581362–67 [Google Scholar]
  98. Lowenstein R. 2000. When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management New York: Random House [Google Scholar]
  99. Luhmann N. 1993. Risk: A Sociological Theory New York: de Gruyter [Google Scholar]
  100. Lupton D. 1999. Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  101. MacKenzie D. 2005. Opening the black boxes of global finance. Rev. Int. Polit. Econ. 12:4555–76 [Google Scholar]
  102. MacKenzie D. 2009. Beneath all the toxic acronyms lies a basic cultural issue. Financial Times Nov. 26 36 [Google Scholar]
  103. MacKenzie D. 2011a. How to make money in microseconds. London Review of Books May 19 16–18 [Google Scholar]
  104. MacKenzie D. 2011b. The credit crisis as a problem in the sociology of knowledge. Am. J. Sociol. 116:61778–841 [Google Scholar]
  105. MacKenzie D. 2012. Knowledge production in financial markets: credit default swaps, the ABX and the subprime crisis. Econ. Soc. 41:3335–59 [Google Scholar]
  106. MacKenzie D. 2014. Be grateful for drizzle: Donald MacKenzie on high-frequency trading. London Review of Books Sep. 11 27–30 [Google Scholar]
  107. Marwell G, Oliver P. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  108. Masson PR. 2001. Globalization: Facts and Figures Washington, DC: IMF [Google Scholar]
  109. May RM. 1973. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  110. May RM, Levin SA, Sugihara G. 2008. Complex systems: ecology for bankers. Nature 451:7181893–95 [Google Scholar]
  111. McMichael AJ, Woodruff RE, Hales S. 2006. Climate change and human health: present and future risks. Lancet 367:9513859–69 [Google Scholar]
  112. McNeill WH. 1976. Plagues and Peoples Garden City, NY: Anchor [Google Scholar]
  113. Meadows DH, Randers J, Meadows DL. 2004. Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green [Google Scholar]
  114. Merton RK. 1936. The unanticipated consequences of purposive social action. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1:6894–904 [Google Scholar]
  115. Merton RK. 1968. The Matthew effect in science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science 159:381056–63 [Google Scholar]
  116. Miller JH, Page SE. 2007. Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  117. Mitchell M. 2009. Complexity: A Guided Tour Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  118. Morse SS, Mazet JAK, Woolhouse M, Parrish CR, Carroll D. et al. 2012. Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis. Lancet 380:98571956–65 [Google Scholar]
  119. Moss DA. 2009. An ounce of prevention: financial regulation, moral hazard, and the end of “too big to fail.” Harvard Magazine, Oct. 2009. http://harvardmagazine.com/2009/09/financial-risk-management-plan
  120. Motter AE, Lai Y-C. 2002. Cascade-based attacks on complex networks. Phys. Rev. E 66:6065102 [Google Scholar]
  121. Myles IA. 2014. Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity. Nutr. J. 13:61 [Google Scholar]
  122. NRC (Natl. Res. Counc. Natl. Acad.) 2012. Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Choices. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  123. Nordhaus WD. 2013. The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  124. Padgett JF, Powell WW. 2012. The Emergence of Organizations and Markets Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  125. Parker G. 2013. Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  126. Parshani R, Buldyrev SV, Havlin S. 2010. Interdependent networks: reducing the coupling strength leads to a change from a first to second order percolation transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105:4048701 [Google Scholar]
  127. Parsons T. 1951. The Social System New York: Free Press [Google Scholar]
  128. Parsons T, Shils EA. 1951. Toward a General Theory of Action Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  129. Perrow C. 1984. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies New York: Basic Books [Google Scholar]
  130. Perrow C. 2002. Organizing America: Wealth, Power, and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  131. Ponting C. 1991. A Green History of the World London: Sinclair-Stevenson [Google Scholar]
  132. Prigogine I, Stengers I. 1984. Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature Boston: Shambhala [Google Scholar]
  133. Puma MJ, Bose S, Chon SY, Cook BI. 2015. Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system. Environ. Res. Lett. 10:2024007 [Google Scholar]
  134. Reuters 2010. FACTBOX - Malacca Strait is a strategic “chokepoint.” Reuters, March 4. http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/03/04/idINIndia-46652220100304
  135. Rinaldi SM. 2004. Modeling and simulating critical infrastructures and their interdependencies. Presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 37th, Jan 5–8, Waikoloa Village [Google Scholar]
  136. Rinaldi SM, Peerenboom JP, Kelly TK. 2001. Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Syst. 21:611–25 [Google Scholar]
  137. Ritzer G. 2012. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  138. Robinson DT. 2007. Control theories in sociology. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 33:157–74 [Google Scholar]
  139. Rockström J, Lannerstad M, Falkenmark M. 2007. Assessing the water challenge of a new green revolution in developing countries. PNAS 104:156253–60 [Google Scholar]
  140. Rodrik D. 2011. The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy New York: Norton [Google Scholar]
  141. Rogers EM. 1962. Diffusion of Innovations Riverside, NJ: Simon & Schuster [Google Scholar]
  142. Roos D. 1990. The Machine that Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production—Toyota's Secret Weapon in the Global Car Wars that Is Now Revolutionizing World Industry Riverside, NJ: Simon & Schuster [Google Scholar]
  143. Rosato V, Issacharoff L, Tiriticco F, Meloni S, Porcellinis S, Setola R. 2008. Modelling interdependent infrastructures using interacting dynamical models. Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. 4:163–79 [Google Scholar]
  144. Rosen W. 2007. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe London: Jonathan Cape [Google Scholar]
  145. Sassen S. 1991. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  146. Sawyer RK. 2001. Emergence in sociology: contemporary philosophy of mind and some implications for sociological theory. Am. J. Sociol. 107:3551–85 [Google Scholar]
  147. Scheffer M. 2009. Critical Transitions in Nature and Society Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  148. Scheffer M, Bascompte J, Brock WA, Brovkin V, Carpenter SR. et al. 2009. Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature 461:726053–59 [Google Scholar]
  149. Scheffer M, Carpenter SR, Lenton TM, Bascompte J, Brock W. et al. 2012. Anticipating critical transitions. Science 338:6105344–48 [Google Scholar]
  150. Schneider CM, Yazdani N, Araújo NAM, Havlin S, Herrmann HJ. 2013. Towards designing robust coupled networks. Sci. Rep. 3:19691–7 [Google Scholar]
  151. Serrano MÁ, Boguñá M. 2003. Topology of the world trade web. Phys. Rev. E 68:1015101 [Google Scholar]
  152. Serrano MÁ, Boguñá M, Vespignani A. 2007. Patterns of dominant flows in the world trade web. J. Econ. Interact. Coord. 2:2111–24 [Google Scholar]
  153. Sheffi Y, Rice JB Jr. 2005. A supply chain view of the resilient enterprise. MIT Sloan Manag. Rev. 47:141–48 [Google Scholar]
  154. Sinnott-Armstrong W, Howarth RB. 2006. Perspectives on Climate Change: Science, Economics, Politics, Ethics. Volume 5: Advances in the Economics of Environmental Resources. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group [Google Scholar]
  155. Slovic P, Fischhoff B, Lichtenstein S. 1979. Rating the risks. Environ. Sci. Policy Sustain. Dev. 21:314–39 [Google Scholar]
  156. Smith DA, Nemeth RJ. 1988. An empirical analysis of commodity exchange in the international economy: 1965–80. Int. Stud. Q. 32:2227–40 [Google Scholar]
  157. Smith DA, White DR. 1992. Structure and dynamics of the global economy: network analysis of international trade 1965–1980. Soc. Forces 70:4857–93 [Google Scholar]
  158. Snyder D, Kick EL. 1979. Structural position in the world system and economic growth, 1955–1970: a multiple-network analysis of transnational interactions. Am. J. Sociol. 84:51096–126 [Google Scholar]
  159. Starr D. 1998. Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce New York: Knopf [Google Scholar]
  160. Staver AC, Archibald S, Levin SA. 2011. The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science 334:6053230–32 [Google Scholar]
  161. Stiglitz JE. 2002. Globalization and Its Discontents New York: Norton [Google Scholar]
  162. Tainter JA. 1988. The Collapse of Complex Societies Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  163. Tatem AJ, Rogers DJ, Hay SI. 2006. Global transport networks and infectious disease spread. Adv. Parasitol. 62:293–343 [Google Scholar]
  164. UNCTAD (U.N. Conf. Trade Dev.) 2012. World Investment Report 2012: towards a new generation of investment policies Presented at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), New York & Geneva. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2012_embargoed_en.pdf [Google Scholar]
  165. Urry J. 2002. Global Complexity Cambridge, UK: Polity [Google Scholar]
  166. Urry J. 2010. Sociology facing climate change. Sociol. Res. Online 15:31 [Google Scholar]
  167. US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 2009. Freight transportation in America: options for improving the nation's network. S. Hrg. 111–345, Before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security. 111th Congr. (June 18, 2009) [Google Scholar]
  168. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT. et al. 2014. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect. Dis. 14:8742–50 [Google Scholar]
  169. Vaughan D. 1996. The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  170. Vaughan D. 1999. The dark side of organizations: mistake, misconduct, and disaster. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 25:271–305 [Google Scholar]
  171. Vespignani A. 2010. Complex networks: the fragility of interdependency. Nature 464:7291984–85 [Google Scholar]
  172. Wallach PA. 2014. Competing institutional perspectives in the life of Glass-Steagall. Stud. Am. Polit. Dev. 28:0126–48 [Google Scholar]
  173. Wallerstein IM. 1975. The Modern World-System New York: Academic [Google Scholar]
  174. Wallerstein IM. 2000. The Essential Wallerstein New York: New Press [Google Scholar]
  175. Watts DJ. 2002. A simple model of global cascades on random networks. PNAS 99:95766–71 [Google Scholar]
  176. Watts DJ. 2004. The “new” science of networks. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:243–70 [Google Scholar]
  177. Weber M. 1946. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  178. Welch RM, Graham RD. 1999. A new paradigm for world agriculture: meeting human needs. Productive, sustainable, nutritious. Field Crops Res. 60:1–21–10 [Google Scholar]
  179. Willke H, Willke G. 2012. Political Governance of Capitalism: A Reassessment Beyond the Global Crisis Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar [Google Scholar]
  180. Wood GD. 2014. Tambora: The Eruption that Changed the World Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  181. Woolhouse MEJ, Haydon DT, Antia R. 2005. Emerging pathogens: the epidemiology and evolution of species jumps. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:5238–44 [Google Scholar]
  182. Wright R. 2004. A Short History of Progress Toronto: House of Anansi [Google Scholar]
  183. Zelizer VA. 1994. The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money, Paychecks, Poor Relief, and Other Currencies New York: Basic Books [Google Scholar]
  184. Zhou D, Gao J, Stanley HE, Havlin S. 2013. Percolation of partially interdependent scale-free networks. Phys. Rev. E 87:5052812 [Google Scholar]
  185. Zuckerman L. 1998. Satellite failure is rare, and therefore unsettling. New York Times May 21. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/21/business/satellite-failure-is-rare-and-therefore-unsettling.html [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112317
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error