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Abstract
This essay reviews the changes in the age structure of modern labor markets that have led to a dramatic decline in the employment of older workers. We document this trend and explore future trends, examine different explanations of the role of the welfare state, the labor market, and the life course. Each of these perspectives offers different views into the social meaning of early retirement.
Keyword(s):
early exit, employment activity rates, life course, pathways, push-pull factors, social protection