The Relation Between Attention and Memory

Literature Cited

1. Alderson RM, Kasper LJ, Hudec KL, Patros CH. 2013. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and working memory in adults: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 27:3287–302
   [Google Scholar]
2. Allen RJ, Hitch GJ, Mate J, Baddeley AD. 2012. Feature binding and attention in working memory: a resolution of previous contradictory findings. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 65:122369–83
   [Google Scholar]
3. Allen RJ, Ueno T. 2018. Multiple high-reward items can be prioritized in working memory but with greater vulnerability to interference. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 80:71731–43
   [Google Scholar]
4. Anderson JR, Bothell D, Byrne MD, Douglass S, Lebiere C, Qin Y. 2004. An integrated theory of the mind. Psychol. Rev. 111:41036–60
   [Google Scholar]
5. Antoine S, Ranzini M, van Dijck J-P, Slama H, Bonato M et al. 2019. Hemispatial neglect and serial order in verbal working memory. J. Neuropsychol. 13:2272–88
   [Google Scholar]
6. Arrington CN, Kulesc PA, Francis DJ, Fletcher JM, Barnes MA. 2014. The contribution of attentional control and working memory to reading comprehension and decoding. Sci. Stud. Read. 18:5325–46
   [Google Scholar]
7. Baars BJ, Franklin S. 2003. How conscious experience and working memory interact. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:166–72
   [Google Scholar]
8. Baddeley AD. 1986. Working Memory Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
9. Baddeley AD. 2000. The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4:11417–23
   [Google Scholar]
10. Baddeley AD, Hitch G. 1974. Working memory. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 8 GH Bower 47–89. New York: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
11. Balota DA. 1983. Automatic semantic activation and episodic memory encoding. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 22:188–104
    [Google Scholar]
12. Baltes PB, Staudinger UM, Lindenberger U. 1999. Lifespan psychology: theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 50:471–507
    [Google Scholar]
13. Barrouillet P, Camos V. 2021. The time-based resource-sharing model of working memory. Working Memory: State of the Science RH Logie, V Camos, N Cowan 85–115. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
14. Barrouillet P, Portrat S, Camos V. 2011. On the law relating processing to storage in working memory. Psychol. Rev. 118:2175–92
    [Google Scholar]
15. Bartholow BD, Fleming KA, Wood PK, Cowan N, Saults JS et al. 2018. Alcohol effects on response inhibition: variability across tasks and individuals. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 26:3251–67
    [Google Scholar]
16. Brady TF, Tenenbaum JB. 2013. A probabilistic model of visual working memory: incorporating higher order regularities into working memory capacity estimates. Psychol. Rev. 120:185–109
    [Google Scholar]
17. Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF. 1990. Gist is the grist: fuzzy-trace theory and the new intuitionism. Dev. Rev. 10:13–47
    [Google Scholar]
18. Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF. 2015. Fuzzy-trace theory and lifespan cognitive development. Dev. Rev. 38:189–121
    [Google Scholar]
19. Broadbent DE. 1958. Perception and Communication New York: Pergamon Press
20. Bryan M. 2009. The psycho-phone. Antique Phonograph News July-Aug. https://web.archive.org/web/20101130103402/http://capsnews.org/apn2009-4.htm
    [Google Scholar]
21. Buchsbaum BR, D'Esposito M. 2019. A sensorimotor view of verbal working memory. Cortex 112:134–48
    [Google Scholar]
22. Cai Y, Yu Q, Sheldon AD, Postle BR. 2020. The role of location-context binding in nonspatial visual working memory. eNeuro 7:6ENEURO.0430-0420.2020
    [Google Scholar]
23. Camos V, Barrouillet P. 2011. Developmental change in working memory strategies: from passive maintenance to active refreshing. Dev. Psychol. 47:3898–904
    [Google Scholar]
24. Chai WJ, Abd Haid AI, Abdullah JM. 2018. Working memory from the psychological and neurosciences perspectives: a review. Front. Psychol. 9:401
    [Google Scholar]
25. Chambers R, Lo CY, Allen NB. 2008. The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect. Cogn. Ther. Res. 32:303–22
    [Google Scholar]
26. Chekaf M, Cowan N, Mathy F. 2016. Chunk formation in immediate memory and how it relates to data compression. Cognition 155:96–107
    [Google Scholar]
27. Chen H, Wyble B. 2016. Attribute amnesia reflects a lack of memory consolidation for attended information. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 42:2225–34
    [Google Scholar]
28. Christophel TB, Iamschchinina P, Yan C, Allefeld C, Haynes J-D. 2018. Cortical specialization for attended versus unattended working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 21:4494–96
    [Google Scholar]
29. Chun MM, Turk-Browne NB. 2007. Interactions between attention and memory. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17:2177–84
    [Google Scholar]
30. Cofresí RU, Watts AL, Martins JS, Wood PK, Sher KJ et al. 2021. Acute effect of alcohol on working memory updating. Addiction 116:113029–43
    [Google Scholar]
31. Colflesh GJH, Conway ARA. 2007. Individual differences in working memory capacity and divided attention in dichotic listening. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14:699–703
    [Google Scholar]
32. Conway ARA, Cowan N, Bunting MF. 2001. The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: the importance of working memory capacity. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 8:331–35
    [Google Scholar]
33. Conway ARA, Kane MJ, Engle RW. 2003. Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:12547–52
    [Google Scholar]
34. Cowan N. 1988. Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychol. Bull. 104:2163–91
    [Google Scholar]
35. Cowan N. 1995. Attention and Memory: An Integrated Framework. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
36. Cowan N. 1999. An embedded-processes model of working memory. Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control A Miyake, P. Shah 62–101. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
37. Cowan N. 2001. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behav. Brain Sci. 24:187–185
    [Google Scholar]
38. Cowan N. 2014. Working memory underpins cognitive development, learning, and education. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 26:2197–223
    [Google Scholar]
39. Cowan N. 2016. Working memory maturation: Can we get at the essence of cognitive growth?. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 11:2239–64
    [Google Scholar]
40. Cowan N. 2017. The many faces of working memory and short-term storage. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 24:1158–70
    [Google Scholar]
41. Cowan N. 2019. Short-term memory based on activated long-term memory: a review in response to Norris 2017. Psychol. Bull. 145:8822–47Provides a gateway to understanding cognitive and brain mechanisms associated with the embedded processes model.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Cowan N. 2022a. Working memory development: a 50-year assessment of research and underlying theories. Cognition 224:105075Explains working memory development in the context of cognitive developmental theories based on attention skills.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Cowan N. 2022b. Item-position binding capacity limits and word limits in working memory: a reanalysis of Oberauer 2019. J. Cogn. 5:13
    [Google Scholar]
44. Cowan N, AuBuchon AM, Gilchrist AL, Blume CL, Boone AP, Saults JS. 2021. Developmental change in the nature of attention allocation in a dual task. Dev. Psychol. 57:133–46
    [Google Scholar]
45. Cowan N, Belletier C, Doherty JM, Jaroslawska AJ, Rhodes S et al. 2020. How do scientific views change? Notes from an extended adversarial collaboration. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 15:41011–25
    [Google Scholar]
46. Cowan N, Beschin N, Della Sala S. 2004. Verbal recall in amnesiacs under conditions of diminished retroactive interference. Brain 127:825–34
    [Google Scholar]
47. Cowan N, Blume CL, Saults JS. 2013. Attention to attributes and objects in working memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 39:3731–47
    [Google Scholar]
48. Cowan N, Elliott EM. 2022. Deconfounding serial recall: response timing and the overarching role of grouping. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 49:2249–68
    [Google Scholar]
49. Cowan N, Elliott EM, Saults JS, Morey CC, Mattox S, Hismjatullina A, Conway AR. 2005. On the capacity of attention: its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cogn. Psychol. 51:142–100
    [Google Scholar]
50. Cowan N, Fristoe NM, Elliott EM, Brunner RP, Saults JS. 2006. Scope of attention, control of attention, and intelligence in children and adults. Mem. Cogn. 34:1754–68
    [Google Scholar]
51. Cowan N, Hardman KO. 2021. Immediate recall of grouped serial numbers with or without multiple item repetitions. Memory 21:744–61
    [Google Scholar]
52. Cowan N, Li D, Moffitt A, Becker TM, Martin EA et al. 2011. A neural region of abstract working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23:2852–63
    [Google Scholar]
53. Cowan N, Li Y, Glass B, Saults JS. 2018. Development of the ability to combine visual and acoustic information in working memory. Dev. Sci. 21:5e12635
    [Google Scholar]
54. Cowan N, Lichty W, Grove TR. 1990. Properties of memory for unattended spoken syllables. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 16:2258–69
    [Google Scholar]
55. Cowan N, Morey CC. 2007. How can dual-task working memory retention limits be investigated?. Psychol. Sci. 18:686–88
    [Google Scholar]
56. Cowan N, Morey CC, AuBuchon AM, Zwilling CE, Gilchrist AL. 2010. Seven-year-olds allocate attention like adults unless working memory is overloaded. Dev. Sci. 13:1120–33
    [Google Scholar]
57. Cowan N, Rachev NR. 2018. Merging with the path not taken: Wilhelm Wundt's work as a precursor to the embedded-processes approach to memory, attention, and consciousness. Conscious. Cogn. 63:228–38
    [Google Scholar]
58. Cowan N, Rouder JN, Blume CL, Saults JS. 2012. Models of verbal working memory capacity: What does it take to make them work?. Psychol. Rev. 119:3480–99
    [Google Scholar]
59. Cowan N, Saults JS, Blume CL. 2014. Central and peripheral components of working memory storage. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 143:51806–36
    [Google Scholar]
60. Craik FIM. 2020. Remembering: an activity of mind and brain. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 71:1–24
    [Google Scholar]
61. Craik FIM, Eftekhari E, Binns MA. 2018. Effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval: further data. Mem. Cogn. 46:81263–77
    [Google Scholar]
62. Daneman M, Carpenter PA. 1980. Individual differences in working memory and reading. J. Verbal. Learn. Verbal Behav. 19:450–66
    [Google Scholar]
63. Darwin CJ, Turvey MT, Crowder RG. 1972. An auditory analogue of the Sperling partial report procedure: evidence for brief auditory storage. Cogn. Psychol. 3:255–67
    [Google Scholar]
64. Davelaar EJ, Goshen-Gottstein Y, Ashkenazi A, Haarman HJ, Usher M. 2005. The demise of short-term memory revisited: empirical and computational investigations of recency effects. Psychol. Rev. 112:3–42
    [Google Scholar]
65. Davies DR, Parasuraman R. 1982. The Psychology of Vigilance New York: Academic
66. Demetriou A, Spanoudis G, Shayer M, Van der Ven S, Brydges CR et al. 2014. Relations between speed, working memory, and intelligence from preschool to adulthood: structural equation modeling of 14 studies. Intelligence 46:107–21
    [Google Scholar]
67. Dew ITZ, Cabeza R. 2011. The porous boundaries between explicit and implicit memory: behavioral and neural evidence. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1224:174–90
    [Google Scholar]
68. Dewar M, Della Sala S, Beschin N, Cowan N. 2010. Profound retroactive interference in anterograde amnesia: What interferes?. Neuropsychology 24:357–67
    [Google Scholar]
69. Draheim C, Pak R, Draheim AA, Engle RW. 2022. The role of attention control in complex real-world tasks. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 15:1–55
    [Google Scholar]
70. Ebbinghaus H. 1885 (1913). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology transl. HA Ruger CE Bussenius. New York: Teach. Coll. Columbia Univ.
71. Eich E. 1984. Memory for unattended events: remembering with and without awareness. Mem. Cogn. 12:105–11
    [Google Scholar]
72. Ekman M, Fiebach CJ, Melzer C, Tittgemeyer M, Derrfuss J. 2016. Different roles of direct and indirect frontoparietal pathways for individual working memory capacity. J. Neurosci. 36:102894–903
    [Google Scholar]
73. Elliott EM et al. 2021. Multi-lab direct replication of Flavell, Beach and Chinsky 1966: spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age. Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci. 4:21–20
    [Google Scholar]
74. Elliott EM, Cowan N. 2001. Habituation to auditory distractors in a cross-modal, color-word interference task. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 27:654–67
    [Google Scholar]
75. Engle RW. 2002. Working memory capacity as executive attention. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 11:19–23
    [Google Scholar]
76. Finke K, Myers N, Bublak P, Sorg C. 2013. A biased competition account of attention and memory in Alzheimer's disease. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 368:162820130062
    [Google Scholar]
77. Forsberg A, Blume C, Cowan N. 2021b. The development of metacognitive accuracy in working memory across childhood. Dev. Psychol. 57:1297–317
    [Google Scholar]
78. Forsberg A, Guitard D, Adams EJ, Pattanakul D, Cowan N. 2022a. Children's long-term retention is directly constrained by their working memory capacity limitations. Dev. Sci. 25:2e13164
    [Google Scholar]
79. Forsberg A, Guitard D, Cowan N. 2021a. Working memory limits severely constrain long-term retention. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 28:537–47
    [Google Scholar]
80. Forsberg A, Guitard D, Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M, Cowan N. 2022b. The proportion of working memory items recoverable from long-term memory remains fixed despite adult aging. Psychol. Aging 37:7777–86
    [Google Scholar]
81. Friedman NP, Miyake A, Corley RP, Young SE, DeFries JC, Hewitt JK. 2006. Not all executive functions are related to intelligence. Psychol. Sci. 17:172–79
    [Google Scholar]
82. Fukuda K, Vogel EK. 2019. Visual short-term memory capacity predicts the “bandwidth” of visual-long term memory encoding. Mem. Cogn. 47:1481–97
    [Google Scholar]
83. Gagnon S, Foster J, Turcotte J, Jongenelis S. 2004. Involvement of the hippocampus in implicit learning of supra-span sequences: the case of SJ. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 21:867–82
    [Google Scholar]
84. Gernsback H. 1911 (2014). Ralph 124C 41+ Mansfield, CT: Martino Fine Books
85. Gershkoff-Stowe L. 2001. The course of children's naming errors in early word learning. J. Cogn. Dev. 2:131–55
    [Google Scholar]
86. Gilchrist AL, Cowan N. 2011. Can the focus of attention accommodate multiple separate items?. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 37:61484–502
    [Google Scholar]
87. Gosseries O, Yu Q, LaRocque JJ, Starrett MJ, Rose NS et al. 2018. Parietal-occipital interactions underlying control- and representation-related processes in working memory for nonspatial visual features. J. Neurosci. 38:4357–66
    [Google Scholar]
88. Gray S, Green S, Alt M, Hogan T, Kuo T et al. 2017. The structure of working memory in young school-age children and its relation to intelligence. J. Mem. Lang. 92:183–201
    [Google Scholar]
89. Gray S, Levy R, Alt M, Hogan TP, Cowan N. 2022. Working memory predicts new word learning over and above existing vocabulary and nonverbal IQ. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 65:1044–69
    [Google Scholar]
90. Greene NR, Chism S, Naveh-Benjamin M. 2022. Levels of specificity in episodic memory: insights from response accuracy and subjective confidence ratings in older adults and in younger adults under full or divided attention. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 151:4804–19Demonstrates that dividing attention in young adults cannot fully simulate older adults’ associative memory deficit.
    [Google Scholar]
91. Greene NR, Martin BA, Naveh-Benjamin M. 2021. The effects of divided attention at encoding and at retrieval on multidimensional source memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 47:111870–87
    [Google Scholar]
92. Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M. 2020. A specificity principle of memory: evidence from aging and associative memory. Psychol. Sci. 31:3316–31
    [Google Scholar]
93. Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M. 2022a. Adult age differences in specific and gist associative episodic memory across short- and long-term retention intervals. Psychol. Aging 37:6681–97
    [Google Scholar]
94. Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M. 2022b. Effects of divided attention at encoding on specific and gist representations in working and long-term memory. J. Mem. Lang. 126:104340
    [Google Scholar]
95. Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M. 2022c. The effects of divided attention at encoding on specific and gist-based associative episodic memory. Mem. Cogn. 50:159–76
    [Google Scholar]
96. Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M, Cowan N. 2020. Adult age differences in working memory capacity: spared central storage but deficits in ability to maximize peripheral storage. Psychol. Aging 35:6866–80
    [Google Scholar]
97. Guérard K, Saint-Aubin J, Boucher P, Tremblay S. 2011. The role of awareness in anticipation and recall performance in the Hebb repetition paradigm: implications for sequence learning. Mem. Cogn. 39:1012–22
    [Google Scholar]
98. Guitard D, Cowan N. 2023a. Attention allocation between item and order information in short-term memory. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 76:61391–409
    [Google Scholar]
99. Guitard D, Cowan N. 2023b. The tradeoff between item and order information in short-term memory does not depend on encoding time. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 49:151–70Demonstrates that attention to different features of lists alters readiness for item versus order tests.
    [Google Scholar]
100. Guitard D, Saint-Aubin J, Cowan N. 2021. Asymmetrical interference between item and order information in short-term memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 47:243–63
     [Google Scholar]
101. Guitard D, Saint-Aubin J, Cowan N. 2022. Tradeoffs between item and order information in short-term memory. J. Mem. Lang. 122:104300
     [Google Scholar]
102. Halford GS, Cowan N, Andrews G. 2007. Separating cognitive capacity from knowledge: a new hypothesis. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11:236–42
     [Google Scholar]
103. Halpern DF. 1998. Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains: dispositions, skills, structure training, and metacognitive monitoring. Am. Psychol. 53:449–55
     [Google Scholar]
104. Hardman KO, Cowan N. 2015. Remembering complex objects in visual working memory: Do capacity limits restrict objects or features?. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 41:2325–47
     [Google Scholar]
105. Hebb DO. 1961. Distinctive features of learning in the higher animal. Brain Mechanisms and Learning: A Symposium JF Delafresnaye 37–51. Oxford, UK: Blackwell
     [Google Scholar]
106. Heitz RP, Engle RW. 2007. Focusing the spotlight: individual differences in visual attention control. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 136:2217–40
     [Google Scholar]
107. Henderson JM, Weeks PA Jr., Hollingworth A. 1999. The effects of semantic consistency on eye movements during complex scene viewing. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 25:1210–28
     [Google Scholar]
108. Hitch GJ, Hu Y, Allen RJ, Baddeley AD. 2018. Competition for the focus of attention in visual working memory: perceptual recency versus executive control. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1424:64–75
     [Google Scholar]
109. Hu Y, Allen RJ, Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ. 2016. Executive control of stimulus-driven and goal-directed attention in visual working memory. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 78:2164–75
     [Google Scholar]
110. Jacoby LL, Woloshyn V, Kelley C. 1989. Becoming famous without being recognized: unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 118:115–25
     [Google Scholar]
111. James W. 1892 (1985). Psychology: The Briefer Course Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
112. Jaroslawska AJ, Gathercole SE, Logie MR, Holmes J. 2016. Following instructions in a virtual school: Does working memory play a role?. Mem. Cogn. 44:580–89
     [Google Scholar]
113. Jenkins JJ. 1979. Four points to remember: a tetrahedral model of memory experiments. Levels of Processing in Human Memory LS Cermack, FIM Craik 429–46. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
     [Google Scholar]
114. Jiang Q, Cowan N. 2020. Incidental learning of list membership is affected by serial position in the list. Memory 28:669–76
     [Google Scholar]
115. Kamiński J, Rutishauser U. 2020. Between persistently active and activity-silent frameworks: novel vistas on the cellular basis of working memory. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1464:64–75Maps three different types of neural activity during working memory onto the embedded-processes model components.
     [Google Scholar]
116. Kane MJ, Brown LH, McVay JC, Silvia PJ, Myin-Germeys I, Kwapil TR. 2007. For whom the mind wanders, and when: an experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life. Psychol. Sci. 18:7614–21
     [Google Scholar]
117. Kane MJ, Engle RW. 2003. Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: the contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 132:147–70
     [Google Scholar]
118. Kane MJ, Hambrick DZ, Tuholski SW, Wilhelm O, Payne TW, Engle RE. 2004. The generality of working memory capacity: a latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 133:189–217
     [Google Scholar]
119. Keane MM, Cruz ME, Verfaelli M. 2015. Attention and implicit memory: Priming-induced benefits and costs have distinct attentional requirements. Mem. Cogn. 43:2216–25
     [Google Scholar]
120. Keppel G, Underwood BJ. 1962. Proactive inhibition in short-term retention of single items. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 1:153–61
     [Google Scholar]
121. Koutstaal W. 2003. Older adults encode—but do not always use—perceptual details: intentional versus unintentional effects of detail on memory judgments. Psychol. Sci. 14:2189–93
     [Google Scholar]
122. Koutstaal W, Schacter DL. 1997. Gist-based false recognition of pictures in older and younger adults. J. Mem. Lang. 37:4555–83
     [Google Scholar]
123. Kowialiewski B, Lemaire B, Portrat S. 2022. Between-item similarity frees up working memory resources through compression: a domain-general property. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 151:112641–65
     [Google Scholar]
124. Lemaire B, Pageot A, Plancher G, Portrat S. 2018. What is the time course of working memory attentional refreshing?. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 25:1370–85
     [Google Scholar]
125. Lemaire B, Portrat S. 2018. A computational model of working memory integrating time-based decay and interference. Front. Psychol. 9:416
     [Google Scholar]
126. Lepsien J, Thornton I, Nobre AC. 2011. Modulation of working-memory maintenance by directed attention. Neuropsychologia 49:1569–77
     [Google Scholar]
127. Levett LM, Haigh CB, Perez G. 2021. Toward a broader framework of eyewitness identification behavior. J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn. 10:3341–45
     [Google Scholar]
128. Lewis-Peacock JA, Drysdale AT, Oberauer K, Postle BR. 2012. Neural evidence for a distinction between short-term memory and the focus of attention. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 24:61–79
     [Google Scholar]
129. Li D, Christ SE, Cowan N. 2014. Domain-general and domain-specific functional networks in working memory. NeuroImage 102:646–56
     [Google Scholar]
130. Li Y, Cowan N. 2021. Attention effects in working memory that are asymmetric across sensory modalities. Mem. Cogn. 49:51050–65
     [Google Scholar]
131. Logie RH. 2016. Retiring the central executive. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 69:2093–109
     [Google Scholar]
132. MacKay DG. 2019. The earthquake that reshaped the intellectual landscape of memory, mind and brain: case HM. Cases of Amnesia: Contributions to Understanding Memory and the Brain SE MacPherson, S Della Sala 16–39. London: RoutledgeProvides new insight into the well-known case of amnesia, shedding light on the attention–memory relation.
     [Google Scholar]
133. Madore KP, Wagner AD. 2022. Readiness to remember: predicting variability in episodic memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 26:8707–23
     [Google Scholar]
134. Majerus S, Cowan N, Péters F, Van Calster L, Phillips C, Schrouff J. 2016. Cross-modal decoding of neural patterns associated with working memory: evidence for attention-based accounts of working memory. Cereb. Cortex 26:166–79
     [Google Scholar]
135. Majerus S, Péters F, Bouffier M, Cowan N, Phillips C. 2018. The dorsal attention network reflects both encoding load and top-down control during working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 30:144–59
     [Google Scholar]
136. Marcel AJ. 1983. Conscious and unconscious perception: experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cogn. Psychol. 15:197–237
     [Google Scholar]
137. Matthews G, Wohleber RW, Lin J. 2020. Stress, skilled performance, and expertise: overload and beyond. The Oxford Handbook of Expertise P Ward, JM Schraagen, J Gore, E Roth 490–524. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
     [Google Scholar]
138. McGhee JD, Cowan N, Beschin N, Mosconi C, Della Sala S. 2020. Wakeful rest benefits before and after encoding in anterograde amnesia. Neuropsychology 34:5524–34
     [Google Scholar]
139. McKone E, Dennis C. 2000. Short-term implicit memory: visual, auditory, and cross-modality priming. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 7:341–46
     [Google Scholar]
140. Mizrak E, Oberauer K. 2021. What is time good for in working memory?. Psychol. Sci. 32:81325–37
     [Google Scholar]
141. Morey C. 2018. The case against specialized visual-spatial short-term memory. Psychol. Bull. 144:849–83
     [Google Scholar]
142. Morey CC, Cowan N, Morey RD, Rouder JN. 2011. Flexible attention allocation to visual and auditory working memory tasks: Manipulating reward induces a tradeoff. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 73:458–72
     [Google Scholar]
143. Morey CC, Mall JT. 2012. Cross-domain costs during concurrent verbal and spatial serial memory tasks are asymmetric. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 65:1777–97
     [Google Scholar]
144. Morey CC, Morey RD, van der Reijden M, Holweg M. 2013. Asymmetric cross-domain interference between two working memory tasks: implications for models of working memory. J. Mem. Lang. 69:324–48
     [Google Scholar]
145. Morey CC, Rhodes S, Cowan N. 2020. Co-existing, contradictory working memory models are ready for progressive refinement: reply to Logie. Cortex 123:200–2
     [Google Scholar]
146. Moscovitch M, Umilta C. 1990. Modularity and neuropsychology: modules and central processes in attention and memory. Modular Deficits in Alzheimer-Type Dementia MF Schwartz 1–59. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
     [Google Scholar]
147. Naveh-Benjamin M, Craik FIM, Guez J, Dori H. 1998. Effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory: further support for an asymmetry. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 24:1091–104
     [Google Scholar]
148. Naveh-Benjamin M, Guez J, Marom M. 2003. The effects of divided attention at encoding on item and associative memory. Mem. Cogn. 31:1021–35
     [Google Scholar]
149. Naveh-Benjamin M, Kilb A, Maddox GB, Thomas J, Fine HC et al. 2014. Older adults don't notice their names: a new twist to a classic attention task. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 40:61540–50
     [Google Scholar]
150. Naveh-Benjamin M, Old SR. 2008. Aging and memory. Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference JH Bryne, H Eichenbaum, R Menzel, HL Roediger, D Sweatt 787–808. Oxford, UK: Elsevier
     [Google Scholar]
151. Neely JH. 1977. Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 106:226–54
     [Google Scholar]
152. Norman DA. 1968. Toward a theory of memory and attention. Psychol. Rev. 75:6522–36
     [Google Scholar]
153. Oberauer K. 2019. Working memory and attention—a conceptual analysis and review. J. Cogn. 2:136
     [Google Scholar]
154. Oberauer K, Eichenberger S. 2013. Visual working memory declines when more features must be remembered for each object. Mem. Cogn. 41:1212–27
     [Google Scholar]
155. Oberauer K, Farrell S, Jarrold C, Pasiecznik K, Greaves M. 2012. Interference between maintenance and processing in working memory: the effect of item-distractor similarity in complex span. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 38:3665–85
     [Google Scholar]
156. Oberauer K, Lewandowsky S. 2008. Forgetting in immediate serial recall: decay, temporal distinctiveness, or interference?. Psychol. Rev. 115:544–76
     [Google Scholar]
157. Oberauer K, Lewandowsky S. 2019. Addressing the theory crisis in psychology. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 26:51596–618
     [Google Scholar]
158. Oberauer K, Lin HY. 2017. An interference model of visual working memory. Psychol. Rev. 124:21–59
     [Google Scholar]
159. Palva JM, Monto S, Kulashekhar S, Palva S. 2010. Neuronal synchrony reveals working memory networks and predicts individual memory capacity. PNAS 107:7580–85
     [Google Scholar]
160. Panichello MF, Buschman TJ. 2021. Shared mechanisms underlie the control of working memory and attention. Nature 592:7855601–5
     [Google Scholar]
161. Parton A, Malhotra P, Husain M. 2004. Hemispatial neglect. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75:113–21
     [Google Scholar]
162. Passolunghi MC, Siegel LS. 2001. Short-term memory, working memory, and inhibitory control in children with difficulties in arithmetic problem solving. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 80:144–57
     [Google Scholar]
163. Petersen A, Vangkilde S. 2022. Decomposing the attentional blink. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 48:8812–23
     [Google Scholar]
164. Popov V, Reder LM. 2020. Frequency effects on memory: a resource-limited theory. Psychol. Rev. 127:1):1–46
     [Google Scholar]
165. Postle BR, Oberauer K. 2022. Working memory. The Oxford Handbook of Human Memory MJ Kahana, AD Wagner Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press. In press https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/963kf Important review covering basic research on attention and working memory from brain and behavioral standpoints.
     [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
166. Rabinowitz JC, Craik FIM, Ackerman BP. 1982. A processing resource account of age differences in recall. Can. J. Psychol. 36:2325–44
     [Google Scholar]
167. Raye CL, Johnson MK, Mitchell KJ, Greene EJ, Johnson MR. 2007. Refreshing: a minimal executive function. Cortex 43:135–45
     [Google Scholar]
168. Reinhart RM, Woodman GF. 2014. High stakes trigger the use of multiple memories to enhance the control of attention. Cereb. Cortex 24:2022–35
     [Google Scholar]
169. Rhodes S, Cowan N. 2018. Attention in working memory: Attention is needed but it yearns to be free. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1424:152–63
     [Google Scholar]
170. Ricker TJ, Hardman KO. 2017. The nature of short-term consolidation in visual working memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 146:111551–73
     [Google Scholar]
171. Ricker TJ, Sandry J, Vergauwe E, Cowan N. 2020. Do familiar memory items decay?. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 46:160–76
     [Google Scholar]
172. Ricker TJ, Vergauwe E. 2022. Boundary conditions for observing cognitive load effects in visual working memory. Mem. Cogn. 50:1169–85
     [Google Scholar]
173. Röer JP, Bell R, Buchner A. 2015. Specific foreknowledge reduces auditory distraction by irrelevant speech. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 41:692–702
     [Google Scholar]
174. Röer JP, Bell R, Körner U, Buchner A. 2019. A semantic mismatch effect on serial recall: evidence for interlexical processing of irrelevant speech. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 45:515–25
     [Google Scholar]
175. Röer JP, Cowan N. 2021. A preregistered replication and extension of the cocktail party phenomenon: One's name captures attention, unexpected words do not. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 47:234–42
     [Google Scholar]
176. Rose NS. 2020. The dynamic processing model of working memory. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 29:378–87Provides a generally accessible review of neuroimaging research on the relation between attention and memory.
     [Google Scholar]
177. Ruch S, Henke K. 2020. Learning during sleep: a dream comes true?. Trends Cogn. Sci. 24:170–72
     [Google Scholar]
178. Salthouse TA. 2010. Selective review of cognitive aging. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 16:5754–60
     [Google Scholar]
179. Salthouse TA. 2021. Individual differences in working memory and aging. Current Issues in Memory: Memory Research in the Public Interest J Rummel 299–318. London: Routledge
     [Google Scholar]
180. Saults J, Cowan N, Sher KJ, Moreno MV. 2007. Differential effects of alcohol on working memory: distinguishing multiple processes. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 15:576–87
     [Google Scholar]
181. Schacter DL. 1990. Perceptual representation systems and implicit memory: toward a resolution of the multiple memory systems debate. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 608:543–71
     [Google Scholar]
182. Schurgin MW, Wixted JT, Brady TF. 2020. Psychophysical scaling reveals a unified theory of visual memory strength. Nat. Hum. Behav. 4:1156–72
     [Google Scholar]
183. Scoville WB, Milner B. 1957. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2:11–21
     [Google Scholar]
184. Shallice T, Papagno C. 2019. Impairments of auditory-verbal short-term memory: Do selective deficits of the input phonological buffer exist?. Cortex 112:107–21
     [Google Scholar]
185. Shiffrin RM, Schneider W. 1977. Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychol. Rev. 84:127–90
     [Google Scholar]
186. Silveri MC, Reali G, Jenner C, Puopolo M. 2007. Attention and memory in the preclinical stage of dementia. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 20:267–75
     [Google Scholar]
187. Skodzik T, Holling H, Pedersen A. 2017. Long-term memory performance in adult ADHD: a meta-analysis. J. Atten. Disord. 21:4267–83
     [Google Scholar]
188. Sokolov EN. 1963. Perception and the Conditioned Reflex New York: Pergamon Press
189. Souza AS, Oberauer K. 2016. In search of the focus of attention in working memory: 13 years of the retro-cue effect. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 78:1839–60
     [Google Scholar]
190. Sperling G. 1960. The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychol. Monogr. 74:111–29
     [Google Scholar]
191. Theeuwes J, Bogaerts L, van Moorselaar D. 2022. What to expect where and when: how statistical learning drives visual selection. Trends Cogn. Sci. 26:10860–72
     [Google Scholar]
192. Treisman M, Rostron AB. 1972. Brief auditory storage: a modification of Sperling's paradigm. Acta Psychol. 36:161–70
     [Google Scholar]
193. Uittenhove K, Chaabi L, Camos V, Barrouillet P. 2019. Is working memory storage intrinsically domain-specific?. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 148:112027–57Demonstrates, using recall as opposed to recognition, when working memory storage is general across domains.
     [Google Scholar]
194. Ünal ZE, Forsberg A, Geary DC, Cowan N. 2022. The role of domain-general attention and domain-specific processing in working memory in algebraic performance: an experimental approach. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 48:348–74Illustrates that individual differences in attention control are important for one type of practical cognition.
     [Google Scholar]
195. Unsworth N, Miller AL. 2021. Individual differences in the intensity and consistency of attention. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 30:5391–400
     [Google Scholar]
196. Unsworth N, Robison MK, Miller AL. 2022. On the relation between working memory capacity and the antisaccade task. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 48:101420–47
     [Google Scholar]
197. Unsworth N, Schrock JC, Engle RW. 2004. Working memory capacity and the antisaccade task: individual differences in voluntary saccade control. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 30:61302–21
     [Google Scholar]
198. van Ede F, Nobre AC. 2023. Turning attention inside out: how working memory serves behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 74:137–65
     [Google Scholar]
199. Van Gerven PW, Hurks PP, Bovend'Eerdt TJ, Adam JJ. 2016. Switch hands! Mapping proactive and reactive cognitive control across the life span. Dev. Psychol. 52:960–72
     [Google Scholar]
200. Vandierendonck A. 2016. A working memory system with distributed executive control. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 11:74–100
     [Google Scholar]
201. Vergauwe E, Barrouillet P, Camos V. 2010. Do mental processes share a domain general resource?. Psychol. Sci. 21:384–90
     [Google Scholar]
202. Vergauwe E, von Bastian CC, Kostova R, Morey CC. 2022. Storage and processing in working memory: A single, domain-general resource explains multitasking. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 151:2285–301
     [Google Scholar]
203. Watkins MJ. 1984. Models as toothbrushes. Behav. Brain Sci. 7:186
     [Google Scholar]
204. White TG. 1982. Naming practices, typicality, and underextension in child language. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 33:324–46
     [Google Scholar]
205. Wolfe JM. 2021. Guided Search 6.0: an updated model of visual search. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 28:1060–92
     [Google Scholar]
206. Wood NL, Stadler MA, Cowan N. 1997. Is there implicit memory without attention? A reexamination of task demands in Eich's 1984 procedure. Mem. Cogn. 25:772–79
     [Google Scholar]
207. Xie W, Campbell S, Zhang W. 2020. Working memory capacity predicts individual differences in social-distancing compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Psychol. Cogn. Sci. 117:3017667–74
     [Google Scholar]
208. Yue Q, Martin RC, Hamilton AC, Rose NS. 2018. Non-perceptual regions in the left inferior parietal lobe support phonological short-term memory: evidence for a buffer account?. Cereb. Cortex 29:1398–1413
     [Google Scholar]
209. Zaretskaya N, Thielscher A, Logothetis NK, Bartels A. 2010. Disrupting parietal function prolongs dominance durations in binocular rivalry. Curr. Biol. 20:2106–11
     [Google Scholar]