SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia: A Rare but Serious Immunologic Complication

Literature Cited

1. 1.

   Welsh KJ, Baumblatt J, Chege W et al. 2021. Thrombocytopenia including immune thrombocytopenia after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Vaccine 39:253329–32
   [Google Scholar]
2. 2.

   Cines DB, Bussel JB, Liebman HA et al. 2009. The ITP syndrome: pathogenic and clinical diversity. Blood 113:266511–21
   [Google Scholar]
3. 3.

   Lee E-J, Cines DB, Gernsheimer T et al. 2021. Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Am. J. Hematol. 96:5534–37
   [Google Scholar]
4. 4.

   Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE et al. 2021. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 384:222092–101
   [Google Scholar]
5. 5.

   Schultz NH, Sørvoll IH, Michelsen AE et al. 2021. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 384:222124–30
   [Google Scholar]
6. 6.

   Scully M, Singh D, Lown R et al. 2021. Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 384:232202–11
   [Google Scholar]
7. 7.

   See I, Su JR, Lale A et al. 2021. US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021. JAMA 325:242448–56
   [Google Scholar]
8. 8.

   Pishko AM, Cuker A. 2021. Thrombosis after vaccination with messenger RNA-1273: Is this vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia or thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome?. Ann. Intern. Med. 174:101468–69
   [Google Scholar]
9. 9.

   UK Med. Healthc. Prod. Regul. Agency 2022. Coronavirus vaccine—weekly summary of Yellow Card reporting https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-adverse-reactions/coronavirus-vaccine-summary-of-yellow-card-reporting#yellow-card-reports. Accessed Mar. 15, 2022
10. 10.

    Huynh A, Kelton JG, Arnold DM et al. 2021. Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia. Nature 596:7873565–69
    [Google Scholar]
11. 11.

    Rauova L, Wang A, Yarovoi S et al. 2021. Vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT) antibodies recognize neutrophil-activating peptide 2 (NAP2) as well as platelet factor 4 (PF4): mechanistic and clinical implications. Blood 138:Suppl. 1292
    [Google Scholar]
12. 12.

    Pavord S, Scully M, Hunt BJ et al. 2021. Clinical features of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 385:181680–89
    [Google Scholar]
13. 13.

    Klok FA, Pai M, Huisman MV et al. 2022. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Lancet Haematol 9:1e73–80
    [Google Scholar]
14. 14.

    Warkentin TE. 2010. Fondaparinux: Does it cause HIT? Can it treat HIT?. Expert Rev. Hematol. 3:5567–81
    [Google Scholar]
15. 15.

    Cuker A, Arepally GM, Chong BH et al. 2018. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv 2:223360–92
    [Google Scholar]
16. 16.

    Bourguignon A, Arnold DM, Warkentin TE et al. 2021. Adjunct immune globulin for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 385:8720–28
    [Google Scholar]
17. 17.

    Uzun G, Althaus K, Singh A et al. 2021. The use of IV immunoglobulin in the treatment of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Blood 138:11992–95
    [Google Scholar]
18. 18.

    Patriquin CJ, Laroche V, Selby R et al. 2021. Therapeutic plasma exchange in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 385:9857–59
    [Google Scholar]
19. 19.

    Greinacher A, Langer F, Makris M et al. 2022. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): update on diagnosis and management considering different resources. J. Thromb. Haemost. 20:1149–56
    [Google Scholar]
20. 20.

    Pavord S, Lester W, Makris M et al. 2021. Guidance from the Expert Haematology Panel (EHP) on COVID-19 Vaccine-induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT) https://b-s-h.org.uk/media/20499/guidance-version-22-20210903.pdf. Accessed Mar. 15, 2022
21. 21.

    Uaprasert N, Trithiphen S, Sukperm A et al. 2021. Safety of the second dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in people with persistent anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies. Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost. 5:82–3
    [Google Scholar]
22. 22.

    US Cent. Dis. Control Prev 2022. Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dvt/data.html
23. 23.

    Off. Surgeon Gen 2008. The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Rep., Off. Surgeon Gen. Rockville, MD: