1932

Abstract

Although ubiquitous today, the “state” did not always exist. Archaeological and historical assessments of state beginnings—and research on the characteristics of the state form in both past and present—help address how the state as a social, economic, and territorial construct became dominant. Utilizing the categories of politics, violence, literacy, and borders, this article examines how individuals and households are mutually implicated in negotiations of power and expressions of everyday life that have been present from before the inception of the state through to the modern day. The state is constituted and expressed through nested exploitative engagements predicated on actual and perceived benefits; the outcomes of the existence of the state range from collaborative platforms for integration to the realities of inequality, environmental degradation through future discounting, and institutionalized power dynamics. As a container for human interactions, the state may be situationally unwanted but also seems inescapable once initialized.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-013018
2022-10-24
2025-02-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/51/1/annurev-anthro-041320-013018.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-013018&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Anand N. 2015. Leaky states: water audits, ignorance, and the politics of infrastructure. Public Cult 27:2305–30
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ando C, Richardson S, eds. 2017. Ancient States and Infrastructural Power: Europe, Asia, and America Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ariely G. 2020. How people view patriotism: the evidences from cross-national surveys. Handbook of Patriotism M Sardoč 633–50 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bahrani Z. 2014. The Infinite Image: Art, Time and the Aesthetic Dimension in Antiquity London: Reaktion
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bang PF, Scheidel W, eds. 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Barua M. 2021. Infrastructure and non-human life: a wider ontology. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 45:61467–89
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bevernage B, Wouters N, eds. 2018. The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945 London: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Blanton R, Fargher L. 2008. Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Blondé B, Hanus J, Ryckbosch W 2020. The rise of the fiscal state? Urban finances, politics and social inequality in sixteenth-century ’s-Hertogenbosch. Inequality and the City in the Low Countries (12002020) B Blondé, S Geens, H Greefs, W Ryckbosch, T Soens, P Stabel 169–82 Turnhout, Belg: Brepols
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Boyle G. 2010. Tattoos on the Heart: The Power of Boundless Compassion New York: Free Press
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Byock J. 2001. Viking Age Iceland London: Penguin
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Canizares J. 2000. Rail freight transport between Spain and France. Rail Int 31:12–6
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Carballo DM 2013. Cooperation and Collective Action: Archaeological Perspectives Boulder: Univ. Press Colo.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Carneiro RL. 1970. A theory of the origin of the state. Science 169:733–38
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Casey E. 2006. Domesticating gambling: gender, caring and the UK National Lottery. Leisure Stud 25:13–16
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Chowdhury MSN. 2019. Ecological engineering with oysters for coastal resilience: habitat suitability, bioenergetics, and ecosystem services PhD Thesis Wageningen Univ. Wageningen, Neth:.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Clancier P, Gorre G. 2021. The integration of indigenous elites and the development of poleis in the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires. Comparing the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Empires: Integration, Communication, and Resistance C Fischer-Bovet, S von Reden 86–105 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Coleman PT. 2014. Power and conflict. The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice PT Coleman, M Deutsch, EC Marcus 137–67 San Francisco: Wiley. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Cowen D. 2020. Following the infrastructures of empire: notes on cities, settler colonialism, and method. Urban Geog 41:4469–86
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Csikszentmihalyi M. 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience New York: HarperCollins
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Dash B, Walia A. 2020. Role of multi-purpose cyclone shelters in India: last mile or neighbourhood evacuation. Trop. Cyclone Res. Rev. 9:4206–17
    [Google Scholar]
  22. David JHB, Barney K. 2018. Structural injustice, slow violence? The political ecology of a “best practice” hydropower dam in Lao PDR. J. Contemp. Asia 48:5808–34
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Desmond W. 2006. Lessons of fear: a reading of Thucydides. Class. Philol. 101:359–79
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Düring BS. 2018. At the root of the matter: the Middle Assyrian prelude to empire. Imperial Peripheries in the Neo-Assyrian Period CW Tyson, VR Herrmann 41–64 Littleton: Univ. Press Colo.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Fargher LF, Heredia Espinoza VY, eds. 2016. Alternative Pathways to Complexity: A Collection of Essays on Architecture, Economics, Power, and Cross-Cultural Analysis Boulder: Univ. Press Colo.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Feinman GM, Marcus J, eds. 1998. Archaic States Santa Fe, NM: Sch. Am. Res. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Flannery KV. 1972. The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 3:399–426
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Fox J. 2018. An Introduction to Religion and Politics: Theory and Practice London: Routledge. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Frachetti MD. 2012. Multiregional emergence of mobile pastoralism and nonuniform institutional complexity across Eurasia. Curr. Anthropol. 53:12–38
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Frangipane M. 2020. Changes in Upper Mesopotamian societies from the Halaf to the Late Chalcolithic period: a comparative analysis of different Neolithic and Chalcolithic developmental models in the Near East. Proceedings of the 5th Broadening Horizons Conference: Civilizations in Contact, Vol. 1 From the Prehistory of Upper Mesopotamia to the Bronze and Iron Age Societies of the Levant M Iamoni 3–21 Trieste, Italy: Ed. Univ. Trieste
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Freidel D. 2018. Maya and the idea of empire. Pathways to Complexity: A View from the Maya Lowlands MK Brown, GJ Bey III 363–86 Gainesville: Univ. Press Fla.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Goggins S. 2019. Reshaping public memory in the 1619 Project: rhetorical interventions against selective forgetting. Mus. Soc. Issues 14:1–260–73
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Gomes DMD. 2020. Mare nostrum—military history and naval power in Rome (2nd century BCE1st Century CE) PhD Thesis Fac. Letras, Univ. Lisboa Lisboa: Port .
    [Google Scholar]
  34. González TL, Stanton TW. 2013. Impacts of politics on material culture: evaluating the Yaxuna-Coba sacbe. Anc. Mesoam. 24:125–42
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Gosden C, Malafouris L. 2015. Process archaeology (P-arch). World Archaeol 47:5701–17
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Graeber D, Wengrow D. 2021. The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Gunn S. 2018. The English People at War in the Age of Henry VIII Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Gupta A. 2012. Red Tape: Bureaucracy, Structural Violence, and Poverty in India Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Harmanşah Ö. 2012. Beyond Aššur: new cities and the Assyrian politics of landscape. Bull. Am. Sch. Orient. Res. 365:53–77
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Hassan FA. 1993. Town and village in ancient Egypt: ecology, society and urbanization. The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns T Shaw, P Sinclair, B Andah, A Okpoko 551–69 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Hess JM. 2006. Statelessness and the state: Tibetans, citizenship, and nationalist activism in a transnational world. Int. Migr. 44:179–103
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Hill K, Hurtado AM. 1996. Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People New York: Aldine de Gruyter
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Hiner H. 2005.. “ They dance alone”: gender in the Chilean transition to democracy. Rev. Anamesa 3:13–20
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Houston SD. 2004. The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Howard-Johnston J. 1995. The two great powers in Late Antiquity: a comparison. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, Vol. 3 States, Resources and Armies A Cameron 157–226 Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Hyslop J. 1984. The Inca Road System: Studies in Archaeology Orlando, FL: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Isiksal AZ. 2021. Testing the effect of sustainable energy and military expenses on environmental degradation: evidence from the states with the highest military expenses. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 28:1620487–98
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Janks H. 2010. Literacy and Power London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Janusek JW, Kolata AL. 2004. Top-down or bottom-up: rural settlement and raised field agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 23:404–30
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Joffe AH. 1998. Disembedded capitals in West Asian perspective. Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 40:3549–80
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Johnson ND, Koyama M. 2014. Tax farming and the origins of state capacity in England and France. Explor. Econ. Hist. 51:1–20
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Jordan DP. 2004. Haussmann and Haussmannisation: the legacy for Paris. Fr. Hist. Stud. 27:187–113
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Kolb A 2019. Roman Roads: New Evidence, New Perspectives Berlin: De Gruyter
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Kwong LSK. 2015. What's in a name: Zhongguo (or ‘Middle Kingdom’) reconsidered. Hist. J. 58:3781–804
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Lafont B. 2010. Contribution de la documentation cunéiforme à la connaissance du ‘Très Long Mur’ de la steppe syrienne. Paléorient 36:273–89
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Lawrence D, Rey S 2020. Extrapolating Ebla: combining remote sensing, survey and textual sources to define an early state. New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East: Studies in Honour of Tony J. Wilkinson D Lawrence, M Altaweel, G Philip 175–88 Oxford, UK: Archaeopress
    [Google Scholar]
  57. LeCount LJ, Yaeger J, eds. 2010. Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Li F. 2013. Early China: A Social and Cultural History New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Li M. 2018. Social Memory and State Formation in Early China Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Lim TW. 2015. The aesthetics of Hong Kong's “Umbrella Revolution” in the first ten days: a historical anatomy of the first phase (27 September 2014 to 6 October 2014) of Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution. East Asia 32:83–98
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Little LM, Papadopoulos JK. 1998. A social outcast in Early Iron Age Athens. Hesperia 67:4375–404
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Liverani M. 2021 (2002). Holy war and just war in the Ancient Near East. Historiography, Ideology and Politics in the Ancient Near East and Israel: Changing Perspectives 5 NP Lemche, E Pfoh 79–99 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Love M, Guernsey J, eds. 2022. Early Mesoamerican Cities: Urbanism and Urbanization in the Formative Period Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Magnani M, Venovcevs A, Farstadvoll S, Magnani N. 2021. How to record current events like an archaeologist. Adv. Archaeol. Pract. 9:4379–86
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Magoscsi PR. 2002. Historical Atlas of Central Europe Seattle: Univ. Wash. Press. Revis./Expand. Ed.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Mandela N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom Boston: Little, Brown
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Marcus J. 2008. The archaeological evidence for social evolution. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 37:251–66
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Martin JT. 2018. Police and policing. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 47:133–48
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Martin S. 2020. Ancient Maya Politics: A Political Anthropology of the Classic Period 150900 CE Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Mbembe A. 2003. Necropolitics. Public Cult. 15:111–40
    [Google Scholar]
  71. McAnany PA 2019. Fragile authority in monumental time: political experimentation in the Classic Maya Lowlands. The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms N Yoffee 47–59 Cambridge, UK: McDonald Inst. Archaeol. Res.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. McLaughlin JJ. 2018. King of beers: alcohol, authority, and identity among Batavian soldiers in the Roman Auxilia at Vindolanda. Anc. Soc. 48:169–98
    [Google Scholar]
  73. McMahon A. 2012. The Akkadian period: empire, environment, and imagination. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East DT Potts 649–67 Malden, MA: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  74. McMahon A. 2014. State warfare and pre-state violent conflict: battle's aftermath at Late Chalcolithic Tell Brak. Preludes to Urbanism: The Late Chalcolithic of Mesopotamia A McMahon, HEW Crawford 175–88 Cambridge, UK: McDonald Inst. Archaeol. Res.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. McMahon A. 2020. From sedentism to states: 10000–3000 BCE. A Companion to the Ancient Near East DC Snell 27–43 New York: Wiley. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  76. McVicker D 2007. Images of violence in Mesoamerican mural art. Latin American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence RJ Chacon, RG Mendoza 73–90 Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Menchú R. 1984. I, Rigoberta Manchú: An Indian Woman in Guatemala E Burgos-Debray, transl. A Wright London: Verso
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Miller JM, Wang YV. 2022. Ostrich eggshell beads reveal 50,000-year-old social network in Africa. Nature 601:234–39
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Mkrtchyan N. 2017. Nation-building projects through new capitals: from St. Petersburg to Yerevan and Astana. Natl. Pap. 45:3485–98
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Monroe JC. 2020.. “ When the King breaks a town he builds another”: politics, slavery, and constructed urban landscapes in tropical West Africa. Landscapes of Preindustrial Urbanism G Farhat 263–98 Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Moran WL ed./transl 1992. The Amarna Letters Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Moreno García JC. 2019. The State in Ancient Egypt: Power, Challenges and Dynamics London: Bloomsbury
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Morgan KR 2023. Pomp, Circumstance, and the Performance of Politics: Acting ‘Politically Correct’ in the Ancient World Chicago: Oriental Inst. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Murtazashvili JB. 2016. Informal Order and the State in Afghanistan Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Nash GB. 1979. The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Neustadt R. 2011. Reading Spanish American national anthems: “sonograms” of national identity. Music Politics 5:11–19
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Niane DT. 1965. Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali transl. GD Pickett Harlow, UK: Pearson
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Nicol N, Jjuuko A, Lusimbo R, Mulé NJ, Ursel S et al., eds. 2018. Envisioning Global LGBT Human Rights: (Neo)colonialism, Neoliberalism, Resistance and Hope London: Hum. Rights Consort., Sch. Adv. Study, Univ. London, Inst. Commonw. Stud.
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Oppenheim AL transl 1967. Letters from Mesopotamia: Official, Business, and Private Letters on Clay Tablets from Two Millennia Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Ostrom E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Parkinson WA, Galaty ML. 2009. Archaic State Interaction: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age Santa Fe, NM: Sch. Adv. Res. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Pattaratorn Chirapravati ML. 2020. Making merit by making Buddhist tablets: inscribed dedicatory inscriptions on King Anuruddha's clay tablets. Across the South of Asia: A Volume in Honor of Professor Robert L. Brown R DeCaroli, PA Lavy 277–95 New Delhi: D.K. Printworld
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Porter BN 2001. The importance of place: Esarhaddon's stelae at Til Barsip and Sam'al. Historiography in the Cuneiform World T Abusch, PA Beaulieu, J Huehnergard, P Machinist, P Steinkeller 373–90 Bethesda, MD: CDL Press
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Postgate N. 2013. Bronze Age Bureaucracy: Writing and the Practice of Government in Assyria Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Proksch D, Busch-Casler J, Haberstroh MM, Pinkwart A. 2019. National health innovation systems: clustering the OECD countries by innovative output in healthcare using a multi indicator approach. Res. Policy 48:169–79
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Psacharopoulos G, Patrinos HA. 2018. Returns to investment in education: a decennial review of the global literature. Educ. Econ. 26:5445–58
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Redman CL. 1999. Human Impact on Ancient Environments Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Regulski I 2018. Early Dynastic sealing practices as a reflection of state formation in Egypt. Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia M Ameri, SK Costello, G Jamison, S Jarmer Scott 258–70 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Ristvet L. 2015. Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Rockman M. 2009. Landscape learning in relation to evolutionary theory. Macroevolution in Human Prehistory: Evolutionary Theory and Processual Archaeology AM Prentiss, I Kuijt, JC Chatters 51–71 New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Roitman J. 2005. Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Runciman WG. 1982. Origins of states: the case of Archaic Greece. Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. 24:3351–77
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Sargent TJ, Velde FR. 2002. The Big Problem of Small Change Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Schaps DM. 2014. War and peace, imitation and innovation, backwardness and development: the beginnings of coinage in ancient Greece and Lydia. Explaining Monetary and Financial Innovation: A Historical Analysis P Bernholz, R Vaubel 31–51 Cham, Switz: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Schmidt M. 2019.. ‘ Almost everybody does it…’ gambling as future-making in Western Kenya. J. East. Afr. Stud. 13:4739–57
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Scott JC. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Scott JC. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Sellars RW. 2009 (1997). Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Singh U. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century Delhi: Pearson Longman
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Singh U. 2017. Political Violence in Ancient India Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Smith AT. 2003. The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Smith GS. 2011. G7 to G8 to G20: evolution in global governance CIGI G20 Pap. 6 Cent. Int. Gov. Innov. Waterloo, Canada: https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/g20no6-2.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Smith ML 2003. Introduction: the social construction of ancient cities. The Social Construction of Ancient Cities ML Smith 1–36 Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst.
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Smith ML. 2005. Networks, territories and the cartography of ancient states. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geog. 95:4832–49
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Smith ML. 2018. Urbanism and the middle class: co-emergent phenomena in the world's first cities. J. Anthropol. Res. 74:3299–326
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Smith ML. 2020. Linear statecraft along the Nile: landscapes and the political phenomenology of ancient Egypt. J. Egypt. Hist. 13:101–26
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Song Y. 2015. Chinese square dance, media, and ideological dynamics in contemporary China MA Thesis, Sch. Commun. Simon Fraser Univ.
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Sparke M. 2000.. “ Chunnel visions”: unpacking the anticipatory geographies of an Anglo-European borderland. J. Borderl. Stud. 15:1187–219
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Stanton TW, Magnoni A, Guenter SP, Osorio León J, Pérez Ruíz F, González de la Mata MR. 2020. Borderland politics: a reconsideration of the role of Yaxuná in regional Maya politics in the latter part of the Classic. A Forest of History: The Maya after the Emergence of Divine Kingship TW Stanton, MK Brown 135–53 Littleton: Univ. Press Colo.
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Stark BL. 2021. The Archaeology of Political Organization: Urbanism in Classic Period Veracruz, Mexico Los Angeles: Cotsen Inst. Archaeol. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Stein B. 1960. The economic function of a medieval South Indian temple. J. Asian Stud. 19:2163–76
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Stein B. 1975. The state and agrarian order in Medieval South India: a historiographical critique. Essays on South India B Stein 64–91 Honolulu: Univ. Press Hawai'i
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Stiner MC. 2014. Finding a common bandwidth: causes of convergence and diversity in Paleolithic beads. Biol. Theory 9:151–64
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Stockdale C, Harrington J. 2018. 35 musicians who famously told politicians: don't use my song. USA Today July 16. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2018/07/16/35-musicians-who-famously-told-politicians-dont-use-my-song/784121002/
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Swyngedouw E. 2020. The political art of urban insurgency. Urban Art and the City: Creating, Destroying, and Reclaiming the Sublime A Loukaki 123–33 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Thapar R. 1997 (1961). Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Thompson MR. 2007. Reform after Reformasi: middle class movements for good governance after democratic revolutions in Southeast Asia Work. Pap. 21 Cent. East Southeast Asian Stud., Lund Univ. Lund, Swed:.
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Ur JA. 2020. Space and structure in early Mesopotamian cities. Landscapes of Preindustrial Urbanism G Farhat 37–59 Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Valk J, Marín IS, eds. 2021. Ancient Taxation: The Mechanics of Extraction in Comparative Perspective New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  130. VanValkenburgh P. 2021. Alluvium and Empire: The Archaeology of Colonial Resettlement and Indigenous Persistence on Peru's North Coast Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Viel H-D. 2012 (2002). The New Complete Code of Hammurabi Lanham, MA: Univ. Press Am.
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Wadley G, Hayden B. 2015. Pharmacological influences on the Neolithic transition. J. Ethnobiol. 35:3566–84
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Waley A transl 2005 (1937). The Book of Songs: The Ancient Chinese Classic of Poetry London: George Allen and Unwin
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Wang Y. 2007. The emperor and the assassin: China's national hero and myth of state origin. Media Asia 34:114–19
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Weber M. 2004 (1919). Politics as a vocation. Max Weber: The Vocation Lectures D Owen, TB Strong, transl. R Livingstone 32–94 Indianapolis: Hackett
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Wheatley P, Dunn C 2021. Coinage as propaganda: Alexander and his successors. Alexander the Great and Propaganda J Walsh, E Baynham 162–98 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Yoffee N, Seri A 2019. Negotiating fragility in ancient Mesopotamia: arenas of contestation and institutions of resistance. The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms N Yoffee 183–96 Cambridge, UK: McDonald Inst. Archaeol. Res.
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Yoltar C. 2020. Making the indebted citizen: an inquiry into state benevolence in Turkey. PoLAR 43:1153–71
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Yong ML. 2020. Reclaiming community spaces in the Mekong River transboundary commons: shifting territorialities in Chiang Khong, Thailand. Asia Pac. Viewp. 61:2203–18
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Zakharov AO 2012. Epigraphy, political history and collective action in ancient Java. Connecting Empires and States ML Tjoa-Bonatz, A Reinecke, D Bonatz 82–89 Singapore: NUS Press
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-013018
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error