1932

Abstract

This article reviews the main trends in the anthropological scholarship of Islam in Europe by examining this body of work through the lens of what I call a double epistemological impasse. The first impasse refers to the historical marking of Islam as Europe's Other, and the second one concerns anthropology's discomfort with the epistemological claim making of monotheistic religious traditions. The literature is organized into three key figures (the Muslim as migrant, as Islamist, and as ethical subject), and through these figures, this article attempts to unearth how this double impasse has affected and informed anthropological scholarship on Islam in Europe.

Keyword(s): ethicsEuropeIslamIslamistmigrantracesubaltern
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011353
2019-10-21
2024-12-06
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/48/1/annurev-anthro-102218-011353.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011353&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Alloul J. 2019. Can the Muhajir speak? European Syria fighters and the digital un/making of home. See Fadil et al. 2019 217–44
  2. Amir-Moazami S, Salvatore A. 2003. Gender, generation, and the reform of tradition: from Muslim majority societies to Western Europe. Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities In and Across Europe S Allievi, J Nielsen 52–77 Leiden, Neth./Boston: Brill
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Amiraux V. 2001. Acteurs de l'Islam entre Allemagne et Turquie. Parcours militants et expériences religieuses Paris: Harmattan
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Andezian S. 1983. Pratiques feminines de l'Islam en France. Arch. Sci. Soc. Relig. 28:53–66
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Arigita E. 2006. Representing Islam in Spain: Muslim identities and the contestation of leadership. Muslim World 96:563–84
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Asad T. 1986. The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam Occas. Pap. Ser Washington, DC: Georgetown Univ. Cent. Contemp. Arab Stud.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Asad T. 1993. Genealogies of Religion. Discipline and Reason of Power in Christianity and Islam Baltimore, MD/London: John Hopkins Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Asad T. 2003. Formation of the Secular: Christianity, Islam and Modernity Redwood City, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Asad T. 2015. Thinking about tradition, religion, and politics in Egypt today. Crit. Inq. 42:166–214
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ath-Messaoud M, Gillette A. 1976. L'immigration Algérienne en France Paris: Ed. Entente
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Aydin C. 2017. The Idea of the Muslim World: A Global Intellectual History Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bangstad S. 2009. Contesting secularism/s: secularism and Islam in the work of Talal Asad. Anthropol. Theory 9:188–208
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Barou J. 1985. Islam, facteur de régulation sociale. Esprit 102:207–15
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Bava S. 2003. Les Cheikhs mourides itinérants et l'espace de la ziyâra à Marseilles. Anthropol. Soc. 27:1149–66
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bendixsen SKN. 2013. The Religious Identity of Young Muslim Women in Berlin: An Ethnographic Study Leiden, Neth.: Brill
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Beekers D, Kloos D. 2018. Straying from the Straight Path: How Senses of Failure Invigorate Lived Religion New York/Oxford, UK: Berghahn
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Billaud J. 2013. Ethics and affects in British sharia councils: “a simple way of getting to paradise.”. See Göle 2013 164–77
  18. Birt J. 2008. Good imam, bad imam: civic religion and national integration in Britain post-9/11. Muslim World 96:687–705
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Boender W. 2007. Imam in Nederland. Opvattingen over zijn religieuze rol in de samenleving Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bowen JR. 2004. Beyond migration: Islam as a transnational public space. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 30:879–94
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bowen JR. 2008. Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public Space Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Bowen JR. 2016. On British Islam. Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shari'a Councils Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Bracke S. 2011. Subjects of debate: secular and sexual exceptionalism, and Muslim women in the Netherlands. Fem. Rev. 98:28–46
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Brown M. 2000. Quantifying the Muslim population in Europe: conceptual and data issues. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 3:87–101
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Bunzl M. 2007. Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe Chicago: Prickly Paradig. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Caeiro A. 2011. The making of the fatwa. The production of Islamic legal expertise in Europe. Arch. Sci. Soc. Relig. 155:81–100
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cannell F 2006. The Anthropology of Christianity Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Clarke H. 2018. Moral ambivalence and veiling amongst British Pakistani women in Sheffield. Contemp. Levant 3:10–19
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Coller I. 2011. Arab France: Islam and the Making of Modern Europe, 1798–1831 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Dassetto F, Bastenier A. 1984. L'Islam transplanté. Vie et organisation des minorités musulmanes de Belgique Berchem, Belg.: EPO
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Dassetto F, Bastenier A. 1987. Medias U Akbar: confrontations author d'une manifestation Louvain-la-Neuve, Belg.: CIACO
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Davidson N. 2012. Only Muslim. Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  33. de Koning M. 2008. Zoeken naar een ‘zuivere’ Islam. Geloofsbeleving en identiteitsvorming van jonge Marokkaans-Nederlandse moslims Amsterdam: Bert Bakker
    [Google Scholar]
  34. de Koning M. 2019. Routinization and mobilization of injustice: how to live in a regime of surveillance. See Fadil et al. 2019 197–216
  35. Derrida J. 1994. Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Dessing NM, Jeldoft N, Nielsen JS, Woodhead L 2013. Everyday Lived Islam in Europe Surrey, UK: Ashgate
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Diop M. 1988. Stéréotypes et strategies dans la communuaté musulmane de France. See Leveau & Kepel 1988 77–87
  38. Eade J. 1996. Nationalism, community and the Islamization of space in London. See Metcalf 1996 217–33
  39. El Asri F. 2015. Rythmes et voix d'islam. Une socioanthropologie d'artistes musulmans européens Louvain-la-Neuve, Belg.: Press. Univ. Louvain
    [Google Scholar]
  40. El-Yousfi A. 2019. Anthropology of Islam in light of Taha Abderrahman's Trusteeship Paradigm. Islamic Ethics and the Trusteeship Paradigm M al-Khatib, M Hashas Leiden, Neth.: Brill. In press
    [Google Scholar]
  41. el-Zein AH. 1977. Beyond ideology and theology: the search for the anthropology of Islam. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 6:227–54
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Ewing KP. 2008. Stolen Honor: Stigmatizing Muslim Men in Berlin Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Fadil N. 2009. Managing affects and sensibilities. The case of not-handshaking and not-fasting. Soc. Anthropol. 17:439–54
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Fadil N. 2011. Not-/unveiling as an ethical practice. Fem. Rev. 98:83–109
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Fadil N. 2014. Asserting state sovereignty. The face veil ban in Belgium. The Experience of Face Veil Wearers in Europe and the Law E Brems 251–62 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Fadil N, de Koning M, Ragazzi F 2019. Radicalization in Belgium and the Netherlands: Critical Perspectives on Violence and Security London: IB Tauris
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Fadil N, Fernando M. 2015. Rediscovering the “everyday” Muslim: notes on an anthropological divide. HAU: J. Ethnogr. Theory 5:59–88
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Fassin D. 2015. A Companion to Moral Anthropology Malden, MA/Oxford: Wiley Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Fernando ML. 2014. The Republic Unsettled: Muslim French and the Contradictions of Secularism Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Gélard M-L. 2017. L'Islam en France: pratiques et vécus du quotidien. Ethnol. Fr. 168:599–606
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Gellner E. 1992. Postmodernism, Reason and Religion London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Gilsenan M. 2000 (1982). Recognizing Islam: Religion and Society in the Modern Middle East London: IB Tauris
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Göle N. 2013. Islam and Public Controversy in Europe London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Gonzalez-Quijano Y. 1988. Les ‘nouvelles’ générations issues de l'immigration maghrébine et la question de l'islam. See Leveau & Kepel 1988 65–76
  55. Goody J. 2004. Islam in Europe Cambridge, UK/Malden, MA: Polity
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Grewal Z. 2014. Islam Is a Foreign Country. American Muslims and the Global Crisis of Authority New York: NYU Press
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Groeninck M. 2017. Reforming the self, unveiling the world. Islamic religious knowledge transmission for women in Brussels' mosques and institutes from a Moroccan background PhD Diss KU Leuven:
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Guénif Souilamas N. 2000. Des beurettes Paris: Hachette Litt.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Habermas J. 2008. Notes on post-secular society. New Perspect. Q. 25:17–29
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Hajjat A, Mohammed M. 2013. Islamophobie. Comment les élites françaises fabriquent le “problème musulman.” Paris: Découverte
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hall S. 1997. Old and new identities, old and new ethnicities. Culture, Globalization and the World-System A King 41–68 Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Hamès C. 1979. Islam et structures sociales chez les immigrés Soninké en France. Soc. Compass 26:87–98
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Harding S. 1991. Representing fundamentalism: the problem of the repugnant other. Soc. Res. 58:373–93
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Harvey LP. 1990. Islamic Spain. 1250-1500 Chicago/London: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Henkel H. 2010. Fundamentally Danish?: The Muhammad cartoon crisis as transitional drama. Hum. Arch. J. Sociol. Self-Knowl. 8:67–82
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Hervik P. 2011. The Annoying Difference. The Emergence of Danish Neonationalism, Neoracism, and Populism in the Post-1989 World New York/Oxford, UK: Berghahn
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Hirschkind C. 2001. Civic virtue and religious reason: an Islamic counterpublic. Cult. Anthropol. 16:3–34
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Hussain A. 2014. Transgressing community: the case of Muslims in a twenty-first-century British city. Ethn. Rac. Stud. 37:621–35
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Jacobsen CM. 2011. Islamic Traditions and Muslim Youth in Norway Leiden, Neth.: Brill
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Jeldoft N. 2013. The hypervisibility of Islam. See Dessing et al. 2013 28–38
  71. Johansen B, Spielhaus R. 2012. Counting deviance: revisiting a decade's production of surveys among Muslims in Western Europe. J. Muslims Europe 1:81–112
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Jonker G, Amiraux V. 2006. Politics of Visibility: Young Muslims in European Public Spaces Bielefeld, Ger.: Transcript Verlag
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Jouili JS. 2014. Refining the umma in the shadow of the republic: performing arts and new Islamic audio-visual landscapes in France. Anthropol. Q. 87:1079–104
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Jouili JS. 2015. Piouis Practice and Secular Constraints. Women in the Islamic Revival in Europe Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Kanmaz M. 2009. Islamitische ruimtes in de stad. De ontwikkeling van gebedsruimtes, moskeeën en islamitische centra in Gent Gent, Belg.: Academia
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Kastoryano R. 1987. Definition des frontières de l'identité Turcs Musulmans. Rev. Fr. Sci. Politique 37:833–54
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Kayikci M. 2018. Committing to society, committing to God: the relational experience of piety among the Muslim female volunteers in Belgium PhD Diss. KU Leuven:
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kennedy J, Valenta M. 2006. Religious pluralism and the Dutch state: reflections on the future of Article 23. Geloven in het publieke domein. Verkenningen van een Dubbele Transformatie WBHJ van de Donck, AP Jonkers, GJ Kronjee, RJJM Plum 337–52 Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Kepel G. 1991 (1987). Les banlieues de l'Islam. Naissance d'une religion en France Paris: Ed. Seuil
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Khosrokhavar F. 1997. l'Islam des Jeunes Paris: Flammarion
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Khosrokhavar F. 2016. Radicalization: Why Some People Choose the Path of Violence New York: New Press
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Kublitz A. 2010. The cartoon controversy: creating Muslims in a Danish setting. Soc. Anal. 54:107–25
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Kundnani A. 2014. The Muslims Are Coming. Islamophobia, Extremism and the Domestic War on Terror London: Verso
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Kuppinger P. 2015. Faithfully Urban. Pious Muslims in a German City New York/Oxford, UK: Berghahn
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Lacomba J. 2000. Immigrés sénégalais, islam et confréries à Valence (Espagne). Rev. Eur. Migr. Int. 16:385–103
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Lacoste-Dujardin C. 1992. Yasmina et les autres de Nanterre et d'ailleurs Paris: Découverte
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Laurens H, Tolan J, Veinstein G 2009. L'Europe et l'islam. Quinze sciècles d'histoire Paris: Odile Jacob
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Lechkar I. 2017. Being a “true” Shi'ite: the poetics of emotions among Belgian-Moroccan Shiites. J. Muslims Eur. 6:241–59
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Leveau R, Kepel G 1988. Les Musulmans dans la société française Paris: Press. Sci. Po
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Lewis P. 1994. Islamic Britain: Religion, Politics and Identity Among British Muslims: Bradford in the 1990s London: I.B. Tauris
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Liberatore G. 2016. Imagining an ideal husband: marriage as a site of aspiration among pious Somali women in London. Anthropol. Q. 89:781–812
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Lorcerie F. 2005. La politisation du voile en France, en Europe et dans le monde arabe Paris: Harmattan
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Mahmood S. 2005. Politics of Piety: The Reform of the Feminist Subject Princeton, NJ/Oxford, UK: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Mahmood S. 2016. Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Malkki LH. 1995. Refugees and exile: from “refugee studies” to the national order of things. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 24:495–523
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Mamdani M. 2004. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror New York: Three Leaves Press/Doubleday
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Mandaville P. 2001. Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Mandel R. 2008. Cosmopolitan Anxieties: Turkish Challenges to Citizenship and Belonging in Germany Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Manzoor-Khan S. 2017. This is not a humanizing poem Poem presented at The Last Word Festival, Roundhouse, June 20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9Sz2BQdMF8
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Maréchal B. 2008. The Muslim Brothers in Europe: Roots and Discourses Leiden, Neth.: Brill
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Marshall R. 2014. Christianity, anthropology, politics. Curr. Anthropol. 55:S344–56
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Martens A. 1973. 25 jaar wegwerparbeiders: het Belgisch immigratiebeleid na 1945 Leuven, Neth.: KUL Sociol. Onderzoeksinst
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Masuzawa T. 2005. The Invention of World Religions, or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Matar N. 1999. Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery New York: Columbia Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Maussen M, Bader V, Moors A 2011. Colonial and Post-Colonial Governance of Islam: Continuities and Ruptures Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  106. McBrien J. 2017. From Belonging to Belief: Modern Secularism and the Construction of Religion in Kyrgyzstan Pittsburgh, PA: Univ. Pittsburgh Press
    [Google Scholar]
  107. McLoughlin S. 2005. Mosques and the public space: conflict and cooperation in Bradford. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 31:1045–66
    [Google Scholar]
  108. McLoughlin S. 2007. Islam(s) in context: Orientalism and the anthropology of Muslim societies and cultures. J. Beliefs Values 28:273–96
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Meinert L, Kapferer B 2015. In the Event: Toward an Anthropology of Generic Movements New York/Oxford, UK: Berghahn
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Metcalf BD. 1996. Making Muslim Space in North American and Europe Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Modood T. 1990. British Asian Muslims and the Rushdie Affair. Political Q 61:143–60
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Modood T, Triandafyllidou A, Zapata-Barrero R 2006. Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Moors A. 2009. The Dutch and the face-veil: the politics of discomfort. Soc. Anthropol. 17:393–408
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Moors A. 2019. No escape: the force of the security frame in academia. See Fadil et al. 2019 245–61
  115. Moors A, de Koning M, Vroom-Najem V 2018. Secular rule and Islamic ethics: engaging with Muslim-only marriages in the Netherlands. Sociol. Islam 6:274–96
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Nail T. 2015. The Figure of the Migrant Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Nathan E, Toploski A 2016. Is There a Judeo-Christian Tradition? A European Perspective Berlin: De Gruyter
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Navest A, de Koning M, Moors A 2016. Chatting about marriage with female migrants to Syria. Anthropol. Today 32:22–25
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Nielsen J. 1992. Muslims in Western Europe Edinburgh: Edinb. Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Nora P. 1984. Les Lieux de mémoire Paris: Gallimard
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Norton A. 2013. On the Muslim Question Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Özyürek E. 2014. Being German, Becoming Muslim: Race, Religion and Conversion in the New Europe Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Pedraza S. 1991. Women and migration: the social consequences of gender. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 17:303–25
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Pew Res. Cent 2017. Europe's growing Muslim population Pew Res. Cent., Relig. Public Life Nov. 29. https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/#surge-in-refugees
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Qureshi K, Zeitlyn B. 2012. British Muslims, British soldier: cultural citizenship in the new imperialism. Ethnicities 13:110–26
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Robbins J. 2003. What Is a Christian? Notes toward an anthropology of Christianity. Religion 33:191–99
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Rogozen-Soltar M. 2014. Managing Muslim visibility: conversion, immigration and Spanish imaginaries of Islam. Am. Anthropol. 114:611–23
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Rytter M. 2013. Family Upheaval: Generation, Mobility and Relatedness Among Pakistani Migrants in Denmark New York: Berghahn
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Rytter M. 2016. By the beard of the Prophet: imitation, reflection and world transformation among Sufis in Denmark. Ethnography 17:229–49
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Said EW. 1995 (1978). Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient London: Penguin
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Salazar NB. 2017. Key figures of mobility: an introduction. Soc. Anthropol. 25:5–12
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Salvatore A. 2004. Making public space: opportunities and limits of collective action among Muslims in Europe. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 30:1013–31
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Sayad A. 1999. La Double Absence. Des illusions de l'émigré aux souffrances de l'immigré Paris: Ed. Seuil
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Sayad A. 2014. L'immigration ou les paradoxes de l'altérité. Tome 3. La fabrication des identités culturelles Paris: Raison d'agir Ed.
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Sayyid BS. 1997. A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism London: Zed
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Sbaï J. 2018. La politique musulmane de la France. Un projet chrétien pour l'islam? 1911–1954 Paris: CNRS Ed.
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Schielke S, Debevec L. 2012. Ordinary Lives and Grand Schemes. An Anthropology of Everyday Religion New York/Oxford, UK: Berghahn
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Schiffauer W. 2008. Suspect subjects: Muslim migrants and the security agencies in Germany. The Social Life of Anti-Terrorism Laws: The War on Terror and the Classifications of the “Dangerous Other,” JM Eckert 55–77 Bielefeld, Ger.: Transcript Verlag
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Scott JW. 2007. The Politics of the Veil Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Selby JA. 2012. Questioning French Secularism: Gender Politics and Islam in a Parisian Suburb New York: Palgrave MacMillan
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Silverstein PA. 2004. Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Silverstein PA. 2005. Immigrant racialization and the new savage slot: race, migration, and immigration in the new Europe. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34:363–84
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Spivak GC. 1988. Can the Subaltern speak?. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture C Nelson, L Grossberg 271–313 Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Education
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Suhr C. 2015. Brainwashed at school? Deprogramming the secular among young neo-orthodox Muslims in Denmark. Making European Muslims: Religious Socialization Among Young Muslims in Scandinavia and Western Europe M Sedgwick 249–68 New York/Abingdon, UK: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Suhr C. 2019. Descending with Angels. Islamic Exorcism and Psychiatry: A Film Monograph Manchester, UK: Manchester Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Sunier T. 1996. Islam in Beweging. Turkse jongeren en islamitische organisaties Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Tarlo E, Moors A. 2013. Islamic Fashion and Anti-Fashion: New Perspectives from Europe and North America London/Oxford, UK: Bloomsbury
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Truong F. 2018. Radicalized Loyalities: Becoming Muslim in the West London: Polity
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Varisco DM. 2005. Islam Obscured: The Rhetoric of Anthropological Representation New York: Palgrave MacMillan
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Verkaaik O. 2012. Designing the ‘anti‐mosque’: identity, religion and affect in contemporary European mosque design. Soc. Anthropol. 20:161–76
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Vertovec S, Rogers A. 1998. Muslim European Youth: Reproducing Ethnicity, Religion, Culture Aldershot, UK: Ashgate
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Werbner P. 2002 (1990). The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among British Pakistanis London: Bloomsbury
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Wesselhoeft K. 2010. Making Muslim minds: question and answer as a genre of moral reasoning in an urban French mosque. J. Am. Acad. Relig. 78:790–823
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Wikan U. 2001. Generous Betrayal: Politics of Culture in the New Europe Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Willerslev R, Suhr C. 2018. Is there a place for faith in anthropology? Religion, reason, and the ethnographer's divine revelation. HAU: J. Ethnogr. Theory 8:65–78
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Withol de Wenden C. 1985. L'emergence d'une Force Politique? Les conflits des immigres musulmans dans la cité. Esprit 102:222–31
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011353
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error