1932

Abstract

Bringing together ethnographic approaches to childhood, linguistic anthropology, and relational–feminist perspectives on care, this review focuses on the role of children as interactional brokers of care, a role that has been underappreciated. Building from the premise that, through language, children perform a fundamental form of other-oriented care—that of mediating another person's ability to express themselves—this review explores the material, political, moral, and affective dimensions of children's interactional care work. Attention to the interactional–relational aspects of children's caregiving shows the extent to which children are involved in facilitating the circulation of care and enabling community care networks, and it opens up new possibilities for how we conceptualize care: It illuminates the processes through which care practices are organized, negotiated, and enacted at the intersection of the local and the global; it reveals care as a reciprocal, distributed interactional achievement; and it helps us transcend dichotomies that have characterized scholarly thinking about care.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050050
2018-10-21
2024-10-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/anthro/47/1/annurev-anthro-102317-050050.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050050&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Acoach CL, Webb L 2004. The influence of language brokering on Hispanic teenagers' acculturation, academic performance, and nonverbal decoding skills: a preliminary study. Howard J. Comm. 15:1–19
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Aldridge J. 2008. All work and no play? Understanding the needs of children with caring responsibilities. Child. Soc. 22:253–64
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Aldridge J, Becker S 1993. Children Who Care: Inside the World of Young Carers Loughborough, UK: Loughb. Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Alvarez S. 2014. Translanguaging tareas: emergent bilingual youth as language brokers for homework in immigrant families. Lang. Arts 91:5326–39
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Angelelli C. 2017. Bilingual youngsters’ perceptions of their role as family interpreters: Why should their views be measured? Why should they count. ? See Antonini et al. 2017 259–79
  6. Antonini R. 2010. Special Issue: Child Language Brokering: Trends and Patterns in Current Research. Mediazioni 2010:10 http://www.mediazioni.sitlec.unibo.it/index.php/no-10-special-issue-2010.html
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Antonini R. 2011. The invisible mediators: child language brokering in Italy. Marginalized Identities in the Discourse of Justice: Reflections on Children's Rights G Cortese 229–50 Monza: Casa Ed. Polimetrica
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Antonini R. 2016. Caught in the middle: child language brokering as a form of unrecognised language service. J. Multiling. Multicult. Dev. 37:7710–25
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Antonini R. 2017. Through the children's voice: an analysis of language brokering experiences. See Antonini et al. 2017 315–35
  10. Antonini R, Cirillo L, Rossato L, Torresi I 2017. Non-Professional Interpreting and Translation: State of the Art and Future of An Emerging Field of Research Amsterdam: John Benjamins
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Ariès P. 1962. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life London: Jonathan Cape
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Arnold L. 2016. Communicative care across borders: language, materiality, and affect in transnational family life. PhD Diss. Dep. Linguist., Univ. Calif. Santa Barbara:
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Aronsson K, Cekaite A 2011. Activity contracts and directives in everyday family politics. Discourse Soc 22:2134–54
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Assoc. Press 1991. For immigrants’ children, an adult role. New York Times Aug. 15. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/15/garden/for-immigrants-children-an-adult-role.html
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Baldassar L, Merla L 2014. Introduction: Transnational family caregiving through the lens of circulation. Transnational Families, Migration and the Circulation of Care: Understanding Mobility and Absence in Family Life L Baldassar, L Merla 3–24 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bauer E. 2010. Language brokering: practicing active citizenship. See Antonini 2010 125–46
  17. Bayley R, Hansen-Thomas H, Langman J 2005. Language brokering in a middle school science class. ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism J Cohen, KT McAlister, K Rolstad, J MacSwan 223–32 Somerville, MA: Cascadilla
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Becker S 1995. Young Carers in Europe: An Exploratory Cross-National Study in Britain, France, Sweden and Germany Loughborough, UK: Loughb. Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Becker S, Aldridge J, Dearden C 1998. Young Carers and Their Families Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Bekir P, McLellan T, Childress AR, Gariti P 1993. Role reversal in families of substance misusers: a transgenerational phenomenon. Int. J. Addict. 28:613–30
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bluebond-Langner M, Korbin JE 2007. Challenges and opportunities in the anthropology of childhoods: an introduction to “children, childhood, and childhood studies. .” Am. Anthropol. 109:2241–46
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Bolden GB. 2012. Across languages and cultures: brokering problems of understanding in conversational repair. Lang. Soc. 41:197–121
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Borstein MH, Cote LR 2006. Acculturation and Parent-Child Relationships: Measurement and Development Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Buriel R, Love JA, De Ment TL 2006. The relationship of language brokering to depression and parent–child bonding among Latino adolescents. See Borstein & Cote 2006 249–70
  25. Buriel R, Perez W, De Ment TL Chavez DV, Moran VR 1998. The relationship of language brokering to academic performance, biculturalism, and self-efficacy among Latino adolescents. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 20:3283–97
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Chao RK. 2006. The prevalence and consequences of adolescents' language brokering for their immigrant parents. See Borstein & Cote 2006 271–96
  27. Chase ND 1999. Burdened Children: Theory, Research, and Treatment of Parentification Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Chase ND, Deming MP, Wells MC 1998. Parentification, parental alcoholism, and academic status among young adults. Am. J. Fam. Ther. 26:2105–14
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Cheney KE. 2017. Crying for Our Elders: African Orphanhood in the Age of HIV and AIDS Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Cirillo L, Torresi I, Valentini C 2010. Institutional perceptions of child language brokering in Emilia Romagna. See Antonini 2010 269–96
  31. Cline T, Crafter S, de Abreu G, O'Dell L 2017. Child language brokers’ representations of parent-child relationships. See Antonini et al. 2017 281–93
  32. Cockburn T. 2005. Children and the feminist ethic of care. Childhood 12:171–89
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Cohen S, Moran-Ellis J, Smaje C 1999. Children as informal interpreters in GP consultations: pragmatics and ideology. Soc. Health Illn. 21:163–86
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Cole J, Durham D 2008. Figuring the Future: Globalization and the Temporalities of Children and Youth Santa Fe, NM: Sch. Adv. Res. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  35. De León PL 2007. Parallelism, metalinguistic play, and the interactive emergence of Zinacantec Mayan siblings’ culture. Res. Lang. Soc. Interact. 40:4405–36
    [Google Scholar]
  36. De León PL 2011. Calibrando la atención: directivos, adiestramiento y responsabilidad en el trabajo doméstico de los niños Mayas Zinacantecos. Aprendizaje, Cultura y Desarrollo: Una Aproximación Interdisciplinaria S Frisancho, MT Moreno, P Ruiz Bravo, V Zavala 81–110 Lima: Fondo Ed. Pontif. Univ. Catól. Perú
    [Google Scholar]
  37. De León PL 2015. Mayan children's creation of learning ecologies by initiative and cooperative action. Children Learn by Observing and Contributing to Family and Community Endeavors: A Cultural Paradigm M Correa-Chávez, R Mejía-Arauz, B Rogoff 153–84 Adv. Child Dev. Behav. 49 Burlington, MA: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Dearden C, Becker S 2000. Growing up Caring: Vulnerability and Transition to Adulthood—Young Carers’ Experiences Leicester, UK: Natl. Youth Agency
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Degener JL. 2010. “Sometimes my mother does not understand, then I need to translate.” Child and youth language brokering in Berlin-Neukölln (Germany). See Antonini 2010 346–67
  40. del Torto LM. 2010. Child language brokers all grown up: interpreting in multigenerational Italian-Canadian family interaction. See Antonini 2010 147–81
  41. DeMause L 1974. The History of Childhood London: Souvenir
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Dominguez VR. 1994. A taste for “the other”: intellectual complicity in racializing practices. Curr. Anthropol. 35:4333–48
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Dorner L, Orellana MF, Jiménez R 2008. “It's just something you do to help your family”: the development of immigrant youth through relationships and responsibilities. J. Adolesc. Dev. 23:5515–43
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Dorner LM, Orellana MF, Li-Grining CP 2007. “I helped my mom and it helped me:” translating the skills of language brokers into improved standardized test scores. Am. J. Educ. 113:3451–78
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Duranti A, Ochs E, Schieffelin BB 2012. The Handbook of Language Socialization Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Earley L, Cushway D 2002. The parentified child. Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 7:2163–78
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Eksner HJ, Orellana MF 2012. Shifting in the zone: Latina/o child language brokers and the co-construction of knowledge. Ethos 40:2196–220
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Erikson EH. 1963. Childhood and Society New York: Norton. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Erikson EH. 1982. The Life Cycle Completed: A Review New York: Norton
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Evans R. 2011a. ‘We're managing our own lives’: life transitions and care in sibling-headed household affected by AIDS in Tanzania and Uganda. Area 43:4384–96
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Evans R. 2011b. Youth caregiving and HIV in the UK: caring relationships and mobilities in African migrant families. Popul. Space Place 17:4338–60
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Evans R, Becker S 2009. Children Caring for Parents with HIV and AIDS: Global Issues and Policy Responses Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Fassin D. 2013. Children as victims: the moral economy of childhood in the times of AIDS. When People Come First: Critical Studies in Global Health J Biehl, A Petrina 109–29 Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Fasulo A, Loyd H, Padiglione V 2007. Children's socialization into cleaning practices: a cross-cultural perspective. Discourse Soc 18:111–33
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Flores V. 1999. Language skills translate to major duties for kids. Chicago Sun-Times April 4 4
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Franklin B 2002. Children's rights and media wrongs: changing representations of children and the developing rights agenda. The New Handbook of Children's Rights B Franklin 15–42 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  57. García A. 2010. The Pastoral Clinic: Addiction and Dispossession Along the Río Grande. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
  58. García-Sánchez IM. 2010. (Re)shaping practices in translation: how Moroccan immigrant children and families navigate continuity and change. See Antonini 2010 182–214
  59. García-Sánchez IM. 2014. Language and Muslim Immigrant Childhoods: The Politics of Belonging Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  60. García-Sánchez IM. 2017. Friendship, participation, and multimodality in Moroccan immigrant girls’ peer groups. Friendship and Peer Culture in Multilingual Settings M Theobald 1–32 Sociol. Stud. Child. Youth 2 Bingley, UK: Emerald Books
    [Google Scholar]
  61. García-Sánchez IM, Orellana MF 2006. The construction of moral and social identity in immigrant children's narratives-in-translation. Linguist. Educ. 17:3209–39
    [Google Scholar]
  62. García-Sánchez IM, Orellana MF, Hopkins M 2011. Facilitating intercultural communication in parent–teacher conferences: lessons from child translators. Multicult. Perspect. 13:3148–54
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Gaskins S. 2000. Children's daily activities in a Mayan village: a culturally grounded description. Cross-Cult. Res. 34:375–89
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Gilmore P. 2016. Kisisi (Our Language): The Story of Colin and Sadiki Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Giordano C. 2014. Migrants in Translation. Caring and the Politics of Difference in Contemporary Italy Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Goffman E. 1981. Forms of Talk Philadelphia: Univ. Pa. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Gold M. 1999. Small voice for her parents. Los Angeles Times May 24. http://articles.latimes.com/1999/may/24/news/mn-40444
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Goodwin MH, Kyratzis A 2012. Peer language socialization. See Duranti et al. 2012 365–90
  69. Guan S-SA, Greenfield PM, Orellana MF 2014. Translating into understanding: language brokering and prosocial development in emerging adults from immigrant families. J. Adolesc. Res. 29:3331–55
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Guan S-SA, Nash A, Orellana MF 2015. Cultural and social processes of language brokering among Arab, Asian, and Latin immigrants. J. Multiling. Multicult. Dev. 37:2150–66
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Guo Z. 2014. Young Children as Intercultural Mediators: Mandarin-Speaking Families in Britain London: Multiling. Matters
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Hall N. 2004. The child in the middle: agency and diplomacy in language brokering events. Claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies G Hansen, K Malmkjaer, D Gile 285–96 Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Hall N, Sham S 2007. Language brokering as young people's work evidence from Chinese adolescents in England. Lang. Educ. 21:116–30
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Han C. 2012. Life in Debt: Times of Care and Violence in Neoliberal Chile Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hansen KT. 2008. Youth and the City in the Global South Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Harris B. 1977. The importance of natural translation. Work. Pap. Biling. 12:96–114
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Hedges C. 2000. Translating America for parents and family. New York Times June 19. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/19/nyregion/translating-america-for-parents-family-children-immigrants-assume-difficult.html
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Heidegger M. 1973. Being and Time transl. J Macquarrie, E Robinson Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Held V. 2006. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Hochschild AR. 2000. Global care chains and emotional surplus value. On the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism W Hutton, A Giddens 130–46 London: Jonathan Cape
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Hollway W. 2006. The Capacity to Care: Gender and Ethical Subjectivity London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Hunleth J. 2017. Children as caregivers: the global fight against tuberculosis and HIV in Zambia New Brunswick, NJ: Routledge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  83. James A, James AL 2012. Key Concepts in Childhood Studies Los Angeles: Sage
    [Google Scholar]
  84. James A, Jenks C, Prout A 1998. Theorizing Childhood Cambridge, UK: Polity
    [Google Scholar]
  85. James A, Prout A 1997. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociology of Childhood London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Jones A, Jeyasingham D, Rajasooriya S 2002. Invisible Families: The Strengths and Needs of Black Families in which Young People Have Caring Responsibilities Bristol, UK: Policy Press
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Jones CJ, Trickett EJ 2005. Immigrant adolescents behaving as cultural brokers: a study of families from the former Soviet Union. J. Soc. Psychol. 145:4405–27
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Katz VS. 2010. How children of immigrants use media to connect their families to the community: The case of Latinos in south Los Angeles. J. Child. Media 4:3298–315
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Katz VS. 2014a. Children as brokers of their immigrant families’ health-care connections. Soc. Probl. 61:2194–215
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Katz VS. 2014b. Kids in the Middle: How Children of Immigrants Negotiate Community Interactions for Their Families New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Klein W, Goodwin MH 2013. Chores. See Ochs & Kremer-Sadlik 2013 111–29
  92. Kusserow AS. 2004. American Individualisms: Child Rearing and Social Class in Three Neighborhoods New York: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Kwon H. 2014. The hidden injury of class in Korean-American language brokers’ lives. Childhood 21:156–71
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Lareau A. 2003. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Lucas SE. 2014. ‘Mum, if you've got a doctor's appointment take me or my sister’: contributions of a child language broker. Participation, Citizenship and Intergenerational Relations in Children and Young People's Lives: Children and Adults in Conversation J Westwood, C Larkins, D Moxon, Y Perry, N Thomas 82–93 Houndmills, UK/New York: Palgrave Pivot
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Maynard AE. 2002. Cultural teaching: the development of teaching skills in Maya siblings interactions. Child Dev 73:3969–82
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Meyer B, Pawlack B, Kliche O 2010. Family interpreters in hospitals: good reasons for bad practice. ? See Antonini 2010 297–324
  98. Mintz S. 2004. Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Mol A. 2006. The Logic of Care: Health and the Problem of Patient Choice New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Morales A, Hansen WE 2005. Language brokering: an integrative review of the literature. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 27:4471–503
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Morales A, Yakushko OF, Castro AJ 2012. Language brokering among Mexican-immigrant families in the Midwest: a multiple case study. Couns. Psychol. 40:4520–53
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Morrow V. 1996. Rethinking childhood dependency: children's contributions to the domestic economy. Soc. Rev. 44:58–77
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Napier J. 2008. Exploring linguistic and cultural identity: my personal experience. Hearing, Mother Father Deaf: Hearing People in Deaf Families M Bishop, SL Hicks 219–43 Washington, DC: Gallaudet Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Napier J. 2017. Not just child's play: exploring bilingualism and language brokering as a precursor to the development of expertise as a professional sign language interpreter. See Antonini et al. 2017 381–409
  105. Nash A. 2014. Participation and conversational involvement in brokered medical interviews: a case of Iraqi patients in Southern California PhD Diss. Univ. Calif Los Angeles:
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Nash A. 2017. Arab Americans’ brokering in a context of tension and stereotypes: “It's just a head-cover. Get over it!. ” In Language Brokering in Immigrant Families: Theories and Contexts RS Weisskirch 116–36 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Noddings N. 2013. Care: A Relational Approach to Ethics and Moral Education Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press. , 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Ochs E, Izquierdo C 2009. Responsibility in childhood: three developmental trajectories. Ethos 37:4391–413
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Ochs E, Kremer-Sadlik T 2013. Fast-forward Family: Home, Work and Relationships in Middle-Class America Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Ochs E, Kremer-Sadlik T 2015. How postindustrial families talk. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 44:87–103
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Olmedo IM. 2003. Language mediation among emergent bilingual children. Linguist. Educ. 14:2143–62
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Orellana MF. 2001. The work kids do: Mexican and Central American immigrant children's contributions to households and schools in California. Harv. Educ. Rev. 71:3366–89
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Orellana MF. 2003. Responsibilities of children in Latino immigrant homes. N. Dir. Youth Dev. Winter:10025–39
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Orellana MF. 2009. Translating Childhoods: Immigrant Youth, Language and Culture New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Orellana MF. 2017. Dialoguing across differences: the past and future of child language brokering research. See Antonini et al. 2017 65–80
  116. Orellana MF, Dorner L, Pulido L 2003a. Accessing assets: immigrant youth's work as family translators or “para-phrasers. .” Soc. Probl. 50:4505–24
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Orellana MF, Guan SS 2015. Immigrant family settlement processes and the work of child language brokers: implications for child development. The Development of Immigrant-Origin Children and Youth: A Contextual Approach C Suárez-Orozco, M Abo-Zena, A Kerivan Marks 184–200 New York: N. Y. Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Orellana MF, Reynolds JF, Dorner L, Meza M 2003b. In other words: translating or “para-phrasing” as a family literacy practice in immigrant households. Read. Res. Q. 38:12–34
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Parke RD, Buriel D 1995. Socialization in the family: ethnic and ecological perspectives. Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 3: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development429–504 New York: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Paugh AL. 2017. Language socialization in working families. Language Socialization. Vol. 8: Encyclopedia of Language and Education PA Duff, S May 99–109 Cham, Ger.: Springer Int. , 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Perry KH. 2009. Genres, contexts, and literacy practices: literacy brokering among Sudanese refugee families. Read. Res. Q. 44:3256–76
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Perry KH. 2014. “Mama, sign this note”: young refugee children's brokering of literacy practices. Lang. Arts 91:5313–25
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Pollock LA. 1983. Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500–1900 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Preston P. 1996. Chameleon voices: interpreting for deaf parents. Soc. Sci. Med. 42:1681–90
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Puig ME. 2002. The adultification of refugee children: implications for cross-cultural social work practice. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ. 5:3–485–95
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Qvortrup J. 1985. Placing children in the division of labour. Family and Economy in Modern Society P Close, R Collins 129–45 London: Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Qvortrup J. 2001. School-work, paid work and the changing obligations of childhood. Hidden Hands: International Perspectives on Children's Work and Labour P Mizen, C Pole, A Bolton 91–107 London: Routledge/Falmer
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Qvortrup J. 2005a. Studies in Modern Childhood: Society, Agency, and Culture New York: Palgrave Macmillan
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Qvortrup J. 2005b. Varieties of childhood. See Qvortrup 2005a 1–20
  130. Rabain-Jamin J, Maynard AE, Greenfield P 2003. Implications of sibling caregiving for sibling relations and teaching interactions in two cultures. Ethos 31:2204–31
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Rainey VR, Flores V, Morrison RG, David EJR, Silton RL 2014. Mental health risk factors associated with childhood language brokering. J. Multiling. Multicult. Dev. 35:5463–78
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Reynolds JF, Orellana MF 2009. New immigrant youth interpreting in white public space. Am. Anthropol. 111:2211–23
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Reynolds JF, Orellana MF 2014. Translanguaging within enactments of quotidian interpreter-mediated interactions. J. Linguist. Anthropol. 24:3315–38
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Reynolds JF, Orellana MF, García-Sánchez IM 2015. In the service of surveillance: immigrant child language brokers in parent-teacher conferences. Lang. Soc. 153:91–108
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Scheper-Hughes N, Sargent C 1999. Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Schieffelin BB, Cochran-Smith M 1985. Learning to read culturally: literacy before schooling. Awakening to Literacy H Goelman, AA Oberg, F Smith 3–23 Exeter, NH: Heinemann Educ.
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Shannon SM. 1990. English in the barrio: the quality of contact among immigrant children. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 12:3256–76
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Slote M. 2007. The Ethics of Care and Empathy New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Song M. 1997. ‘You're becoming more and more English’: investigating Chinese siblings’ cultural identities. J. Ethnic Migr. Stud. 23:3343–62
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Song M. 1999. Helping Out: Children's Labor in Ethnic Businesses Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Stein JA, Riedel M, Rotheram-Borus MJ 1999. Parentification and its impact on adolescent children of parents with AIDS. Fam. Process 38:2193–208
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Stephens S. 1995. Children and the politics of “late capitalism. .” In Children and the Politics of Culture S Stephens 3–48 Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Stevenson L. 2014. Life Beside Itself: Imagining Care in the Canadian Arctic Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Stivers T. 2012. Language socialization in children's medical encounters. See Duranti et al. 2012 247–68
  145. Tannen D, Kendall S, Gordon C 2007. Family Talk: Discourse and Identity in Four American Families Oxford, UK/New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Thomas N, Stainton T, Doubtfire S, Webb A 2001. A study of young carers in Wales: perspectives of children and young people. Report for the Wales Office of Research and Development for Health and Social Care. Rep. SC00/1/003A Cent. Appl. Soc. Stud., Univ. Wales Swansea:
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Thorne B. 2001. Pick-up time at Oakdale Elementary School: work and family from the vantage points of children. Working Families R Hertz, N Marshall 354–76 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Tronto J. 1993. Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Tse L. 1995. Language brokering among Latino adolescents: prevalence, attitudes, and school performance. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 17:2180–93
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Tse L. 1996. Who decides? The effect of language brokering on home-school communication. J. Educ. Issues Lang. Minor. Stud. 16:225–33
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Valdés G, Chávez C, Angelelli C 2003. A performance team: young interpreters and their parents. Expanding Definitions of Giftedness: The Case of Young Interpreters from Immigrant Countries G Valdés 63–98 Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Valenzuela AJr. 1999. Gender roles and settlement activities among children and their immigrant families. Am. Behav. Sci. 42:4720–42
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Weisskirch RS. 2005. The relationship of language brokering to ethnic identity for Latino early adolescents. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 27:3286–99
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Weisskirch RS, Alva SA 2002. Language brokering and the acculturation of Latino children. Hispanic J. Behav. Sci. 24:369–78
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Yarris KE. 2017. Care Across Generations: Solidarity and Sacrifice in Transnational Families Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Zelizer VA. 1985. Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Zelizer VA. 2005. The priceless child revisited. See Qvortrup 2005a 184–200
  158. Zukow PG 1989. Sibling Interaction Across Cultures: Theoretical and Methodological Issues New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-050050
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error