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Visual processing starts in the outer retina, where photoreceptor cells sense photons that trigger electrical responses. Retinal pigment epithelial cells are located external to the photoreceptor layer and have critical functions in supporting cell and tissue homeostasis and thus sustaining a healthy retina. The high level of specialization makes the retina vulnerable to alterations that promote retinal degeneration. In this review, we discuss opportunities and challenges in proposing whole-cell and -tissue simulations of the human outer retina. An implicit position taken throughout this review is that mapping diverse data sets onto integrative computational models is likely to be a pivotal approach to understanding complex disease and developing novel interventions.
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Download Supplemental Table 1: Genes associated to retinal dystrophies, non-retinal phenotypes, GO classifiaction, and gene expression in retina. (XLSX) Download Supplemental Table 2: Human experimental data across Scales. (XLSX) Download Supplemental Table 3: Examples anatomical and physiological data, outer retina and RPE. (XLSX) Download Supplemental Figure 1: Disease-gene network of retinal dystrophies (RD). (PDF)