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Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volume 51, 2023

Continental Crustal Growth Processes Recorded in the Gangdese Batholith, Southern Tibet

Abstract

The continental crust in the overriding plate of the India-Asia collision zone in southern Tibet is characterized by an overthickened layer of felsic composition with an underlying granulite-eclogite layer. A large data set indicates that this crust experienced magmatism from 245 to 10 Ma, as recorded by the Gangdese Batholith. Magmatism was punctuated by flare-ups at 185−170, 90−75, and 55−45 Ma caused by a combination of external and internal factors. The growth of this crust starts with a period dominated by fractional crystallization and the formation of voluminous (ultra)mafic arc cumulates in the lower crust during subduction, followed by their melting during late-subduction and collision, due to changes in convergence rate. This combined accumulation-melting process resulted in the vertical stratification and density sorting of the Gangdese crust. Comparisons with other similarly thickened collision zones suggests that this is a general process that leads to the stabilization of continental crust.

  • ▪  The Gangdese Batholith records the time-integrated development of the world's thickest crust, reaching greater than 50 km at 55–45 Ma and greater than 70 km after 32 Ma.
  • ▪  The Gangdese Batholith records three magmatic flare-ups in response to distinct drivers; the last one at 55−45 Ma marks the arrival of India.
  • ▪  Magmatism was first dominated by fractional crystallization (accumulation) followed by crustal melting: the accumulation-melting process.
  • ▪  Accumulation-melting in other collision zones provides a general process for vertical stratification and stabilization of continental crust.

Keyword(s): collision zone, crustal growth, crustal stratification, Gangdese Batholith, magmatic arc, Tibet
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2023-05-31
2024-04-27
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Continental Crustal Growth Processes Recorded in the Gangdese Batholith, Southern Tibet
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 51, 155 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-110452
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-110452
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-110452
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