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Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volume 52, 2024

The Hidden Hydrogeosphere: The Contribution of Deep Groundwater to the Planetary Water Cycle

Abstract

The canonical water cycle assumes that all water entering the subsurface to form groundwater eventually reenters the surface water cycle by discharge to lakes, streams, and oceans. Recent discoveries in groundwater dating have challenged that understanding. Here we introduce a new conceptual framework that includes the large volume of water that is estimated to account for 30–46% of the planet's groundwater but that is not yet incorporated in the traditional water cycle. This immense hidden hydrogeosphere has been overlooked to date largely because it is stored deeper in the crust, on long timescales ranging from tens of thousands to more than one billion years. Here we demonstrate why understanding of this deep, old groundwater is critical to society's energy, resource, and climate challenges as the deep hydrogeosphere is an important target for exploration for new resources of helium, hydrogen, and other elements critical to the green energy transition; is under investigation for geologic repositories for nuclear waste and for carbon sequestration; and is the biome for a deep subsurface biosphere estimated to account for a significant proportion of Earth's biomass.

  • ▪  We provide a new conceptual framework for the hidden hydrogeosphere, the 30–46% of groundwater previously unrecognized in canonical water cycles.
  • ▪  Geochemico-statistical modeling groundwater age distributions allows deconvolution of timing, rates, and magnitudes of key crustal processes.
  • ▪  Understanding and modeling this deep, old groundwater are critical to addressing society's energy, resource, and climate challenges.

Keyword(s): deep groundwater, helium, hydrogen, residence times, subsurface biosphere, water resources
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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-040722-102252
2024-07-23
2025-04-18
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The Hidden Hydrogeosphere: The Contribution of Deep Groundwater to the Planetary Water Cycle
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 52, 443 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040722-102252
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-040722-102252
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-040722-102252
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