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Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volume 48, 2020

The State of Stress on the Fault Before, During, and After a Major Earthquake

  • Emily E. Brodsky1, James J. Mori2, Louise Anderson3, Frederick M. Chester4, Marianne Conin5, Eric M. Dunham6, Nobu Eguchi7, Patrick M. Fulton8, Ryota Hino9, Takehiro Hirose10, Matt J. Ikari11, Tsuyoshi Ishikawa10, Tamara Jeppson12, Yasuyuki Kano13, James Kirkpatrick14, Shuichi Kodaira15, Weiren Lin16, Yasuyuki Nakamura15, Hannah S. Rabinowitz17, Christine Regalla18, Francesca Remitti19, Christie Rowe14, Demian M. Saffer20, Saneatsu Saito7, James Sample18, Yoshinori Sanada7, Heather M. Savage1, Tianhaozhe Sun20, Sean Toczko7, Kohtaro Ujiie21, Monica Wolfson-Schwehr22 and Tao Yang23
  • 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA; email: [email protected] 2Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan 3Total E&P UK Limited, Westhill AB32 6JZ, United Kingdom 4Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA 5Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, 54000 Nancy, France 6Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA 7Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan 8Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA 9Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan 10Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kochi 783-8502, Japan 11MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany 12Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA 13Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan 14Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada 15Research Institute for Marine Geodynamics, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan 16Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan 17US Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20024, USA 18School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA 19Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy 41125 20Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA 21Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan 22Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039-0628, USA 23Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • Vol. 48:49-74 (Volume publication date May 2020)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on November 15, 2020
  • Copyright © 2020 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

Abstract

Earthquakes occur by overcoming fault friction; therefore, quantifying fault resistance is central to earthquake physics. Values for both static and dynamic friction are required, and the latter is especially difficult to determine on natural faults. However, large earthquakes provide signals that can determine friction in situ. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST), an Integrated Ocean Discovery Program expedition, determined stresses by collecting data directly from the fault 1–2 years after the 2011 9.1 Tohoku earthquake. Geological, rheological, and geophysical data record stress before, during, and after the earthquake. Together, the observations imply that the shear strength during the earthquake was substantially below that predicted by the traditional Byerlee's law. Locally the stress drop appears near total, and stress reversal is plausible. Most solutions to the energy balance require off-fault deformation to account for dissipation during rupture. These observations make extreme coseismic weakening the preferred model for fault behavior.

  • ▪   Determining the friction during an earthquake is required to understand when and where earthquakes occur.
  • ▪   Drilling into the Tohoku fault showed that friction during the earthquake was low.
  • ▪   Dynamic friction during the earthquake was lower than static friction.
  • ▪   Complete stress drop is possible, and stress reversal is plausible.

Keyword(s): earthquake, fault, friction, stress, subduction, tectonics
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The State of Stress on the Fault Before, During, and After a Major Earthquake
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, 49 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060507
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