1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
  4. Volume 51, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volume 51, 2023

Instructive Surprises in the Hydrological Functioning of Landscapes

Abstract

Landscapes receive water from precipitation and then transport, store, mix, and release it, both downward to streams and upward to vegetation. How they do this shapes floods, droughts, biogeochemical cycles, contaminant transport, and the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Because many of the key processes occur invisibly in the subsurface, our conceptualization of them has often relied heavily on physical intuition. In recent decades, however, much of this intuition has been overthrown by field observations and emerging measurement methods, particularly involving isotopic tracers. Here we summarize key surprises that have transformed our understanding of hydrological processes at the scale of hillslopes and drainage basins. These surprises have forced a shift in perspective from process conceptualizations that are relatively static, homogeneous, linear, and stationary to ones that are predominantly dynamic, heterogeneous, nonlinear, and nonstationary.

  • ▪  Surprising observations and novel measurements are transforming our understanding of the hydrological functioning of landscapes.
  • ▪  Even during storm peaks, streamflow is composed mostly of water that has been stored in the landscape for weeks, months, or years.
  • ▪  Streamflow and tree water uptake often originate from different subsurface storages and from different seasons’ precipitation.
  • ▪  Stream networks dynamically extend and retract as the landscape wets and dries, and many stream reaches lose flow into underlying aquifers.

Keyword(s): catchment, ecohydrology, hillslope, hydrology, isotopes, runoff
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100356
2023-05-31
2024-04-27
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/earth/51/1/annurev-earth-071822-100356.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100356&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Allen ST, Kirchner JW. 2022. Potential effects of cryogenic extraction biases on plant water source partitioning inferred from xylem-water isotope ratios. Hydrol. Process. 36:2e14483
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen ST, Kirchner JW, Braun S, Siegwolf RTW, Goldsmith GR. 2019. Seasonal origins of soil water used by trees. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 23:1199–210
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson AE, Weiler M, Alila Y, Hudson RO. 2009. Dye staining and excavation of a lateral preferential flow network. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 13:935–44
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson MG, Burt TP. 1978. The role of topography in controlling throughflow generation. Earth Surface Process. 3:331–44
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Assendelft RS, van Meerveld HJI. 2019. A low-cost, multi-sensor system to monitor temporary stream dynamics in mountainous headwater catchments. Sensors 19:4645
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Aubert AH, Kirchner JW, Gascuel-Odoux C, Facheux M, Gruau G, Merot P. 2014. Fractal water quality fluctuations spanning the periodic table in an intensively farmed watershed. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48:930–37
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Benettin P, Nehemy MF, Asadollahi M, Pratt D, Bensimon M et al. 2021. Tracing and closing the water balance in a vegetated lysimeter. Water Resour. Res. 57:e2020WR029049
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Benettin P, Rinaldo A, Botter G 2015. Tracking residence times in hydrological systems: forward and backward formulations. Hydrol. Process. 29:5203–13
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Berghuijs WR, Kirchner JW. 2017. The relationship between contrasting ages of groundwater and streamflow. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44:8925–35
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Berry ZC, Evaristo J, Moore G, Poca M, Steppe K et al. 2018. The two water worlds hypothesis: addressing multiple working hypotheses and proposing a way forward. Ecohydrology 11:e1843
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Beven K. 1989. Interflow. Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling HJ Morel-Seytoux 191–219. Amsterdam: Kluwer
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Beven K. 2004. Robert E. Horton and abrupt rises of ground water. Hydrol. Process. 18:3687–96
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Beven KJ. 2012. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling: The Primer Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
  14. Beyer M, Kühnhammer K, Dubbert M. 2020. In situ measurements of soil and plant water isotopes: a review of approaches, practical considerations and a vision for the future. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 24:4413–40
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Bhamjee R, Lindsay JB. 2011. Ephemeral stream sensor design using state loggers. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 15:1009–21
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Bishop K, Seibert J, Nyberg L, Rodhe A. 2011. Water storage in a till catchment II: implications of transmissivity feedback for flow paths and turnover times. Hydrol. Process. 25:3950–59
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Blasch KW, Ferre TPA, Christensen AH, Hoffmann JP. 2002. New field method to determine streamflow using electrical resistance sensors. Vadose Zone J. 1:289–99
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Blyth K, Rodda JC. 1973. A stream length study. Water Resour. Res. 9:1454–61
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Bogaard TA, Greco R. 2016. Landslide hydrology: from hydrology to pore pressure. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 3:439–59
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Botter G, Bertuzzo E, Rinaldo A 2010. Transport in the hydrological response: travel time distributions, soil moisture dynamics, and the old water paradox. Water Resour. Res. 46:W03514
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Botter G, Vingiani F, Senatore A, Jensen C, Weiler M et al. 2021. Hierarchical climate-driven dynamics of the active channel length in temporary streams. Sci. Rep. 11:21503
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Brauer CC, Teuling AJ, Torfs P, Uijlenhoet R. 2014. The Wageningen Lowland Runoff Simulator (WALRUS): a lumped rainfall-runoff model for catchments with shallow groundwater. Geosci. Model Dev. 7:2313–32
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Brooks JR, Barnard HR, Coulombe R, McDonnell JJ. 2010. Ecohydrologic separation of water between trees and streams in a Mediterranean climate. Nat. Geosci. 3:100–4
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Brown RM. 1961. Hydrology of tritium in the Ottawa Valley. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 21:199–216
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Burns DA, Hooper RP, McDonnell JJ, Freer JE, Kendall C, Beven K. 1998. Base cation concentrations in subsurface flow from a forested hillslope: the role of flushing frequency. Water Resour. Res. 34:3535–44
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Burt TP, McDonnell JJ. 2015. Whither field hydrology? The need for discovery science and outrageous hydrological hypotheses. Water Resour. Res. 51:5919–28
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Buttle JM. 1994. Isotope hydrograph separations and rapid delivery of pre-event water from drainage basins. Prog. Phys. Geog. 18:16–41
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Cartwright I, Morgenstern U. 2018. Using tritium and other geochemical tracers to address the “old water paradox” in headwater catchments. J. Hydrol. 563:13–21
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Chen Y, Helliker BR, Tang X, Li F, Zhou Y, Song X. 2020. Stem water cryogenic extraction biases estimation in deuterium isotope composition of plant source water. PNAS 117:33345–50
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Covino TP, McGlynn BL. 2007. Stream gains and losses across a mountain-to-valley transition: impacts on watershed hydrology and stream water chemistry. Water Resour. Res. 43:W10431
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Dawson TE, Ehleringer JR. 1991. Streamside trees that do not use stream water. Nature 350:335–37
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Day DG. 1978. Drainage density changes during rainfall. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 3:319–26
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer DR, Tockner K. 2007. Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics along a large Alpine alluvial corridor (Tagliamento River, Northeast Italy). Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 32:1693–704
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Dohman JM, Godsey SE, Hale RL. 2021. Three-dimensional subsurface flow path controls on flow permanence. Water Resour. Res. 57:e2020WR028270
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Dooge JCI, O'Kane JP. 2003. Deterministic Methods in Systems Hydrology Lisse, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema
  36. Dubbert M, Caldeira MC, Dubbert D, Werner C. 2019. A pool-weighted perspective on the two-water-worlds hypothesis. New Phytol. 222:1271–83
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Duvert C, Butman DE, Marx A, Ribolzi O, Hutley LB. 2018. CO2 evasion along streams driven by groundwater inputs and geomorphic controls. Nat. Geosci. 11:813–18
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Evaristo J, Jasechko S, McDonnell JJ. 2015. Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow. Nature 525:91–94
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Fan Y. 2019. Are catchments leaky?. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 6:e1386
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Fan Y, Miguez-Macho G, Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB, Otero-Casal C. 2017. Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth. PNAS 114:10572–77
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Fortesa J, Ricci GF, Garcia-Comendador J, Gentile F, Estrany J et al. 2021. Analysing hydrological and sediment transport regime in two Mediterranean intermittent rivers. Catena 196:105050
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Freer J, McDonnell J, Beven KJ, Brammer D, Burns D et al. 1997. Topographic controls on subsurface storm flow at the hillslope scale for two hydrologically distinct small catchments. Hydrol. Process. 11:1347–52
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Frisbee MD, Wilson JL, Gomez-Velez JD, Phillips FM, Campbell AR. 2013. Are we missing the tail (and the tale) of residence time distributions in watersheds?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40:4633–37
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Geris J, Tetzlaff D, McDonnell J, Anderson J, Paton G, Soulsby C 2015. Ecohydrological separation in wet, low energy northern environments? A preliminary assessment using different soil water extraction techniques. Hydrol. Process. 29:5139–52
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Godsey SE, Aas W, Clair TA, de Wit HA, Fernandez IJ et al. 2010. Generality of fractal 1/f scaling in catchment tracer time series, and its implications for catchment travel time distributions. Hydrol. Process. 24:1660–71
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Godsey SE, Kirchner JW. 2014. Dynamic, discontinuous stream networks: hydrologically driven variations in active drainage density, flowing channels, and stream order. Hydrol. Process. 28:5791–803
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Goldsmith GR, Allen ST, Braun S, Siegwolf RTW, Kirchner JW. 2022. Climatic influences on summer use of winter precipitation by trees. Geophys. Res. Lett. 49:e2022GL098323
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Goldsmith GR, Muñoz-Villers LE, Holwerda F, McDonnell JJ, Asbjornsen H, Dawson TE. 2012. Stable isotopes reveal linkages among ecohydrological processes in a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud forest. Ecohydrology 5:779–90
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Gomez-Gener L, Siebers AR, Arce MI, Arnon S, Bernal S et al. 2021. Towards an improved understanding of biogeochemical processes across surface-groundwater interactions in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams. Earth-Sci. Rev. 220:103724
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Graham CB, Woods RA, McDonnell JJ. 2010. Hillslope threshold response to rainfall: (1) A field based forensic approach. J. Hydrol. 393:65–76
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Grant GE, Dietrich WE. 2017. The frontier beneath our feet. Water Resour. Res. 53:2605–9
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Gregory KJ, Walling DE. 1968. The variation in drainage density within a catchment. Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Bull. 13:61–68
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Gutierrez-Jurado KY, Partington D, Shanafield M. 2021. Taking theory to the field: streamflow generation mechanisms in an intermittent Mediterranean catchment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 25:4299–317
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Hahm WJ, Rempe DM, Dralle DN, Dawson TE, Dietrich WE. 2020. Oak transpiration drawn from the weathered bedrock vadose zone in the summer dry season. Water Resour. Res. 56:e2020WR027419
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Hale RL, Godsey SE. 2019. Dynamic stream network intermittence explains emergent dissolved organic carbon chemostasis in headwaters. Hydrol. Process. 33:1926–36
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Hammond JC, Zimmer M, Shanafield M, Kaiser K, Godsey SE et al. 2021. Spatial patterns and drivers of nonperennial flow regimes in the continental United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48:e2020GL090794
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Harman CJ. 2015. Time-variable transit time distributions and transport: theory and application to storage-dependent transport of chloride in a watershed. Water Resour. Res. 51:1–30
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Hensley RT, Cohen MJ, Jawitz JW. 2018. Channel filtering generates multifractal solute signals. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45:722–31
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Hewlett JD, Hibbert AR. 1967. Factors affecting the response of small watersheds to precipitation in humid regions. Forest Hydrology WE Sopper, HW Lull 275–90. Oxford, UK: Pergamon
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Hladyz S, Watkins SC, Whitworth KL, Baldwin DS. 2011. Flows and hypoxic blackwater events in managed ephemeral river channels. J. Hydrol. 401:117–25
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Hrachowitz M, Benettin P, van Breukelen BM, Fovet O, Howden NJK et al. 2016. Transit times—the link between hydrology and water quality at the catchment scale. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 3:629–57
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Hubert P, Marin E, Meybeck M, Olive P, Siwertz E. 1969. Aspects hydrologique, gèochimique et sèdimentologique de la crue exceptionnelle de la Dranse du Chablais du 22 septembre 1968. Arch. Sci. 22:581–604
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Jaeger KL, Olden JD. 2012. Electrical resistance sensor arrays as a means to quantify longitudinal connectivity of rivers. River Res. Appl. 28:1843–52
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Jakeman AJ, Littlewood IG, Whitehead PG. 1990. Computation of the instantaneous unit hydrograph and identifiable component flows with application to two small upland catchments. J. Hydrol. 117:275–300
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Jasechko S. 2019. Global isotope hydrogeology—review. Rev. Geophys. 57:835–965
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Jasechko S, Birks SJ, Gleeson T, Wada Y, Fawcett PJ et al. 2014. The pronounced seasonality of global groundwater recharge. Water Resour. Res. 50:8845–67
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Jasechko S, Kirchner JW, Welker JM, McDonnell JJ. 2016. Substantial proportion of global streamflow less than three months old. Nat. Geosci. 9:126–31
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Jasechko S, Perrone D, Befus KM, Cardenas MB, Ferguson G et al. 2017. Global aquifers dominated by fossil groundwaters but wells vulnerable to modern contamination. Nat. Geosci. 10:425–29
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Jasechko S, Seybold H, Perrone D, Fan Y, Kirchner JW 2021. Widespread potential loss of streamflow into underlying aquifers across the USA. Nature 591:391–95
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Jencso KG, McGlynn BL, Gooseff MN, Wondzell SM, Bencala KE, Marshall LA. 2009. Hydrologic connectivity between landscapes and streams: transferring reach- and plot-scale understanding to the catchment scale. Water Resour. Res. 45:W04428
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Jensen CK, McGuire KJ, Prince PS. 2017. Headwater stream length dynamics across four physiographic provinces of the Appalachian Highlands. Hydrol. Process. 31:3350–63
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Jobbágy EG, Nosetto MD, Villagra PE, Jackson RB. 2011. Water subsidies from mountains to deserts: their role in sustaining groundwater-fed oases in a sandy landscape. Ecol. Appl. 21:678–94
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Kirchner JW. 2003. A double paradox in catchment hydrology and geochemistry. Hydrol. Process. 17:871–74
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Kirchner JW. 2006. Getting the right answers for the right reasons: linking measurements, analyses, and models to advance the science of hydrology. Water Resour. Res. 42:W03S4
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Kirchner JW. 2009. Catchments as simple dynamical systems: catchment characterization, rainfall-runoff modeling, and doing hydrology backward. Water Resour. Res. 45:W02429
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Kirchner JW. 2019. Quantifying new water fractions and transit time distributions using ensemble hydrograph separation: theory and benchmark tests. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 23:303–49
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Kirchner JW. 2022. Impulse response functions for nonlinear, nonstationary, and heterogeneous systems, estimated by deconvolution and demixing of noisy time series. Sensors 22:3291
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Kirchner JW, Allen ST. 2020. Seasonal partitioning of precipitation between streamflow and evapotranspiration, inferred from end-member splitting analysis. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 24:17–34
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Kirchner JW, Feng X, Neal C. 2000. Fractal stream chemistry and its implications for contaminant transport in catchments. Nature 403:524–27
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Kirchner JW, Neal C. 2013. Universal fractal scaling in stream chemistry and its implications for solute transport and water quality trend detection. PNAS 110:12213–18
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Klaus J, McDonnell JJ. 2013. Hydrograph separation using stable isotopes: review and evaluation. J. Hydrol. 505:47–64
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Knapp JLA, Neal C, Schlumpf A, Neal M, Kirchner JW. 2019. New water fractions and transit time distributions at Plynlimon, Wales, estimated from stable water isotopes in precipitation and streamflow. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 23:4367–88
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Knighton J, Souter-Kline V, Volkmann T, Troch PA, Kim M et al. 2019. Seasonal and topographic variations in ecohydrological separation within a small, temperate, snow-influenced catchment. Water Resour. Res. 55:6417–35
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Kollet SJ, Maxwell RM. 2008. Demonstrating fractal scaling of baseflow residence time distributions using a fully-coupled groundwater and land surface model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35:2008gl033215
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Kuppel S, Fan Y, Jobbágy EG. 2017. Seasonal hydrologic buffer on continents: patterns, drivers and ecological benefits. Adv. Water Res. 102:178–87
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Lapides DA, Hahm WJ, Rempe DM, Dietrich WE, Dralle DN. 2022. Controls on stream water age in a saturation overland flow-dominated catchment. Water Resour. Res. 58:e2021WR031665
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Lapides DA, Leclerc CD, Moidu H, Dralle DN, Hahm WJ. 2021. Variability of stream extents controlled by flow regime and network hydraulic scaling. Hydrol. Process. 35:e14079
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Le Moine N, Andreassian V, Perrin C, Michel C 2007. How can rainfall-runoff models handle intercatchment groundwater flows? Theoretical study based on 1040 French catchments. Water Resour. Res. 43:W06428
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Maher K. 2010. The dependence of chemical weathering rates on fluid residence time. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 294:101–10
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Maher K, Chamberlain CP. 2014. Hydrologic regulation of chemical weathering and the geologic carbon cycle. Science 343:1502–4
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Marc V, Robinson M. 2007. The long-term water balance (1972–2004) of upland forestry and grassland at Plynlimon, mid-Wales. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11:44–60
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Martinec J. 1975. Subsurface flow from snowmelt traced by tritium. Water Resour. Res. 11:496–98
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Marx A, Dusek J, Jankovec J, Sanda M, Vogel T et al. 2017. A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: a global perspective. Rev. Geophys. 55:560–85
     [Google Scholar]
  94. McCormick EL, Dralle DN, Hahm WJ, Tune AK, Schmidt LM et al. 2021. Widespread woody plant use of water stored in bedrock. Nature 597:225–29
     [Google Scholar]
  95. McDonnell JJ. 2014. The two water worlds hypothesis: ecohydrological separation of water between streams and trees?. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 1:323–29
     [Google Scholar]
  96. McDonnell JJ, Beven K. 2014. Debates—the future of hydrological sciences: a (common) path forward? A call to action aimed at understanding velocities, celerities and residence time distributions of the headwater hydrograph. Water Resour. Res. 50:5342–50
     [Google Scholar]
  97. McDowell NG, Grossiord C, Adams HD, Pinzon-Navarro S, Mackay DS et al. 2019. Mechanisms of a coniferous woodland persistence under drought and heat. Environ. Res. Lett. 14:045014
     [Google Scholar]
  98. McGuire KJ, McDonnell JJ. 2006. A review and evaluation of catchment transit time modeling. J. Hydrol. 330:543–63
     [Google Scholar]
  99. McGuire KJ, Torgersen CE, Likens GE, Buso DC, Lowe WH, Bailey SW. 2014. Network analysis reveals multiscale controls on streamwater chemistry. PNAS 111:7030–35
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Messager ML, Lehner B, Cockburn C, Lamouroux N, Pella H et al. 2021. Global prevalence of non-perennial rivers and streams. Nature 594:391–97
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Miralles DG, Teuling AJ, van Heerwaarden CC, de Arellano JVG. 2014. Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil dessication and atmospheric heat accumulation. Nat. Geosci. 7:345–49
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Mueller B, Seneviratne SI. 2012. Hot days induced by precipitation deficits at the global scale. PNAS 109:12398–403
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Mutzner R, Tarolli P, Sofia G, Parlange MB, Rinaldo A 2016. Field study on drainage densities and rescaled width functions in a high-altitude alpine catchment. Hydrol. Process. 30:2138–52
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Neal C, Rosier PTW. 1990. Chemical studies of chloride and stable oxygen isotopes in 2 conifer afforested and moorland sites in the British uplands. J. Hydrol. 115:269–83
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Nieber JL, Sidle RC. 2010. How do disconnected macropores in sloping soils facilitate preferential flow?. Hydrol. Process. 24:1582–94
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Orlowski N, Pratt DL, McDonnell JJ. 2016. Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis. Hydrol. Process. 30:3434–49
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Pate AA, Segura C, Bladon KD. 2020. Streamflow permanence in headwater streams across four geomorphic provinces in Northern California. Hydrol. Process. 34:4487–504
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Payn RA, Gooseff MN, McGlynn BL, Bencala KE, Wondzell SM. 2009. Channel water balance and exchange with subsurface flow along a mountain headwater stream in Montana, United States. Water Resour. Res. 45:W11427
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Pfister L, Kirchner JW. 2017. Hypothesis testing in hydrology: theory and practice. Water Resour. Res. 53:1792–98
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Pinder GF, Jones JF. 1969. Determination of the groundwater component of peak discharge from the chemistry of total runoff. Water Resour. Res. 5:438–45
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Ploum SW, Laudon H, Tapia AP, Kuglerov L. 2020. Are dissolved organic carbon concentrations in riparian groundwater linked to hydrological pathways in the boreal forest?. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 24:1709–20
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Prancevic JP, Kirchner JW. 2019. Topographic controls on the extension and retraction of flowing streams. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46:2018GL081799
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Querner EP, Froebrich J, Gallart F, Cazemier MM, Tzoraki O. 2016. Simulating streamflow variability and aquatic states in temporary streams using a coupled groundwater-surface water model. Hydrol. Sci. J. 61:146–61
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Rajaram H. 2021. Matrix diffusion as a mechanism contributing to fractal stream chemistry and long-tailed transit time distributions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48:e2021GL094292
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Rempe DM, Dietrich WE. 2018. Direct observations of rock moisture, a hidden component of the hydrologic cycle. PNAS 115:2664–69
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Rode M, Wade AJ, Cohen MJ, Hensley RT, Bowes MJ et al. 2016. Sensors in the stream: the high-frequency wave of the present. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50:10297–307
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Rodhe A. 1981. Spring flood—meltwater or groundwater?. Hydrol. Res. 12:21–30
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Scher H, Margolin G, Metzler R, Klafter J, Berkowitz B. 2002. The dynamical foundation of fractal stream chemistry: the origin of extremely long retention times. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29:5–15-4
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Schwamback D, Gesualdo GC, Sone JS, Kobayashi ANA, Bertotto LE et al. 2022. Are Brazilian catchments gaining or losing water? The effective area of tropical catchments. Hydrol. Process. 36:14535
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Senatore A, Micieli M, Liotti A, Durighetto N, Mendicino G, Botter G. 2021. Monitoring and modeling drainage network contraction and dry down in Mediterranean headwater catchments. Water Resour. Res. 57:e2020WR028741
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Shaw EM, Beven KJ, Chappell NA, Lamb R. 2011. Hydrology in Practice New York: Spon
  122. Sherman LK. 1932. Streamflow from rainfall by the unit-graph method. Eng. News Record 108:501–5
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Sidle RC, Noguchi S, Tsuboyama Y, Laursen K. 2001. A conceptual model of preferential flow systems in forested hillslopes: evidence of self-organization. Hydrol. Process. 15:1675–92
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Sidle RC, Tsuboyama Y, Noguchi S, Hosoda I, Fujieda M, Shimizu T. 2000. Stormflow generation in steep forested headwaters: a linked hydrogeomorphic paradigm. Hydrol. Process. 14:369–85
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Šimůnek J, Jarvis NJ, van Genuchten MT, Gärdenäs A. 2003. Review and comparison of models for describing non-equilibrium and preferential flow and transport in the vadose zone. J. Hydrol. 272:14–35
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Sklash MG 1990. Environmental isotope studies of storm and snowmelt runoff generation. Process Studies in Hillslope Hydrology MG Anderson, TP Burt 401–35. Chichester, UK: Wiley
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Sklash MG, Farvolden RN. 1979. The role of groundwater in storm runoff. J. Hydrol. 43:45–65
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Smith A, Tetzlaff D, Landgraf J, Dubbert M, Soulsby C. 2022. Modelling temporal variability of in situ soil water and vegetation isotopes reveals ecohydrological couplings in a riparian willow plot. Biogeosciences 19:2465–85
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Sprenger M, Leistert H, Gimbel K, Weiler M. 2016. Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes. Rev. Geophys. 54:674–704
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Sprenger M, Stumpp C, Allen ST, Benettin P, Dubbert M et al. 2019. The demographics of water: a review of water ages in the critical zone. Rev. Geophys. 57:800–34
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Sprenger M, Tetzlaff D, Buttle JM, Laudon H, Leistert H et al. 2018. Measuring and modeling stable isotopes of mobile and bulk soil water. Vadose Zone J. 17:1–18
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Staudinger M, Seibert J, van Meerveld HJ. 2021. Representation of bi-directional fluxes between groundwater and surface water in a bucket-type hydrological model. Water Resour. Res. 57:e2020WR028835
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Stewart MK, Morgenstern U, McDonnell JJ. 2010. Truncation of stream residence time: how the use of stable isotopes has skewed our concept of streamwater age and origin. Hydrol. Process. 24:1646–59
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Stock BC, Jackson AL, Ward EJ, Parnell AC, Phillips DL, Semmens BX. 2018. Analyzing mixing systems using a new generation of Bayesian tracer mixing models. PeerJ 6:e5096
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Stoll S, Weiler M. 2010. Explicit simulations of stream networks to guide hydrological modelling in ungauged basins. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 14:1435–48
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Tsuboyama Y, Sidle RC, Noguchi S, Hosoda I. 1994. Flow and solute transport through the soil matrix and macropores of a hillslope segment. Water Resour. Res. 30:879–90
     [Google Scholar]
  137. van der Velde Y, Heidbüchel I, Lyon SW, Nyberg L, Rodhe A et al. 2015. Consequences of mixing assumptions for time-variable travel time distributions. Hydrol. Process. 29:3460–74
     [Google Scholar]
  138. van der Velde Y, Torfs PJJF, van der Zee SEATM, Uijlenhoet R 2012. Quantifying catchment-scale mixing and its effect on time-varying travel time distributions. Water Resour. Res. 48:W06536
     [Google Scholar]
  139. van Meerveld HJI, Kirchner JW, Vis MJP, Assendelft RS, Seibert J. 2019. Expansion and contraction of the flowing stream network alter hillslope flowpath lengths and the shape of the travel time distribution. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 23:4825–34
     [Google Scholar]
  140. Vidon P. 2012. Towards a better understanding of riparian zone water table response to precipitation: surface water infiltration, hillslope contribution or pressure wave processes?. Hydrol. Process. 26:3207–15
     [Google Scholar]
  141. Vidon PGF, Hill AR. 2004. Landscape controls on nitrate removal in stream riparian zones. Water Resour. Res. 40:W03201
     [Google Scholar]
  142. von Freyberg J, Studer B, Rinderer M, Kirchner JW. 2018. Studying catchment storm response using event and pre-event water volumes as fractions of precipitation rather than discharge. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 22:5847–65
     [Google Scholar]
  143. von Schiller D, Bernal S, Dahm CN, Marti E 2017. Nutrient and organic matter dynamics in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams. Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams T Datry, N Bonada, A Boulton 135–60. London: Elsevier
     [Google Scholar]
  144. Warix SR, Godsey SE, Lohse KA, Hale RL. 2021. Influence of groundwater and topography on stream drying in semi-arid headwater streams. Hydrol. Process. 35:e14185
     [Google Scholar]
  145. Weiler M, McDonnell JJ. 2007. Conceptualizing lateral preferential flow and flow networks and simulating the effects on gauged and ungauged hillslopes. Water Resour. Res. 43:W03403
     [Google Scholar]
  146. Weiler M, McGlynn BL, McGuire KJ, McDonnell JJ. 2003. How does rainfall become runoff? A combined tracer and runoff transfer function approach. Water Resour. Res. 39:1315
     [Google Scholar]
  147. Welsch DL, Kroll CN, McDonnell JJ, Burns DA. 2001. Topographic controls on the chemistry of subsurface stormflow. Hydrol. Process. 15:1925–38
     [Google Scholar]
  148. Werner C, Meredith LK, Ladd SN, Ingrisch J, Kübert A et al. 2021. Ecosystem fluxes during drought and recovery in an experimental forest. Science 374:1514–18
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Whiting JA, Godsey SE. 2016. Discontinuous headwater stream networks with stable flowheads, Salmon River basin, Idaho. Hydrol. Process. 30:2305–16
     [Google Scholar]
  150. Wigington PJ, Moser TJ, Lindeman DR. 2005. Stream network expansion: a riparian water quality factor. Hydrol. Process. 19:1715–21
     [Google Scholar]
  151. Winter TC, Harvey JW, Franke OL, Alley WM. 1998. Ground Water and Surface Water: A Single Resource Denver, CO: USGS
  152. Worthington SRH. 2018. How preferential flow delivers pre-event groundwater rapidly to streams. Hydrol. Process. 33:2373–80
     [Google Scholar]
  153. Zimmer MA, Bailey SW, McGuire KJ, Bullen TD. 2013. Fine scale variations of surface water chemistry in an ephemeral to perennial drainage network. Hydrol. Process. 27:3438–51
     [Google Scholar]
  154. Zimmer MA, McGlynn BL. 2018. Lateral, vertical, and longitudinal source area connectivity drive runoff and carbon export across watershed scales. Water Resour. Res. 54:1576–98
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100356
Loading
Instructive Surprises in the Hydrological Functioning of Landscapes
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 51, 277 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100356
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100356
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-earth-071822-100356
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error