1932

Abstract

Human activity has facilitated the introduction of many exotic species via global trade. Asia-Pacific countries comprise one of the most economically and trade-active regions in the world, which makes it an area that is highly vulnerable to invasive species, including ants. There are currently over 60 exotic ant species in the Asia-Pacific, with the red imported fire ant, , among the most destructive. Exotic ants pose many economic and ecological problems for the region. Countries in the Asia-Pacific have dealt with the problem of exotic ants in very different ways, and there has been an overall lack of preparedness. To improve the management of risks associated with invasive ants, we recommend that countries take action across the biosecurity spectrum, spanning prevention, containment, and quarantine. The creation of an Asia-Pacific network for management of invasive ants should help prevent their introduction and mitigate their impacts.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-060721-085603
2022-01-07
2024-12-06
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ento/67/1/annurev-ento-060721-085603.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-060721-085603&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. 
    Abbott KL. 2006. Spatial dynamics of supercolonies of the invasive yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Divers. Distrib. 12:101–10
    [Google Scholar]
  2. 2. 
    Aoyama Y, Yoshimura M, Ogasawara M, Suwabe M, Economo EP. 2020. Potential economic impact of invasion by the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta in Okinawa, Japan. Jpn. J. Ecol 70:3–14
    [Google Scholar]
  3. 3. 
    Ascunce MS, Yang C-C, Oakey J, Calcaterra L, Wu W-J et al. 2011. Global invasion history of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Science 331:1066–68
    [Google Scholar]
  4. 4. 
    Ashcroft T, Nendick D, O'Connor S, Sarty M, Gunawardana D, Weston G 2008. Managing the risk of invasive exotic ants establishing in New Zealand. Surveillance for Biosecurity: Pre-Border to Pest Management KJ Froud, AI Popay, SM Zydenbos 151–60 Hastings, N. Z: N. Z. Plant Prot. Soc.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. 
    Bertelsmeier C, Ollier S, Liebhold AM, Brockerhoff EG, Ward D, Keller L. 2018. Recurrent bridgehead effects accelerate global alien ant spread. PNAS 115:5486–91
    [Google Scholar]
  6. 6. 
    Bissmire S. 2006. Red imported fire ants found at Whirinaki. Biosecurity 69:9
    [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. 
    Boland C, Smith M, Maple D, Tiernan B, Barr R et al. 2011. Heli-baiting using low concentration fipronil to control invasive yellow crazy ant supercolonies on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Island Invasives: Eradication and Management CR Veitch, MN Clout, DR Towns 152–56 Gland, Switz: IUCN
    [Google Scholar]
  8. 8. 
    Callcott A-M. 2005. Imported fire ant 2005: quarantine treatments for nursery stock and other regulated articles Rep., Anim. Plant Health Insp. Serv., US Dept. Agric Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
  9. 9. 
    Cao L, Tate RP. 2016. Gross domestic product by state: new statistics for the fourth quarter of 2015, annual statistics for 2015, and revised statistics for 2008–2014 Rep. 96, Surv. Curr. Bus., Bur. Econ. Anal., US Dept. Commerce Washington, DC:
    [Google Scholar]
  10. 10. 
    Capinha C, Essl F, Seebens H, Moser D, Pereira HM. 2015. The dispersal of alien species redefines biogeography in the Anthropocene. Science 348:1248–51
    [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. 
    Chen JS, Shen C-H, Lee H-J. 2006. Monogynous and polygynous red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Taiwan. Environ. Entomol 35:167–72
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. 
    Cheng S, Zeng L, Xu Y. 2015. Mutualism between fire ants and mealybugs reduces lady beetle predation. J. Econ. Entomol. 108:1560–69
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 13. 
    Christian S. 2009. Red imported fire ants eradicated from Napier. Biosecurity 92:28–29
    [Google Scholar]
  14. 14. 
    Clark J. 1941. Notes on the Argentine ant and other exotic ants introduced into Australia. Mem. Nat. Mus. Victoria 12:59–70
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 15. 
    Corlett RT. 2015. The Anthropocene concept in ecology and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30:36–41
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. 
    Don W. 2007. Ants of New Zealand. Dunedin, N. Z: Otago Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  17. 17. 
    Drees BM, Lard CF. 2006. Imported fire ant: economic impacts justifying integrated pest management programs. Proceedings of the 15th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects221 N.p.: Int. Union Study Soc. Insects
    [Google Scholar]
  18. 18. 
    Environ. Invasives Comm 2019. National Invasive Ant Biosecurity Plan 2018–2028 Canberra: Gov. Aust.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. 
    Fu QY, Song ZD, Zhao Y, Li SL, Xu YJ 2021. Analysis on the control cost of Solenopsis invicta in mainland China. J. Environ. Entomol In press
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 20. 
    González-Hernández H, Johnson MW, Reimer NJ 1999. Impact of Pheidole megacephala (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the biological control of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Biol. Control 15:145–52
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 21. 
    Gotelli NJ, Arnett AE. 2000. Biogeographic effects of red fire ant invasion. Ecol. Lett. 3:257–61
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 22. 
    Gotzek D, Axen HJ, Suarez AV, Helms Cahan S, Shoemaker D. 2015. Global invasion history of the tropical fire ant: a stowaway on the first global trade routes. Mol. Ecol. 24:374–88
    [Google Scholar]
  23. 23. 
    Green C 2019. Effort required to confirm eradication of an Argentine ant invasion: Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand. Island Invasives: Scaling Up to Meet the Challenge CR Veitch, MN Clout, AR Martin, JC Russell, CJ West 370–74 Gland, Switz: IUCN
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 24. 
    Gruber MA, Cooling M, Burne AR. 2017. An invasive ant distribution database to support biosecurity risk analysis in the Pacific. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 23:258–61
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. 
    Gruber MAM, Janssen-May S, Santoro D, Cooling M, Wylie FR 2021. Predicting socio-economic and biodiversity impacts of invasive species: red imported fire ant in the developing western Pacific. Ecol. Manag. Restor. 22:89–99
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. 
    Guenard B, Dunn RR. 2012. A checklist of the ants of China. Zootaxa 3558:1–77
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 27. 
    Gutrich JJ, VanGelder E, Loope L. 2007. Potential economic impact of introduction and spread of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in Hawaii. Environ. Sci. Policy 10:685–96
    [Google Scholar]
  28. 28. 
    Herben T. 2005. Species pool size and invasibility of island communities: a null model of sampling effects. Ecol. Lett. 8:909–17
    [Google Scholar]
  29. 29. 
    Hoffmann B. 2015. Integrating biology into invasive species management is a key principle for eradication success: the case of yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes in northern Australia. Bull. Entomol. Res. 105:141–51
    [Google Scholar]
  30. 30. 
    Hoffmann BD, Luque GM, Bellard C, Holmes ND, Donlan CJ. 2016. Improving invasive ant eradication as a conservation tool: a review. Biol. Conserv. 198:37–49
    [Google Scholar]
  31. 31. 
    Hoffmann BD, O'Connor S. 2004. Eradication of two exotic ants from Kakadu National Park. Ecol. Manag. Restor. 5:98–105
    [Google Scholar]
  32. 32. 
    Holway DA. 1995. Distribution of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) in northern California. Conserv. Biol. 9:1634–37
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 33. 
    Holway DA, Lach L, Suarez AV, Tsutsui ND, Case TJ. 2002. The causes and consequences of ant invasions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33:181–233
    [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. 
    Holway DA, Suarez AV, Case TJ. 1998. Loss of intraspecific aggression in the success of a widespread invasive social insect. Science 282:949–52
    [Google Scholar]
  35. 35. 
    Huang J, Xu Y, Lu Y, Zeng L, Liang G. 2010. Effects of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the relationship between native ants and aphids in mung bean fields in China. Sociobiology 55:415–26
    [Google Scholar]
  36. 36. 
    Ingram KK, Bernardello G, Cover S, Wilson EO 2006. The ants of the Juan Fernandez Islands: genesis of an invasive fauna. Biol. Invasions 8:383–87
    [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. 
    Inoue MN, Saito-Morooka F, Suzuki K, Nomura T, Hayasaka D et al. 2015. Ecological impacts on native ant and ground-dwelling animal communities through Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) management in Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 50:331–39
    [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. 
    Ivanov K. 2016. Exotic ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Ohio. J. Hymenoptera Res. 51:203–26
    [Google Scholar]
  39. 39. 
    Krushelnycky PD, Loope LL, Reimer NJ. 2005. The ecology, policy, and management of ants in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 37:1–25
    [Google Scholar]
  40. 40. 
    Kuo K-C. 2008. Management of red invasive fire ants and fruit flies: the Taiwan experience Rep., Food Fertil. Technol. Cent., Taipei Taiwan:
    [Google Scholar]
  41. 41. 
    Lach L, Volp TM, Greenwood TA, Rose A. 2016. High invasive ant activity drives predation of a native butterfly larva. Biotropica 48:146–49
    [Google Scholar]
  42. 42. 
    Lard CF, Hall CR, Salin V. 2001. The economic impact of the red import fire ant on the homescape, landscape, and the urbanscape of selected metroplexes of Texas Fac. Pap. 23994 Dept. Agric. Econ., Texas A&M Univ., College Station
    [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. 
    Lee C-C, Weng Y-M, Lai L-C, Suarez AV, Wu W-J et al. 2020. Analysis of recent interception records reveals frequent transport of arboreal ants and potential predictors for ant invasion in Taiwan. Insects 11:356
    [Google Scholar]
  44. 44. 
    Lee HS, Kim DE, Lyu DP 2020. Discovery of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) in Korea. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 59:71–72
    [Google Scholar]
  45. 45. 
    Lee HS, Lee IH, Lyu DP. 2008. A concerned pest of invasion in Korea, fire ant, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptra: Formicidae). Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 47:107–10 [in Korean]
    [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. 
    Lee IY, Park SJ, Seo JH, Sim S, Kim J-H et al. 2017. Indoor occurrence of the ghost ant Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in urban homes in Korea. Korean J. Parasitol. 55:225–28
    [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. 
    Lester PJ. 2005. Determinants for the successful establishment of exotic ants in New Zealand. Divers. Distrib. 11:279–88
    [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. 
    Lu Y, Zeng L. 2015. 10 years after red imported fire ant found to invade China: history, current situation and trend of its infestation. Plant Quar 29:1–6
    [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. 
    Ma J, Hu X, Wu J, Zhao J, Chen N. 2010. An analysis for the interception dynamic of Solenopsis invicta Buren at ports in Guangdong. J. Environ. Entomol. 32:122–24
    [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. 
    Mack RN, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M, Bazzaz FA. 2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol. Appl. 10:689–710
    [Google Scholar]
  51. 51. 
    Maier D, Heterick BE. 2015. Invasive ants on the Australian mainland: the other 24 species. Anais XXII Simpósio de Mirmecologia: An International Ant Meeting1–4 Botucatu, Brazil: Univ. Estadual Paulista
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 52. 
    Morrison JE Jr., Williams DF, Oi DH 1999. Effect of crop seed water content on the rate of seed damage by red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 92:215–19
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 53. 
    Morrison LW, Porter SD, Daniels E, Korzukhin MD. 2004. Potential global range expansion of the invasive fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Biol. Invasions 6:183–91
    [Google Scholar]
  54. 54. 
    Nelson S, Taniguchi G 2012. Ant damage to banana fruits by abdominal secretions Rep. IP-29, Coll. Trop. Agric. Hum. Resour., Univ. Hawaii Manoa:
    [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. 
    Neumann G, O'Dowd DJ, Gullan PJ, Green PT 2016. Diversity, endemism and origins of scale insects on a tropical oceanic island: implications for management of an invasive ant. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 19:159–66
    [Google Scholar]
  56. 56. 
    O'Dowd DJ, Green PT, Lake PS 2003. Invasional “meltdown” on an oceanic island. Ecol. Lett. 6:812–17
    [Google Scholar]
  57. 57. 
    Pereira RM, Williams DF, Becnel JJ, Oi DH. 2002. Yellow-head disease caused by a newly discovered Mattesia sp. in populations of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 81:45–48
    [Google Scholar]
  58. 58. 
    Reimer N, Beardsley JW, Jahn G 1990. Pest ants of the Hawaiian Islands. Applied Myrmecology: A World Perspective RK Vander Meer, K Jaffe, A Cedeno 40–50 Boulder, CO: Westview Press
    [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. 
    Roura-Pascual N, Hui C, Ikeda T, Leday G, Richardson DM et al. 2011. Relative roles of climatic suitability and anthropogenic influence in determining the pattern of spread in a global invader. PNAS 108:220–25
    [Google Scholar]
  60. 60. 
    Sakamoto Y, Kumagai NH, Goka K. 2017. Declaration of local chemical eradication of the Argentine ant: Bayesian estimation with a multinomial-mixture model. Sci. Rep. 7:3389
    [Google Scholar]
  61. 61. 
    Sarnat E. 2008. PIAkey: identification guide to ants of the Pacific Islands Database, Univ. Calif Davis: http://idtools.org/id/ants/pia/
    [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. 
    Sether D, Ullman D, Hu J 1998. Transmission of pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus by two species of mealybug (Dysmicoccus spp.). Phytopathology 88:1224–30
    [Google Scholar]
  63. 63. 
    Siddiqui JA, Chen Z, Li Q, Deng J, Lin X, Huang X 2019. DNA barcoding of aphid-associated ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a subtropical area of southern China. ZooKeys 879:117–36
    [Google Scholar]
  64. 64. 
    Smith F. 1879. The collections from Rodriguez. Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 168:534–40
    [Google Scholar]
  65. 65. 
    Suarez AV, Holway DA, Case TJ. 2001. Patterns of spread in biological invasions dominated by long-distance jump dispersal: insights from Argentine ants. PNAS 98:1095–100
    [Google Scholar]
  66. 66. 
    Suarez AV, Holway DA, Ward PS. 2005. The role of opportunity in the unintentional introduction of nonnative ants. PNAS 102:17032–35
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 67. 
    Tanaka H, Ohnishi H, Tatsuta H, Tsuji K. 2011. An analysis of mutualistic interactions between exotic ants and honeydew producers in the Yanbaru district of Okinawa Island, Japan. Ecol. Res 26:931–41
    [Google Scholar]
  68. 68. 
    Taylor RW. 1987. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Rep. 41, Div. Entomol., CSIRO Canberra:
    [Google Scholar]
  69. 69. 
    Teal S, Segarra E, Barr C, Drees B 1999. The cost of red imported fire ant infestation: the case of the Texas cattle industry. Texas J. Agric. Nat. Resour. 12:86–95
    [Google Scholar]
  70. 70. 
    Terayama M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Res. Bull. Kanto Gakuen Univ. Lib. Arts 17:81–266
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 71. 
    Terayama M, Kubota S, Eguchi K 2014. Encyclopedia of Japanese Ants Tokyo: Asakura Shoten
    [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. 
    Uchida S, Mori H, Kojima T, Hayama K, Sakairi Y, Chiba S. 2016. Effects of an invasive ant on land snails in the Ogasawara Islands. Conserv. Biol. 30:1330–37
    [Google Scholar]
  73. 73. 
    Van Schagen J. 1994. Ant pests of Western Australia, with particular reference to the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact, and Control of Introduced Species DF Williams 174–80 Boulder, CO: Westview Press
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 74. 
    Vanderwoude C, Elson-Harris M, Hargreaves JR, Harris E, Plowman KP 2004. An overview of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) eradication plan for Australia. Rec. South Aust. Mus. Monogr. Ser. 7:11–16
    [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. 
    Vergnes AR, Jourdan H. 2006. Eradication attempt against the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata: a case study in a New Caledonian dry forest reserve. Proceedings of the 15th Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects 614 N.p: Int. Union Study Soc. Insects
    [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. 
    Vinson S, MacKay W 1990. Effects of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, on electrical circuits and equipment. Applied Myrmecology: A World Perspective RK Vander Meer, K Jaffe, A Cedeno 496–503 Boulder, CO: Westview Press
    [Google Scholar]
  77. 77. 
    Wang L, Jiang J, Xu Y, Zeng L, Lu Y. 2016. Occurrence of three intracellular symbionts (Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Cardinium) among ants in southern China. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol 19:981–88
    [Google Scholar]
  78. 78. 
    Wang L, Lu Y 2017. Red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren. Biological Invasions and Its Management in China F Wan, M Jian, A Zhan 299–315 Berlin: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 79. 
    Wang L, Lu Y, Xu Y, Zeng L. 2013. The current status of research on Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Mainland China. Asian Myrmecol 5:125–38
    [Google Scholar]
  80. 80. 
    Ward D, Stanley M, Toft R, Forgie S, Harris R 2008. Assessing the risk of invasive ants: a simple and flexible scorecard approach. Insectes Soc 55:360–63
    [Google Scholar]
  81. 81. 
    Ward DF. 2005. Changes to the classification of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Weta 30:16–18
    [Google Scholar]
  82. 82. 
    Ward DF. 2007. Modelling the potential geographic distribution of invasive ant species in New Zealand. Biol. Invasions 9:723–35
    [Google Scholar]
  83. 83. 
    Ward DF, Beggs JR, Clout MN, Harris RJ, O'Connor S. 2006. The diversity and origin of exotic ants arriving in New Zealand via human-mediated dispersal. Divers. Distrib. 12:601–9
    [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. 
    Wetterer JK. 2005. Worldwide distribution and potential spread of the long-legged ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 45:177–97
    [Google Scholar]
  85. 85. 
    Wetterer JK. 2008. Worldwide spread of the longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 11:137–49
    [Google Scholar]
  86. 86. 
    Wetterer JK. 2009. Worldwide spread of the destroyer ant, Monomorium destructor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 12:97–108
    [Google Scholar]
  87. 87. 
    Wetterer JK. 2009. Worldwide spread of the ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 12:23–33
    [Google Scholar]
  88. 88. 
    Wetterer JK. 2010. Worldwide spread of the flower ant, Monomorium floricola (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 13:19–27
    [Google Scholar]
  89. 89. 
    Wetterer JK. 2011. Worldwide spread of the tropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 14:21–35
    [Google Scholar]
  90. 90. 
    Wetterer JK, Porter SD. 2003. The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata: distribution, impact and control. Sociobiology 41:31–41
    [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. 
    Wetterer JK, Wild AL, Suarez AV, Roura-Pascual N, Espadaler X. 2009. Worldwide spread of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol. News 12:187–94
    [Google Scholar]
  92. 92. 
    Wong S, Yuen K. 2005. Red imported fire ants in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med. J. 11:131–32
    [Google Scholar]
  93. 93. 
    World Bank 2020. GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) Database, World Bank Washington, DC: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD
    [Google Scholar]
  94. 94. 
    Wu D, Zeng L, Lu Y, Xu Y 2014. Effects of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and its interaction with aphids on the seed productions of mung bean and rapeseed plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 107:1758–64
    [Google Scholar]
  95. 95. 
    Wylie F. 1989. Recent trends in plant quarantine policy in Australia and New Zealand and their implications for forestry. N. Z. J. Forestry Sci 19:308–17
    [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. 
    Wylie FR, Janssen-May S. 2017. Red imported fire ant in Australia: What if we lose the war?. Ecol. Manag. Restor. 18:32–44
    [Google Scholar]
  97. 97. 
    Wylie R, Jennings C, McNaught MK, Oakey J, Harris EJ 2016. Eradication of two incursions of the red imported fire ant in Queensland, Australia. Ecol. Manag. Restor 17:22–32
    [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. 
    Wylie R, Yang C-CS, Tsuji K. 2020. Invader at the gate: the status of red imported fire ant in Australia and Asia. Ecol. Res. 35:6–16
    [Google Scholar]
  99. 99. 
    Yang X, Ning D, Ni M, Hassan B, Wu J, Xu Y. 2019. Interception of exotic ants and survey of the ant fauna at Gaoming Port, China. Asian Myrmecol 11:e011002
    [Google Scholar]
  100. 100. 
    Zhang R, Li Y, Liu N, Porter SD. 2007. An overview of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mainland China. Florida Entomol 90:723–31
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 101. 
    Zhang R, Zhang Y, Jiang Y. 2009. Threat and management strategies of potentially invasive insects in China. Sci. China C 52:903–10
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-060721-085603
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-060721-085603
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error