1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Environment and Resources
  4. Volume 39, 2014
  5. Article

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volume 39, 2014

Water Security and Society: Risks, Metrics, and Pathways

Abstract

Water security is a major challenge for science and society. We review the rapidly growing literature on water security from the perspective of risk science and management. Competing definitions and indicators of water security reflect unsettled conceptual and methodological issues. However, risk concepts have become prevalent in defining water security; measuring it quantitatively; tracking indicators of hazards, exposure, and vulnerability; and informing management options to reduce water-related risks. We examine water security indicators and indices to identify thresholds for water-related risks across multiple dimensions of water security and examine how these vary across different scales and socioeconomic contexts. Water security indicators reveal a disparity in hazards and vulnerability across geographic and political-economic conditions. Recognition of water security as a major societal challenge has been closely followed by a strong commitment to academic, government, development, and policy responses. Pathways to water security capture the sequence of investments in institutions and infrastructure to reduce water-related risks and manage trade-offs. Two well-studied water management case studies illustrate the pathways to water security and the need for more systematic comparative assessment.

Keyword(s): climate extremes, infrastructure, institutions, vulnerability, water access, water insecurity

[Erratum, Closure]

An erratum has been published for this article:
Water Security and Society: Risks, Metrics, and Pathways
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817
2014-10-17
2024-10-14
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/energy/39/1/annurev-environ-013012-093817.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1. Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev 2012. OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050. Paris: OECD Publ. [Google Scholar]
  2. Vorosmarty CJ, McIntyre PB, Gessner MO, Dudgeon D, Prusevich A. 2.  et al. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 467:555–61 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bradley DJ, Bartram JK. 3.  2013. Domestic water and sanitation as water security: monitoring, concepts and strategy. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120420 [Google Scholar]
  4. Hope R, Rouse M. 4.  2013. Risks and responses to universal drinking water security. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120417 [Google Scholar]
  5. 5. World Health Organ., UNICEF 2014. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2014 Update. Geneva/New York: WHO Press [Google Scholar]
  6. Hutton G, Rodriguez UE, Napitupulu L, Thang P, Kov P. 6.  2008. Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia Washington, DC: World Bank, Water and Sanitation Prog http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/Sanitation_Impact_Synthesis_2.pdf [Google Scholar]
  7. 7. Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev 2013. Water Security for Better Lives. Paris: OECD Publ. [Google Scholar]
  8. Rosegrant MW, Ringler C, Zhu T. 8.  2009. Water for agriculture: maintaining food security under growing scarcity. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34:205–22 [Google Scholar]
  9. Falkenmark M. 9.  2012. Food security: overcoming water scarcity realities. Feeding a Thirsty World: Challenges and Opportunities for a Water and Food Secure Future, Report 31 A Jägerskog, T. Jønch Clausen 13–18 Stockholm: Stockholm Int. Water Inst. [Google Scholar]
  10. Falkenmark M. 10.  2013. Growing water scarcity in agriculture: future challenge to global water security. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120410 [Google Scholar]
  11. 11. UN, Dep. Econ. Soc. Aff., Popul. Div 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352) Washington, DC: United Nations http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf [Google Scholar]
  12. 12. UN Educ. Sci. Cult. Organ 2012. Managing Water Under Uncertainty and Risk. Paris: UNESCO [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown C, Meeks R, Ghile Y, Hunu K. 13.  2013. Is water security necessary? An empirical analysis of the effects of climate hazards on national-level economic growth. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120416 [Google Scholar]
  14. Schewe J, Heinke J, Gerten D, Haddeland I, Arnell NW. 14.  et al. 2014. Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111:3245–50 [Google Scholar]
  15. Gleick PH. 15.  1993. Water and conflict: fresh water resources and international security. Int. Secur. 18:79–112 [Google Scholar]
  16. 16. Def. Intell. Agency 2012. Global Water Security: Intelligence Community Assessment. Washington, DC: Off. Dir. Natl. Intell. [Google Scholar]
  17. De Stefano L, Duncan J, Dinar S, Stahl K, Strzepek KM, Wolf AT. 17.  2012. Climate change and the institutional resilience of international river basins. J. Peace Res. 49:193–209 [Google Scholar]
  18. Dobbs R, Pohl H, Lin D-Y, Mischke J, Garemo N. 18.  et al. 2013. Infrastructure Productivity: How to Save $1 Trillion a Year Seoul/San Francisco/London: McKinsey Glob. Inst. [Google Scholar]
  19. 19. UN Univ. Inst. Water Environ. Health., UN Off. Sustain. Dev 2013. Catalyzing Water for Sustainable Development and Growth: Framing Water Within the Post 2015 Development Agenda: Options and Considerations. Hamilton, Can./Incheon, S Korea/Stockholm: UN Univ. Inst. Water Environ. Health/UN Off. Sustain. Dev./Stockholm Environ. Inst. [Google Scholar]
  20. Bakker K. 20.  2012. Water security: research challenges and opportunities. Science 337:914–15 [Google Scholar]
  21. Hall J, Borgomeo E. 21.  2013. Risk-based principles for defining and managing water security. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120407 [Google Scholar]
  22. Pahl-Wostl C, Palmer M, Richards K. 22.  2013. Enhancing water security for the benefits of humans and nature—the role of governance. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 5:676–84 [Google Scholar]
  23. de Loë RC, Varghese J, Ferreyra C, Kreutzwiser RD. 23.  2007. Water Allocation and Water Security in Canada: Initiating a Policy Dialogue for the 21st Century Guelph, ON: Guelph Water Manag. Group [Google Scholar]
  24. Cook C, Bakker K. 24.  2012. Water security: debating an emerging paradigm. Glob. Environ. Change 22:94–102 [Google Scholar]
  25. 25. United Nations 2000. Ministerial Declaration of The Hague on Water Security in the 21st Century The Hague, Neth: United Nations [Google Scholar]
  26. 26. Glob. Water Partnersh 2000. Towards water security: a framework for action. Rep. 91-630-9202-6, Glob. Water Partnersh., Stockholm [Google Scholar]
  27. Grey D, Sadoff CW. 27.  2007. Sink or swim? Water security for growth and development. Water Policy 9:545–71 [Google Scholar]
  28. Grey D, Sadoff CW. 28.  2006. Water for Growth and Development: A Theme Document of the 4th World Water Forum Mexico City: Com. Nac. del Agua [Google Scholar]
  29. Brown C, Lall U. 29.  2006. Water and economic development: the role of variability and a framework for resilience. Nat. Resour. Forum 30:306–17 [Google Scholar]
  30. Briscoe J. 30.  2009. Water security: why it matters and what to do about it. Innov. Technol. Gov. Glob. 4:3–28 [Google Scholar]
  31. UN Water. 31.  2013. Water Security and the Global Water Agenda: A UN-Water Analytical Brief Hamilton, ON: UN Univ. Inst. Water Environ. Health [Google Scholar]
  32. Molle F. 32.  2008. Nirvana concepts, narratives and policy models: insights from the water sector. Water Altern. 1:131–56 [Google Scholar]
  33. Grey D, Garrick D, Blackmore D, Kelman J, Muller M, Sadoff C. 33.  2013. Water security in one blue planet: twenty-first century policy challenges for science. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120406 [Google Scholar]
  34. 34. World Health Organ 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Geneva: WHO, 4th ed.. [Google Scholar]
  35. Hall JW, Brown S, Nicholls RJ, Pidgeon NF, Watson RT. 35.  2012. Proportionate adaptation. Nat. Clim. Change 2:833–34 [Google Scholar]
  36. Slovic P. 36.  1987. Perception of risk. Science 236:280–85 [Google Scholar]
  37. 37. Intergov. Panel Clim. Change 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  38. 38. World Bank 2013. World Development Report 2014. Risk and Opportunity: Managing Risk for Development Washington, DC: World Bank [Google Scholar]
  39. Wheater H, Gober P. 39.  2013. Water security in the Canadian Prairies: science and management challenges. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120409 [Google Scholar]
  40. Sadoff C, Harshadeep NR, Blackmore D, Wu X, O'Donnell A. 40.  et al. 2013. Ten fundamental questions for water resources development in the Ganges: myths and realities. Water Policy 15:147–64 [Google Scholar]
  41. Bogardi JJ, Dudgeon D, Lawford R, Flinkerbusch E, Meyn A. 41.  et al. 2012. Water security for a planet under pressure: interconnected challenges of a changing world call for sustainable solutions. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 4:35–43 [Google Scholar]
  42. Hope R, Hansen K, Mutembwa M, Schlessinger S. 42.  2012. Water Security, Risk and Society—Key Issues and Research Priorities for International Development Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Water Secur. Netw. [Google Scholar]
  43. 43. Glob. Water Syst. Project 2013. Bonn Declaration on Global Water Security. Bonn: Glob. Water Syst. Proj. [Google Scholar]
  44. Morrison J, Schulte P, Greenwood R, Willis R, Hoenig M. 44.  et al. 2012. Guide to Water-Related Collective Action New York: UN Glob. Compact CEO Water Mandate [Google Scholar]
  45. Mason N, Calow R. 45.  2012. Water security: from abstract concept to meaningful metrics Work. Pap. 357, Overseas Dev. Inst., London [Google Scholar]
  46. 46. Aon Benfield 2012. 2011 Thailand Floods Event Recap Report: Impact Forecasting London: Impact Forecast [Google Scholar]
  47. 47. World Econ. Forum 2012. Global Risks 2012. Geneva: World Econ. Forum, 7th ed.. [Google Scholar]
  48. 48. World Econ. Forum 2013. Global Risks 2013. Geneva: World Econ. Forum, 8th ed.. [Google Scholar]
  49. 49. World Econ. Forum 2014. Global Risks 2014. Geneva: World Econ. Forum., 9th ed.. [Google Scholar]
  50. 50. Carbon Discl. Proj 2013. Moving Beyond Business as Usual: A Need for Step Change in Water Risk Management. 2013 Global Water Report. London: Carbon Discl. Proj. [Google Scholar]
  51. Grey D, Sadoff C. 51.  2005. Water Resources, Growth and Development. A Working Paper for Discussion. Washington, DC: World Bank http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd13/documents/worldbank_paper.pdf [Google Scholar]
  52. Simon HA. 52.  1965. The Shape of Automation for Men and Management New York: Harper and Row [Google Scholar]
  53. Hashimoto T, Stedinger J, Loucks DP. 53.  1982. Reliability, resiliency and vulnerability criteria for water resource system performance evaluation. Water Resour. Res. 18:14–20 [Google Scholar]
  54. Bathke WL, Freund RJ, Conner JR. 54.  1970. The development of a model to evaluate hydrologic risk in water resource system design. JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 6:4476–82 [Google Scholar]
  55. 55. Natl. Res. Counc 2000. Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  56. Rougier J, Sparks S, Hill LJ. 56.  2013. Risk and Uncertainty Assessment for Natural Hazards Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  57. Woo G. 57.  1999. The Mathematics of Natural Catastrophes London: Imperial College [Google Scholar]
  58. Knight FH. 58.  1921. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit Boston, MA: Hart, Schaffner & Marx [Google Scholar]
  59. 59. Intergov. Panel Clim. Change 2007. Technical summary. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ML Parry, OF Canziani, JP Palutikof, PJ van der Linden, CE Hanson 23–78 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  60. Schröter D, Acosta-Michlik L, Arnell AW, Araújo MB, Badeck F. 60.  et al. 2004. ATEAM Final Report 2004: Detailed Report Related to Overall Project Duration. Potsdam, Ger: Potsdam Inst. Clim. Impact Res. [Google Scholar]
  61. Keeney RL, Wood EF. 61.  1977. Illustrative example of use of multiattribute utility theory for water resource planning. Water Resour. Res. 13:705–12 [Google Scholar]
  62. 62. Glob. Water Partnersh 2000. Integrated water resources management. TAC Backgr. Pap. 4, Glob. Water Partnersh., Stockholm [Google Scholar]
  63. Biswas AK. 63.  2004. Integrated water resources management: a reassessment. A water forum contribution. Water Int. 29:248–56 [Google Scholar]
  64. Muller M. 64.  2010. Fit for purpose: taking integrated water resource management back to basics. Irrig. Drain. Syst. 24:161–75 [Google Scholar]
  65. Hallegatte S, Green C, Nicholls RJ, Corfee-Morlot J. 65.  2013. Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nat. Clim. Change 3:802–6 [Google Scholar]
  66. Lindley DV. 66.  1990. Making Decisions London: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  67. Milly PCD, Betancourt J, Falkenmark M, Hirsch RM, Kundzewicz ZW. 67.  et al. 2008. Stationarity is dead: whither water management?. Science 319:573–74 [Google Scholar]
  68. Hine D, Hall JW. 68.  2010. Information gap analysis of flood model uncertainties and regional frequency analysis. Water Resour. Res. 46:W01514 [Google Scholar]
  69. Lempert RJ, Groves DG. 69.  2010. Identifying and evaluating robust adaptive policy responses to climate change for water management agencies in the American west. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 77:960–74 [Google Scholar]
  70. Brown C, Ghile Y, Laverty M, Li K. 70.  2012. Decision scaling: linking bottom-up vulnerability analysis with climate projections in the water sector. Water Resour. Res. 48:W09537 [Google Scholar]
  71. Ben-Haim Y. 71.  2006. Info-Gap Decision Theory: Decisions Under Severe Uncertainty London: Academic [Google Scholar]
  72. 72. Afr. Minist. Counc. Water, Glob. Water Partnersh 2012. Water Security and Climate Resilient Development: Technical Background Document. Abuja, Niger: Afr. Minist. Counc. Water [Google Scholar]
  73. Brown A, Matlock MD. 73.  2011. A review of water scarcity indices and methodologies White Pap. 106, Sustain. Consort., Univ. Ark., Fayetteville [Google Scholar]
  74. Plummer R, de Loë R, Armitage D. 74.  2012. A systematic review of water vulnerability assessment tools. Water Resour. Manag. 26:4327–46 [Google Scholar]
  75. 75. Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev 2009. Governing Regional Development Policy: The Use of Performance Indicators. Paris: OECD Publ. [Google Scholar]
  76. 76. Asian Dev. Bank 2013. Asian Water Development Outlook 2013: Measuring Water Security in Asia and the Pacific. Mandaluyong City, Philipp: Asian Dev. Bank [Google Scholar]
  77. Lautze J, Manthrithilake H. 77.  2012. Water security: Old concepts, new package, what value?. Nat. Resour. Forum 36:76–87 [Google Scholar]
  78. Falkenmark M. 78.  1989. The massive water scarcity now threatening Africa: Why isn't it being addressed?. Ambio 18:112–18 [Google Scholar]
  79. Falkenmark M, Lundqvist J, Widstrand C. 79.  1989. Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches. Nat. Resour. Forum 13:258–67 [Google Scholar]
  80. Gleick PH. 80.  1996. Basic water requirements for human activities: meeting basic needs. Water Int. 21:83–92 [Google Scholar]
  81. Allan JA. 81.  2010. Prioritizing the processes beyond the water sector that will secure water for society—farmers, fair international trade and food consumption and waste. Re-Thinking Water and Food Security L Martinez-Cortina, A Garrido, E Lopez-Gunn 93–106 Leyden, Neth: CRC Press [Google Scholar]
  82. Howard G, Bartram J. 82.  2003. Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health Geneva: WHO Press [Google Scholar]
  83. Easterly W. 83.  2009. How the millennium development goals are unfair to Africa. World Dev. 37:26–35 [Google Scholar]
  84. 84. Millenn. Ecosyst. Assess 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water. Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resour. Inst. [Google Scholar]
  85. Srinivasan V, Lambin EF, Gorelick SM, Thompson BH, Rozelle S. 85.  2012. The nature and causes of the global water crisis: syndromes from a meta-analysis of coupled human-water studies. Water Resour. Res. 48:W10516 [Google Scholar]
  86. Zeitoun M. 86.  2011. The global web of national water security. Global Policy 2:286–96 [Google Scholar]
  87. Vörösmarty CJ, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers RB. 87.  2000. Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science 289:284–88 [Google Scholar]
  88. Seckler D, Amarasinghe U, Molden D, de Silva R, Barker R. 88.  1998. World water demand and supply, 1990 to 2025: scenarios and issues Res. Rep. 19, Int. Water Manag. Inst., Colombo, Sri Lanka [Google Scholar]
  89. Vorosmarty CJ, Bravo de Guenni L, Wollheim WM, Pellerin B, Bjerklie D. 89.  et al. 2013. Extreme rainfall, vulnerability and risk: a continental-scale assessment for South America. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120408 [Google Scholar]
  90. Gassert F, Reig P, Luo T, Maddocks A. 90.  2013. Aqueduct country and river basin rankings: a weighted aggregation of spatially distinct hydrological indicators Work Pap., World Resour. Inst., Washington, DC [Google Scholar]
  91. 91. UN Environ. Program.-DHI 2011. Methodology for the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme 4 Methodology for the Assessment of Transboundary River Basins. Kenya: UN Environ. Program. [Google Scholar]
  92. De Stefano L, Duncan J, Dinar S, Stahl K, Strzepek K, Wolf A. 92.  2010. Mapping the resilience of international river basins to future climate change-induced water variability Water Sector Board Discuss. Pap. 15, World Bank, Washington, DC [Google Scholar]
  93. Molle F, Mollinga P. 93.  2003. Water poverty indicators: conceptual problems and policy issues. Water Policy 5:529–44 [Google Scholar]
  94. Hallegatte S, Green C, Nicholls RJ, Corfee-Morlot J. 94.  2013. Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nat. Clim. Change 3:802–6 [Google Scholar]
  95. Hanasaki N, Kanae S, Oki T, Masuda K, Motoya K. 95.  et al. 2008. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources. Part 1: model description and input meteorological forcing. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 12:1007–25 [Google Scholar]
  96. 96. World Bank 2010. The Cost to Developing Countries of Adapting to Climate Change Washington, DC: World Bank [Google Scholar]
  97. Mullan M, Kingsmill N, Kramer AM, Agrawala S. 97.  2013. National adaptation planning: lessons from OECD countries OECD Environ. Work. Pap. 54, Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev., Paris [Google Scholar]
  98. 98. Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev 2011. Meeting the Water Reform Challenge. Paris: OECD Publ. [Google Scholar]
  99. Araral E, Yu DJ. 99.  2013. Comparative water law, policies, and administration in Asia: evidence from 17 countries. Water Resour. Res. 49:5307–16 [Google Scholar]
  100. Saleth RM, Dinar A. 100.  2004. The Institutional Economics of Water: A Cross-Country Analysis of Institutions and Performance Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar [Google Scholar]
  101. Wolf AT. 101.  2007. Shared waters: conflict and cooperation. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 32:241–69 [Google Scholar]
  102. Wolf AT, Yoffe SB, Giordano M. 102.  2003. International waters: identifying basins at risk. Water Policy 5:29–60 [Google Scholar]
  103. Schulze S, Schmeier S. 103.  2012. Governing environmental change in international river basins: the role of river basin organizations. Int. J. River Basin Manag. 10:229–44 [Google Scholar]
  104. Schmeier S. 104.  2013. Governing International Watercourses. The Contribution of River Basin Organizations to the Effective Governance of Internationally Shared Rivers and Lakes London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  105. 105. Intergov. Panel Clim. Change 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation Cambridge, UK/New York, NY: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  106. Cummins JD, Mahul O. 106.  2009. Catastrophe Risk Financing in Developing Countries: Principles for Public Intervention Washington, DC: World Bank [Google Scholar]
  107. Whittington D, Hanemann WM, Sadoff C, Jeuland M. 107.  2008. The challenge of water and sanitation Challenge Pap., Copenhagen Consens. Cent. http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/cp_waterandsanitationcc08vol2.pdf [Google Scholar]
  108. Pattanayak SK, Yang J-C, Whittington D, Bal Kumar KC. 108.  2005. Coping with unreliable public water supplies: averting expenditures by households in Kathmandu, Nepal. Water Resour. Res. 41:W02012 [Google Scholar]
  109. Whittington D, Hanemann WM, Sadoff C, Jeuland M. 109.  2009. The challenge of improving water and sanitation services in less developed countries. Found. Trends Microecon. 4:469–609 [Google Scholar]
  110. Whittington D. 110.  2010. What have we learned from 20 years of stated preference research in less-developed countries?. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 2:209–36 [Google Scholar]
  111. Bartram J, Cairncross S. 111.  2010. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health. PLOS Med. 7:e1000367 [Google Scholar]
  112. Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J. 112.  2008. Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health Geneva: World Health Organ. [Google Scholar]
  113. Haller L, Hutton G, Bartram J. 113.  2007. Estimating the costs and health benefits of water and sanitation improvements at global level. J. Water Health 5:467–80 [Google Scholar]
  114. 114. World Bank 2006. Ethiopia: Managing Water Resources to Maximize Sustainable Growth: A Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy for Ethiopia Washington, DC: World Bank [Google Scholar]
  115. Briscoe J. 115.  2011. Making reform happen in water policy: reflections from a practitioner Presented at OECD Glob. Forum Environ. Mak. Water Reform Happen, Oct. 25–26, Paris [Google Scholar]
  116. Sachs JD. 116.  2003. Institutions don't rule: direct effects of geography on per capita income NBER Work. Pap. 9490, Natl. Bur. Econ. Res., Cambridge, MA [Google Scholar]
  117. Sachs JD. 117.  2003. Institutions matter, but not for everything. Finance Dev. 40:38–41 [Google Scholar]
  118. Rodrik D, Subramanian A, Trebbi F. 118.  2004. Institutions rule: the primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. J. Econ. Growth 9:131–65 [Google Scholar]
  119. Brown C, Meeks R, Hunu K, Yu W. 119.  2011. Hydroclimate risk to economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Clim. Change 106:621–47 [Google Scholar]
  120. Dickin SK, Schuster-Wallace CJ, Elliott SJ. 120.  2013. Developing a vulnerability mapping methodology: applying the water-associated disease index to dengue in Malaysia. PLOS ONE 8:e63584 [Google Scholar]
  121. Cash DW, Clark WC, Alcock F, Dickson NM, Eckley N. 121.  et al. 2003. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8086–91 [Google Scholar]
  122. Lorenz C, Kunstmann H. 122.  2012. The hydrological cycle in three state-of-the-art reanalyses: intercomparison and performance analysis. J. Hydrometeorol. 13:1397–420 [Google Scholar]
  123. Ferris E, Petz D, Stark C. 123.  2013. The year of recurring disasters: a review of natural disasters in 2012 Rep., Brookings Inst.–Lond. Sch. Econ. Proj. Intern. Displac., Washington, DC [Google Scholar]
  124. Kallis G. 124.  2008. Droughts. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 33:85–118 [Google Scholar]
  125. Overpeck JT. 125.  2013. Climate science: the challenge of hot drought. Nature 503:350–51 [Google Scholar]
  126. Cook BI, Smerdon JE, Seager R, Cook ER. 126.  2013. Pan-continental droughts in North America over the last millennium. J. Clim. 27:383–97 [Google Scholar]
  127. Whittington D, Sadoff C, Allaire M. 127.  The economic value of moving toward a more water secure world TEC Backgr. Pap. 18, Glob. Water Partnersh., Stockholm [Google Scholar]
  128. Briscoe J, Malik RPS. 128.  2006. India's Water Economy New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  129. Meinzen-Dick R. 129.  2007. Beyond panaceas in water institutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:15200–5 [Google Scholar]
  130. Ostrom E. 130.  2005. Understanding Institutional Diversity Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  131. Bakker K, Morinville C. 131.  2013. The governance dimensions of water security: a review. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20130116 [Google Scholar]
  132. Pahl-Wostl C, Lebel L, Knieper C, Nikitina E. 132.  2012. From applying panaceas to mastering complexity: toward adaptive water governance in river basins. Environ. Sci. Policy 23:24–34 [Google Scholar]
  133. De Stefano L, Hernandez-Mora N, Lopez-Gunn E, Willaarts B, Zorrilla-Mires P. 133.  2012. Public participation and transparency in water management. Water, Agriculture and the Environment in Spain: Can We Square the Circle? L De Stefano, MR Llamas 217–225 London: Taylor and Francis [Google Scholar]
  134. Schlager E, Ostrom E. 134.  1992. Property-rights regimes and natural resources: a conceptual analysis. Land Econ. 68:249–62 [Google Scholar]
  135. Garrick D, De Stefano L, Fung F, Pittock J, Schlager E. 135.  et al. 2013. Managing hydroclimatic risks in federal rivers: a diagnostic assessment. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120415 [Google Scholar]
  136. Heinmiller T. 136.  2009. Path dependency and collective action in common pool governance. Int. J. Commons 3:131–47 [Google Scholar]
  137. 137. Deltacommissie 2008. Working together with water: a living land builds for its future. Rep., Deltacommissie, Den Haag, Neth. [Google Scholar]
  138. Haasnoot M, Middelkoop H, Offermans A, van Beek E, van Deursen WPA. 138.  2012. Exploring pathways for sustainable water management in river deltas in a changing environment. Clim. Change 115:795–819 [Google Scholar]
  139. Haasnoot M, Kwakkel JH, Walker WE, ter Maat J. 139.  2013. Dynamic adaptive policy pathways: a method for crafting robust decisions for a deeply uncertain world. Glob. Environ. Change 23:485–98 [Google Scholar]
  140. Lavery S, Donovan B. 140.  2005. Flood risk management in the Thames Estuary looking ahead 100 years. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 363:1455–74 [Google Scholar]
  141. Brown C, Werick W, Leger W, Fay D. 141.  2011. A decision-analytic approach to managing climate risks: application to the Upper Great Lakes. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 47:524–34 [Google Scholar]
  142. Harvey H, Hall JW, Peppé R. 142.  2012. Computational decision analysis for flood risk management in an uncertain future. Hydroinformatics 14:537–61 [Google Scholar]
  143. Hallegatte S, Shah A, Lempert R, Brown C, Gill S. 143.  2012. Investment decision making under deep uncertainty: application to climate change. Policy Res. Work. Pap. 6193, World Bank, Washington, DC [Google Scholar]
  144. Chen DC, Maksimovic C, Voulvoulis N. 144.  2011. Institutional capacity and policy options for integrated urban water management: a Singapore case study. Water Policy 13:53–68 [Google Scholar]
  145. Luan IOB. 145.  2010. Singapore water management policies and practices. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 26:65–80 [Google Scholar]
  146. Tortajada C. 146.  2006. Water management in Singapore. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 22:227–40 [Google Scholar]
  147. Frew W, Marriner C. 147.  2007. Recycled water rejected out of fear, say critics. Sydney Morning Herald Jan 30 [Google Scholar]
  148. Shaik SM, Ooi TO, Simo PO. 148.  2006. Potential for seawater desalination in Singapore using LNG regasification as a heat sink. Proc. UltraPure Water Asia Conf. Singapore [Google Scholar]
  149. Zhang SX, Babovic V. 149.  2012. A real options approach to the design and architecture of water supply systems using innovative water technologies under uncertainty. J. Hydroinform. 14:13–29 [Google Scholar]
  150. 150. IBISWorld 2011. Queensland floods: the economic impact. Spec. Rep., IBISWorld, Melbourne, Aust. https://www.nci.com.au/NCINet/Secure/Resources/Pdf/QLD_floods_special_report.pdf [Google Scholar]
  151. 151. Murray-Darling Basin Auth 2010. Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan 1 Canberra, Aust.: Murray-Darling Basin Auth. [Google Scholar]
  152. Turral H, Connell D, McKay J. 152.  2009. Much ado about the Murray: the drama of restraining water use. River Basin Trajectories: Societies, Environments and Development F Molle, P Wester 263–88 Wallingford, UK: CAB Int. [Google Scholar]
  153. Pittock J. 153.  2013. Lessons from adaptation to sustain freshwater environments in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change 4:429–38 [Google Scholar]
  154. Grafton RQ, Pittock J, Davis R, Williams J, Fu G. 154.  et al. 2012. Global insights into water resources, climate change and governance. Nat. Clim. Change 3:315–21 [Google Scholar]
  155. Gondhalekar D, Mollinga PP, Saravanan V. 155.  2013. Towards systematic comparative water and health research. Water Int. 38:967–76 [Google Scholar]
  156. Scott CA, Meza FJ, Varady RG, Tiessen H, McEvoy J. 156.  et al. 2013. Water security and adaptive management in the arid Americas. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 103:280–89 [Google Scholar]
  157. Hall J, Borgomeo E. 157.  2013. Risk-based principles for defining and managing water security. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 371:20120407 [Google Scholar]
  158. Litovsky A. 158.  2014. Earth Security Index 2014: A Dashboard for the Transition to a Resource Secure Future London: Earth Secur. Initiat. [Google Scholar]
  159. Helman P. 159.  2009. Droughts in the Murray Darling Basin since European settlement Res. Rep. No. 100, Griffith Cent. Coast. Manag., Canberra, Aust. [Google Scholar]
  160. Kirby M, Bark R, Connor J, Qureshi ME, Keyworth S. 160.  2014. Sustainable irrigation: How did irrigated agriculture in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin adapt in the Millennium Drought?. Agric. Water Manag. 145:154–62 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817
Loading
Water Security and Society: Risks, Metrics, and Pathways
Annual Review of Environment and Resources 39, 611 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-013012-093817
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error