1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Environment and Resources
  4. Volume 42, 2017
  5. Article

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volume 42, 2017

Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment

Abstract

We review the literature that investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the environment. After reviewing the theoretical literature, we discuss two broad strands of research. First, the impact of environmental regulations on the choice of plant location and second, the impact of FDI on the emissions of various pollutants and the related question of whether we can observe environmental spillovers from foreign to domestic firms. Finally, we review the more recent literature on environmental outsourcing as an alternative to FDI and conclude with suggestions for future research.

Keyword(s): environment, environmental outsourcing, foreign direct investment, pollution haven
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060916
2017-10-17
2025-03-24
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/energy/42/1/annurev-environ-102016-060916.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060916&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Baumol WJ, Oates WE. 1. , eds. 1988. The Theory of Environmental Policy Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. , 2nd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  2. Markusen JR, Morey ER, Olewiler ND. 2.  1993. Environmental policy when market structure and plant locations are endogenous. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 24:169–86 [Google Scholar]
  3. Chichilnisky G. 3.  1994. North-south trade and the global environment. Am. Econ. Rev. 84:4851–74 [Google Scholar]
  4. Motta M, Thisse JF. 4.  1994. Does environmental dumping lead to delocation?. Eur. Econ. Rev. 38:3563–76 [Google Scholar]
  5. Pearson CS. 5.  1987. Multinational Corporations, Environment, and the Third World: Business Matters Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  6. Horstmann IJ, Markusen JR. 6.  1987. Strategic investments and the development of multinationals. Int. Econ. Rev. 28:1109–21 [Google Scholar]
  7. Horstmann IJ, Markusen JR. 7.  1992. Endogenous market structures in international trade (natura facit saltum). J. Int. Econ. 32:1–2109–29 [Google Scholar]
  8. Brainard SL. 8.  1993. A simple theory of multinational corporations and trade with a tradeoff between proximity and concentration NBER Work. Pap. 4269. http://www.nber.org/papers/w4269 [Google Scholar]
  9. Rowthorn RE. 9.  1992. Centralisation, employment and wage dispersion. Econ. J. 102:412506–23 [Google Scholar]
  10. Motta M. 10.  1992. Multinational firms and the tariff-jumping argument: a game theoretic analysis with some unconventional conclusions. Eur. Econ. Rev. 36:81557–71 [Google Scholar]
  11. Markusen JR, Morey ER, Olewiler N. 11.  1995. Competition in regional environmental policies when plant locations are endogenous. J. Public Econ. 56:155–77 [Google Scholar]
  12. Hoel M. 12.  1997. Environmental policy with endogenous plant locations. Scand. J. Econ. 99:2241–59 [Google Scholar]
  13. Ulph A, Valentini L. 13.  2001. Is environmental dumping greater when plants are footloose?. Scand. J. Econ. 103:4673–88 [Google Scholar]
  14. Kayalica MÖ, Lahiri S. 14.  2005. Strategic environmental policies in the presence of foreign direct investment. Environ. Resour. Econ. 30:11–21 [Google Scholar]
  15. Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Fredriksson PG. 15.  2006. Endogenous pollution havens: Does FDI influence environmental regulations?. Scand. J. Econ. 108:1157–78 [Google Scholar]
  16. De Santis RA, Stähler F. 16.  2009. Foreign direct investment and environmental taxes. Ger. Econ. Rev. 10:1115–35 [Google Scholar]
  17. Oates WE, Schwab RM. 17.  1988. Economic competition among jurisdictions: efficiency enhancing or distortion inducing?. J. Public Econ. 35:3333–54 [Google Scholar]
  18. Hillman AL, Ursprung HW. 18.  1992. The influence of environmental concerns on the political determination of trade policy. The Greening of World Trade Issues K Anderson, R Blackhurst 195–20 Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. Michigan Press [Google Scholar]
  19. Hillman AL, Ursprung HW. 19.  1993. Multinational firms, political competition, and international trade policy. Int. Econ. Rev. 34:2347–63 [Google Scholar]
  20. Rauscher M. 20.  1995. Environmental regulation and the location of polluting industries. Int. Tax Public Finance 2:2229–44 [Google Scholar]
  21. Fredriksson PG. 21.  1997. The political economy of pollution taxes in a small open economy. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 33:144–58 [Google Scholar]
  22. Fredriksson PG. 22.  1999. The political economy of trade liberalization and environmental policy. South. Econ. J. 65:3513–25 [Google Scholar]
  23. Sanna-Randaccio F, Sestini R. 23.  2012. The impact of unilateral climate policy with endogenous plant location and market size asymmetry. Rev. Int. Econ. 20:3580–99 [Google Scholar]
  24. Tang J. 24.  2015. Testing the pollution haven effect: Does the type of FDI matter?. Environ. Resour. Econ. 60:4549–78 [Google Scholar]
  25. Markusen JR. 25.  1984. Multinationals, multi-plant economies, and the gains from trade. J. Int. Econ. 16:3–4205–26 [Google Scholar]
  26. Helpman E. 26.  1984. A simple theory of international trade with multinational corporations. J. Polit. Econ. 92:3451–71 [Google Scholar]
  27. Dijkstra BR, Mathew A J, Mukherjee A. 27.  2011. Environmental regulation: an incentive for foreign direct investment. Rev. Int. Econ. 19:3568–78 [Google Scholar]
  28. Elliott RJR, Zhou Y. 28.  2013. Environmental regulation induced foreign direct investment. Environ. Resour. Econ. 55:1141–58 [Google Scholar]
  29. Zeng DZ, Zhao L. 29.  2009. Pollution havens and industrial agglomeration. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 58:2141–53 [Google Scholar]
  30. Cherniwchan J, Copeland BR, Taylor SM. 30.  2016. Trade and the environment: new methods, measurements, and results NBER Work. Pap. 22636. http://www.nber.org/papers/w22636 [Google Scholar]
  31. Kawata K, Ouchida Y. 31.  2013. Offshoring, trade and environmental policies: effects of transboundary pollution Work. Pap. IDEC-DP2_03–8 Hirooshima Univ. Inst. Repos http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/3/35233/20141016204617459458/IDEC-DP2_03-8.pdf [Google Scholar]
  32. Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Okubo T. 32.  2014. International environmental outsourcing. Rev. World Econ. 150:4639–64 [Google Scholar]
  33. Levinson A. 33.  2008. Pollution haven hypothesis. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Vol. 6ed SN Durlauf, LE Blume 485–88 London: Palgrave Macmillan. , 2nd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  34. Brunel C, Levinson A. 34.  2013. Measuring Environmental Regulatory Stringency Work. Pap. 2013/05 Trade Environ., Org. Econ. Coop. Dev http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5k41t69f6f6d-en.pdf?expires=1495568616&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=152005BA18D0814A426F4D93414043C2 [Google Scholar]
  35. Xing Y, Kolstad CD. 35.  2002. Do lax environmental regulations attract foreign investment?. Environ. Resour. Econ. 21:11–22 [Google Scholar]
  36. Zarsky L. 36.  1999. Havens, halos and spaghetti: untangling the evidence about foreign direct investment and the environment. Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment47–76 Paris: OECD Publ. [Google Scholar]
  37. Eskeland GS, Harrison AE. 37.  2003. Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis. J. Dev. Econ. 70:11–23 [Google Scholar]
  38. Javorcik BS, Wei S-J. 38.  2004. Pollution havens and foreign direct investment: Dirty secret or popular myth?. Contrib. Econ. Anal. Policy 3:21–32 [Google Scholar]
  39. Naughton HT. 39.  2014. To shut down or to shift: multinationals and environmental regulation. Ecol. Econ. 102:113–17 [Google Scholar]
  40. Kahouli B, Omri A, Chaibi A. 40.  2014. Environmental regulations, trade, and foreign direct investment: evidence from gravity equations Work. Pap. 2014–189 Dep. Res., IPAG Bus. Sch. Paris: [Google Scholar]
  41. Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Shimamoto K. 41.  2005. Industrial characteristics, environmental regulations and air pollution: an analysis of the UK manufacturing sector. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 50:1121–43 [Google Scholar]
  42. Dardati E, Saygili M. 42.  2012. Multinationals and environmental regulation: Are foreign firms harmful?. Environ. Dev. Econ. 17:02163–86 [Google Scholar]
  43. Chung S. 43.  2014. Environmental regulation and foreign direct investment: evidence from South Korea. J. Dev. Econ. 108:222–36 [Google Scholar]
  44. List JA, Co CY. 44.  2000. The effects of environmental regulations on foreign direct investment. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 40:11–20 [Google Scholar]
  45. List JA. 45.  2001. US county-level determinants of inbound FDI: evidence from a two-step modified count data model. Int. J. Ind. Organ. 19:6953–73 [Google Scholar]
  46. Keller W, Levinson A. 46.  2002. Pollution abatement costs and foreign direct investment inflows to US states. Rev. Econ. Stat. 84:4691–703 [Google Scholar]
  47. Cole MA, Elliott RJR. 47.  2005. FDI and the capital intensity of “dirty” sectors: a missing piece of the pollution haven puzzle. Rev. Dev. Econ. 9:4530–48 [Google Scholar]
  48. Manderson E, Kneller R. 48.  2012. Environmental regulations, outward FDI and heterogeneous firms: Are countries used as pollution havens?. Environ. Resour. Econ. 51:3317–32 [Google Scholar]
  49. List JA, McHone WW, Millimet DL. 49.  2004. Effects of environmental regulation on foreign and domestic plant births: Is there a home field advantage?. J. Urban Econ. 56:2303–26 [Google Scholar]
  50. Hanna R. 50.  2010. US environmental regulation and FDI: evidence from a panel of US-based multinational firms. Am. Econ. J.: Appl. Econ. 2:3158–89 [Google Scholar]
  51. Kheder SB, Zugravu N. 51.  2012. Environmental regulation and French firms location abroad: an economic geography model in an international comparative study. Ecol. Econ. 77:48–61 [Google Scholar]
  52. Kellenberg DK. 52.  2009. An empirical investigation of the pollution haven effect with strategic environment and trade policy. J. Int. Econ. 78:2242–55 [Google Scholar]
  53. Wagner UJ, Timmins CD. 53.  2009. Agglomeration effects in foreign direct investment and the pollution haven hypothesis. Environ. Resour. Econ. 43:2231–56 [Google Scholar]
  54. Kalamova M, Johnstone N. 54.  2012. Environmental policy stringency and foreign direct investment. A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy F Wijen, K Zoeteman, J Pieters, P van Seters 34–57 Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publ. , 2nd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  55. Rezza AA. 55.  2013. FDI and pollution havens: evidence from the Norwegian manufacturing sector. Ecol. Econ. 90:140–49 [Google Scholar]
  56. Rivera J, Oh CH. 56.  2013. Environmental regulations and multinational corporations’ foreign market entry investments. Policy Study J 41:2243–72 [Google Scholar]
  57. Poelhekke S, Ploeg F. 57.  2015. Green havens and pollution havens. World Econ 38:71159–78 [Google Scholar]
  58. Dam L, Scholtens B. 58.  2012. The curse of the haven: the impact of multinational enterprise on environmental regulation. Ecol. Econ. 78:148–56 [Google Scholar]
  59. Fredriksson PG, List JA, Millimet DL. 59.  2003. Bureaucratic corruption, environmental policy and inbound US FDI: theory and evidence. J. Public Econ. 87:71407–30 [Google Scholar]
  60. Henderson DJ, Millimet DL. 60.  2007. Pollution abatement costs and foreign direct investment inflows to US states: a nonparametric reassessment. Rev. Econ. Stat. 89:1178–83 [Google Scholar]
  61. Di W. 61.  2007. Pollution abatement cost savings and FDI inflows to polluting sectors in China. Environ. Dev. Econ. 12:06775–98 [Google Scholar]
  62. Dean JM, Lovely ME, Wang H. 62.  2009. Are foreign investors attracted to weak environmental regulations? Evaluating the evidence from China. J. Dev. Econ. 90:11–13 [Google Scholar]
  63. Cai X, Lu Y, Wu M, Yu L. 63.  2016. Does environmental regulation drive away inbound foreign direct investment? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. J. Dev. Econ. 123:73–85 [Google Scholar]
  64. He J. 64.  2006. Pollution haven hypothesis and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment: the case of industrial emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Chinese provinces. Ecol. Econ. 60:1228–45 [Google Scholar]
  65. Zhang J, Fu X. 65.  2008. FDI and environmental regulations in China. J. Asia Pac. Econ. 13:3332–53 [Google Scholar]
  66. Wang DT, Chen WY. 66.  2014. Foreign direct investment, institutional development, and environmental externalities: evidence from China. J. Environ. Manag. 135:81–90 [Google Scholar]
  67. Bu M, Wagner M. 67.  2016. Racing to the bottom and racing to the top: the crucial role of firm characteristics in foreign direct investment choices. J. Int. Bus. Study. 47:91032–57 [Google Scholar]
  68. Tole L, Koop G. 68.  2010. Do environmental regulations affect the location decisions of multinational gold mining firms?. J. Econ. Geogr. 11:151–77 [Google Scholar]
  69. Ederington J, Levinson A, Minier J. 69.  2005. Footloose and pollution-free. Rev. Econ. Stat. 87:192–99 [Google Scholar]
  70. Waldkirch A, Gopinath M. 70.  2008. Pollution control and foreign direct investment in Mexico: an industry-level analysis. Environ. Resour. Econ. 41:3289–13 [Google Scholar]
  71. Raspiller S, Riedinger N. 71.  2008. Do environmental regulations influence the location behavior of French firms?. Land. Econ. 84:3382–95 [Google Scholar]
  72. Baltagi BH, Egger P, Pfaffermayr M. 72.  2007. Estimating models of complex FDI: Are there third-country effects?. J. Econom. 127:1260–81 [Google Scholar]
  73. Kukenova M, Monteiro J-A. 73.  2008. Does lax environmental regulation attract FDI when accounting for “third-country” effects? Work. Pap. 11321 Munich Pers. RePEc Arch http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1292705 [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  74. Bialek S, Weichenrieder AJ. 74.  2015. Do stringent environmental policies deter FDI? M&A versus greenfield Work. Pap. 5262 CESifo (Cent. Econ. Stud. Ifo Inst.) [Google Scholar]
  75. Millimet DL, Roy J. 75.  2015. Empirical tests of the pollution haven hypothesis when environmental regulation is endogenous. J. Appl. Econ. 31:652–77 [Google Scholar]
  76. Head K, Ries J, Swenson D. 76.  1995. Agglomeration benefits and location choice: evidence from Japanese manufacturing investments in the United States. J. Int. Econ. 38:223–47 [Google Scholar]
  77. Head K, Mayer T. 77.  2004. Market potential and the location of Japanese investment in the European Union. Rev. Econ. Stat. 86:4959–72 [Google Scholar]
  78. Hilber CA, Voicu I. 78.  2010. Agglomeration economies and the location of foreign direct investment: empirical evidence from Romania. Reg. Study 44:3355–71 [Google Scholar]
  79. Eliste P, Fredriksson PG. 79.  2002. Environmental regulations, transfers, and trade: theory and evidence. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 43:2234–50 [Google Scholar]
  80. Hartman RS, Huq M, Wheeler D. 80.  1997. Why paper mills clean U: determinants of pollution abatement in four Asian countries World Bank Policy Res. Work. Pap. 1710 World Bank [Google Scholar]
  81. Pargal S, Wheeler D. 81.  1996. Informal regulation of industrial pollution in developing countries: evidence from Indonesia. J. Polit. Econ. 104:61314–27 [Google Scholar]
  82. Dasgupta S, Hettige S, Wheeler D. 82.  2000. What improves environmental compliance? Evidence from Mexican industry. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 39:139–66 [Google Scholar]
  83. Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Strobl E. 83.  2008. The environmental performance of firms: the role of foreign ownership, training, and experience. Ecol. Econ. 65:3538–46 [Google Scholar]
  84. Albornoz F, Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Ercolani MG. 84.  2014. The environmental actions of firms: examining the role of spillovers, networks and absorptive capacity. J. Environ. Manag. 146:150–63 [Google Scholar]
  85. Zhu Q, Cordeiro J, Sarkis J. 85.  2012. International and domestic pressures and responses of Chinese firms to greening. Ecol. Econ. 83:144–53 [Google Scholar]
  86. Zarsky L. 86.  2008. Foreign direct investment and sustainable industrial development. Handbook on Trade and the Environment KP Gallagher 75–88 Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publ. [Google Scholar]
  87. Lagos G, Velasco P. 87.  1999. Environmental policies and practices in Chilean mining. Mining and the Environment: Case Studies from the Americas A Warhurst 101–36 Ottawa, Can.: Intl. Dev. Res. Cent. [Google Scholar]
  88. Mercado A. 88.  2000. Environmental assessment of the Mexican steel industry. Industry and the Environment in Latin America R Jenkins 218–27 London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  89. Gallagher KP. 89.  2004. Free Trade and the Environment: Mexico, NAFTA and Beyond Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  90. Gallagher KS. 90.  2006. China Shifts Gears: Automobiles, Oil, Pollution, and Development Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  91. Leighton M, Roht-Arriaza N, Zarsky L. 91.  2002. Beyond Good Deeds: Case Studies and a New Policy Agenda for Corporate Accountability Berkeley: Natl. Heritage Inst. [Google Scholar]
  92. Zeng K, Eastin J. 92.  2012. Do developing countries invest up? The environmental effects of foreign direct investment from less-developed countries. World Dev 40:112221–33 [Google Scholar]
  93. Kolstad I, Wiig A. 93.  2011. Better the Devil you know? Chinese foreign direct investment in Africa. J. Afr. Bus. 12:31–50 [Google Scholar]
  94. Cheung YW, de Haan J, Qian X, Yu S. 94.  2012. China's outward direct investment in Africa. Rev. Int. Econ. 20:2201–20 [Google Scholar]
  95. Shinn DH. 95.  2016. The environmental impact of China's investment in Africa. Cornell Intl. Law J. 49:25–67 [Google Scholar]
  96. Aitken BJ, Harrison AE. 96.  1999. Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. Am. Econ. Rev. 89:103–32 [Google Scholar]
  97. Javorcik BS. 97.  2004. Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms? In search of spillovers through backward linkages. Am. Econ. Rev. 94:3605–27 [Google Scholar]
  98. Xu X, Sheng Y. 98.  2012. Productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment: firm-level evidence from China. World Dev 40:162–74 [Google Scholar]
  99. Görg H, Strobl E. 99.  2004. Spillovers from foreign firms through worker mobility: an empirical investigation. Scand. J. Econ. 107:4693–709 [Google Scholar]
  100. Albornoz F, Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Ercolani MG. 100.  2009. In search of environmental spillovers. World Econ 32:1136–63 [Google Scholar]
  101. Gallagher KP, Zarsky L. 101.  2007. Enclave Economy, Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico's Silicon Valley Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  102. Albornoz F, Cole MA, Elliott RJR, Ercolani MG. 102.  2014. The environmental actions of firms: examining the role of spillovers, networks and absorptive capacity. J. Environ. Manag. 146:150–63 [Google Scholar]
  103. Perkins R, Neumayer E. 103.  2008. Fostering environment efficiency through transnational linkages? Trajectories of CO2 and SO2, 1980–2000. Environ. Plan. A 40:122970–89 [Google Scholar]
  104. Perkins R, Neumayer E. 104.  2009. Transnational linkages and the spillover of environment-efficiency into developing countries. Glob. Environ. Change 19:375–83 [Google Scholar]
  105. Garcia-Johnson R. 105.  2000. Exporting Environmentalism: US Multinational Chemical Corporations in Brazil and Mexico Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  106. Gentry B. 106.  1998. Private Capital Flows and the Environment, Lessons from Latin America Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publ. [Google Scholar]
  107. Ruud A. 107.  2002. Environmental management of transnational corporations in India: Are TNCs creating islands of excellence in a sea of dirt?. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 11:2103–18 [Google Scholar]
  108. Zugravu-Soilita N. 108.  2017. How does foreign direct investment affect pollution? Toward a better understanding of the direct and conditional effects. Environ. Resour. Econ. 66:2293–338 [Google Scholar]
  109. Cole MA, Elliott RJR. 109.  2003. Determining the trade-environment composition effect: the role of capital, labour and environmental regulations. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 46:3363–83 [Google Scholar]
  110. Kim MH, Adilov N. 110.  2012. The lesser of two evils: an empirical investigation of foreign direct investment-pollution trade-off. Appl. Econ. 44:202597–606 [Google Scholar]
  111. Shahbaz M, Nasreen S, Abbas F, Anis O. 111.  2015. Does foreign direct investment impede environmental quality in high-, middle-, and low-income countries?. Energy Econ 51:275–87 [Google Scholar]
  112. Elliott RJR, Sun P, Chen S. 112.  2013. Energy intensity and foreign direct investment: a Chinese city-level study. Energy Econ 40:484–94 [Google Scholar]
  113. Bao Q, Chen Y, Song L. 113.  2011. Foreign direct investment and environmental pollution in China: a simultaneous equations estimation. Environ. Dev. Econ. 16:171–92 [Google Scholar]
  114. Lan J, Kakinaka M, Huang X. 114.  2012. Foreign direct investment, human capital and environmental pollution in China. Environ. Resour. Econ. 51:2255–75 [Google Scholar]
  115. Clark DP, Serafino M, Simonetta Z. 115.  2000. Do dirty industries conduct offshore assembly in developing countries?. Int. Econ. J. 14:375–86 [Google Scholar]
  116. Levinson A. 116.  2010. Offshoring pollution: Is the United States increasingly importing polluting goods?. Rev. Environ. Policy 4:163–83 [Google Scholar]
  117. Li X, Zhou YM. 117.  2017. Offshoring production while offshoring pollution?. Strateg. Manag. J. doi:10.1002/smj.2656. In press [Google Scholar]
  118. Brunel C. 118.  2016. Pollution offshoring and emission reductions in EU and US manufacturing. Environ. Resour. Econ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-016-0035-1 [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  119. Michel B. 119.  2013. Does offshoring contribute to reducing domestic air emissions? Evidence from Belgian manufacturing. Ecol. Econ. 95:73–82 [Google Scholar]
  120. Leoncini R, Montresor S, Rentocchini F. 120.  2016. CO2-reducing innovations and outsourcing: evidence from photovoltaics and green construction in North-East Italy. Res. Policy 45:1649–59 [Google Scholar]
  121. Antonietti R, De Marchi V, Di Maria E. 121.  2017. Governing offshoring in a stringent environmental policy setting: evidence from Italian manufacturing firms. J. Clean. Prod. 155:103–13 [Google Scholar]
  122. Cadarso MÁ, López LA, Gómez N, Tobarra MÁ. 122.  2010. CO2 emissions of international freight transport and offshoring: measurement and allocation. Ecol. Econ. 69:81682–94 [Google Scholar]
  123. Dietzenbacher E, Pei J, Yang C. 123.  2009. The environmental pains and economic gains of outsourcing to China Presented at Intl. Input-Output Conf., 17th Sao Paolo, Brazil: [Google Scholar]
  124. Lyu Y. 124.  2016. Evaluating carbon dioxide emissions in undertaking offshored production tasks: the case of China. J. Clean. Prod. 116:32–39 [Google Scholar]
  125. Dam L, Scholtens B. 125.  2008. Environmental regulation and MNEs location: Does CSR matter?. Ecol. Econ. 67:155–65 [Google Scholar]
  126. Hoffmann R, Lee CG, Ramasamy B, Yeung M. 126.  2005. FDI and pollution: a Granger causality test using panel data. J. Int. Dev. 17:3311–17 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060916
Loading
Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment
Annual Review of Environment and Resources 42, 465 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060916
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060916
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060916
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error