1932

Abstract

Landscape approaches have become in the past couple of decades. Originating from nineteenth-century landscape geography, this renewed popularity since the 1980s is fueled by debates on—among others—nature conservation, landscape restoration, ecosystem services, competing claims on land and resources, sectorial land-use policies, sustainable development, and sense of place. This review illuminates the ambition and potential of these landscape approaches for interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration. To show this, we work with a T-shaped interdisciplinary model. After a short history of the landscape approaches, we dive into their key dimensions—from ecology to economics and culture to politics. Thereafter, we bring these dimensions together again and reflect on the integrative potential of landscape approaches for offering common ground to various disciplines and sectors. Two examples of applications are also dealt with: a landscape governance framework and a landscape capability framework.

[Erratum, Closure]

An erratum has been published for this article:
Erratum: Landscape Approaches: A State-of-the-Art Review
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060932
2017-10-17
2024-10-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/energy/42/1/annurev-environ-102016-060932.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060932&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Buizer M, Arts B, Westerink J. 1.  2015. Landscape governance as policy integration “from below”: a case of displaced and contained political conflict in the Netherlands. Environ. Plann. C: Government Policy 34:3448–62 [Google Scholar]
  2. Görg C. 2.  2007. Landscape governance. The “politics of scale” and the “natural” conditions of places. Geoforum 38:954–66 [Google Scholar]
  3. Horlings LG, Kanemasu Y. 3.  2015. Sustainable development of rural regions; insights on land use and policy from the Shetlands Islands. Land Policy 49:310–21 [Google Scholar]
  4. Matthews R, Selman P. 4.  2006. Landscape as a focus for integrating human and environmental processes. J. Agric. Econ. 57:199–212 [Google Scholar]
  5. Opdam P, Verboom J, Pouwels R. 5.  2003. Landscape cohesion: an index for the conservation potential of landscapes for biodiversity. Landscape Ecol 18:113–26 [Google Scholar]
  6. Reed J, Deakin L, Sunderland T. 6.  2015. What are ‘Integrated Landscape Approaches’ and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics: a systematic map protocol. Off. J. Collab. Environ. Evidence 4:2 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2047-2382-4-2 [Google Scholar]
  7. Sayer J. 7.  2009. Reconciling conservation and development: Are landscapes the answer?. Biotropica 41:6649–52 [Google Scholar]
  8. Sayer J, Sunderland T, Ghazoul J, Pfund JL, Sheil D. 8.  et al. 2013. Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses. PNAS 110:218345–48 [Google Scholar]
  9. Soini K, Hanne V, Poutaa E. 9.  2012. Residents’ sense of place and landscape perceptions at the rural–urban interface. Landscape Urban Plann 104:124–34 [Google Scholar]
  10. Van Oosten CJ, Gunarso P, Koesoetjahjo I, Wiersum F. 10.  2014. Governing forest landscape restoration: cases from Indonesia. Forests 5:1143–62 [Google Scholar]
  11. Giller K, Leeuwis C, Anderson J, Andriesse W, Brouwer A. 11.  et al. 2008. Competing claims on natural resources: What role for science?. Ecol. Soc. 13:234 [Google Scholar]
  12. Termeer C, DeWulf A, Breeman G, Stiller S. 12.  2015. Governance capabilities for dealing wisely with wicked problems. Adm. Soc. 47:6680–710 [Google Scholar]
  13. Padt F, Opdam P, Polman N, Termeer C. 13.  2014. Scale-sensitive Governance of the Environment Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  14. Horlings L. 14.  2015. Values in place: a value-oriented approach toward sustainable place-shaping. Reg. Stud. Reg. Sci. 2:1256–73 [Google Scholar]
  15. Massey D. 15.  2005. For Space Los Angeles: Sage [Google Scholar]
  16. Rose M, Wylie J. 16.  2006. Animating landscape. Environ. Plann. D: Soc. Space 24:4475–79 [Google Scholar]
  17. Schama S. 17.  1995. Landscape and Memory New York: Vintage Books [Google Scholar]
  18. Wylie J. 18.  2014. Landscape. Introducing Human Geographies P Cloke, P Crang, M Goodwin 262–75 London/New York: Routledge. , 3rd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  19. DeFries R, Rosenschweig C. 19.  2010. Toward a whole-landscape approach for sustainable land use in the tropics. PNAS 107:4619627–32 [Google Scholar]
  20. Brown RR, Deletic A, Wong THF. 20.  2015. Interdisciplinarity: how to catalyse collaboration. Nature 525:315–17 [Google Scholar]
  21. Oskam I. 21.  2009. T-shaped Engineers for Interdisciplinary Innovation: An Attractive Perspective for Young People as Well as a Must for Innovative Organisations Amsterdam: HvA Publ. [Google Scholar]
  22. Uhlenbrook S, De Jong E. 22.  2012. T-shaped competency profile for water professionals of the future. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.163475–83 [Google Scholar]
  23. Walls L. 23.  2009. Introducing Humboldt's Cosmos. Minding Nat. 2:2 [Google Scholar]
  24. Wulf A. 24.  2015. The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World New York: Knopf [Google Scholar]
  25. Preston EJ, Geoffrey JM. 25.  1981. All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas New York: Wiley. , 2nd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  26. Davenport MA, Anderson DH. 26.  2005. Getting from sense of place to place-based management: an interpretive investigation of place meanings and perceptions of landscape change. Soc. Nat. Resourc.: Int. J. 18:7625–41 [Google Scholar]
  27. Taylor K. 27.  2008. Landscape and memory. Presented at UNESCO Intl. Workshop Right to Landsc. Contest. Landsc. Hum. Rights. Cambridge, UK: Dec8–12 http://www.unesco.org/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/mow/mow_3rd_international_conference_ken_taylor_en.pdf [Google Scholar]
  28. Buizer M, Turnhout E. 28.  2011. Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place. Geoforum 42:5530–38 [Google Scholar]
  29. Van Oosten C. 29.  2010. Constructing regional integration from below: cross-border partnerships and local development in Southwest Amazonia. Local Development and Governance in Latin America: Geographical Perspectives P van Lindert, O Verkoren 113–27 Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer Verlag [Google Scholar]
  30. Olwig KR. 30.  1996. Recovering the substantive nature of landscape. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 86:4630–53 [Google Scholar]
  31. Troll C. 31.  1971. Landscape ecology (geoecology) and biogeocenology—a terminology study. Geoforum 71:843–46 [Google Scholar]
  32. McHarg I. 32.  1981. Human ecological planning at Pennsylvania. Landsc. Plann. 8:109–20 [Google Scholar]
  33. Selman P. 33.  1993. Landscape ecology and countryside planning: vision, theory and practice. J. Rural Stud. 9:1–21 [Google Scholar]
  34. Steiner F. 34.  2000. The Living Landscape. An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning New York: McGraw-Hill. , 2nd ed.. [Google Scholar]
  35. Mace G. 35.  2014. Whose conservation?. Science 345:1558–60 [Google Scholar]
  36. Palomo I, Montes C, Martin-Lopez B. 36.  2014. Incorporating the social-ecological approach in protected areas in the Anthropocene. BioScience 64:3181–91 [Google Scholar]
  37. Wu J, Hobbs RJ. 37.  2007. Landscape ecology: the state-of-the-science. Key Topics in Landscape Ecology J Wu, RJ Hobbs 271–87 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  38. Holling CS. 38.  2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological and social systems. Ecosystems 4:390–405 [Google Scholar]
  39. Folke C. 39.  2006. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Glob. Environ. Change 16:253–67 [Google Scholar]
  40. Waldheim C. 40.  2016. Landscape as Urbanism: A General Theory Princeton, Oxford: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  41. Steiner F. 41.  2011. Landscape ecological urbanism: origins and trajectories. Landsc. Urban Plann. 100:4333–37 [Google Scholar]
  42. De Block G. 42.  2016. Ecological infrastructure in a critical-historical perspective: from engineering “social” territory to encoding “natural” topography. Environ. Plann. A 48:2367–90 [Google Scholar]
  43. Thompson IH. 43.  2012. Ten tenets and six questions for landscape urbanism. Landsc. Res. 37:17–26 [Google Scholar]
  44. Franklin A, Blyton P. 44.  2011. Researching Sustainability: A Guide to Social Science Methods, Practice and Engagement London/New York: Earthscan [Google Scholar]
  45. Kates RW, Clark WC, Corell R, Hall M, Jaeger CC. 45.  et al. 2001. Sustainability science. Science 292:641–42 [Google Scholar]
  46. Crotty M. 46.  1998. The Foundations of Social Research. Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process. London: Sage [Google Scholar]
  47. Arts B, Lagendijk A, van Houtum H. 47. , eds. 2009. The Disoriented State: Shifts in Governmentality, Territoriality and Governance Dordrecht, Neth.: Springer [Google Scholar]
  48. Tress B, Tress G, Decamps H, D'Hauteserre AM. 48.  2001. Bridging human and natural sciences in landscape research. Landsc. Urban Plann. 57:137–41 [Google Scholar]
  49. Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML. 49.  1995. Landscape ecology: spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems. Science 269:31–34 [Google Scholar]
  50. Turner MG. 50.  1989. Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:171–97 [Google Scholar]
  51. Wiens JA. 51.  1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct. Ecol. 3:383–97 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gustafson EJ. 52.  1998. Quantifying landscape spatial patterns: What is the state of the art?. Ecosystems 1:143–56 [Google Scholar]
  53. Turner MG, Romme WH. 53.  1994. Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. Landsc. Ecol. 9:59–77 [Google Scholar]
  54. Opdam P. 54.  1991. Metapopulation theory and habitat fragmentation: a review of Holarctic breeding bird studies. Landsc. Ecol. 5:93–106 [Google Scholar]
  55. Poiani KA, Richter BD, Anderson MG, Richter HE. 55.  2000. Biodiversity conservation at multiple scales: functional sites, landscapes, and networks. BioScience 50:133–46 [Google Scholar]
  56. Jongman R, Pungetti G. 56. , eds. 2004. Ecological Networks and Greenways. Concept, Design, Implementation Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  57. Zeller KA, McGarigal K, Whiteley AR. 57.  2012. Estimating landscape resistance to movement: a review. Landsc. Ecol. 27:777–97 [Google Scholar]
  58. Vos CC, Verboom J, Opdam PFM, Ter Braak CJF. 58.  2001. Towards ecologically scaled landscape indices. Am. Nat. 157:24–51 [Google Scholar]
  59. Opdam P, Pouwels R, Van Rooij S, Steingrover E, Vos CC. 59.  2008. Setting biodiversity targets in participatory landscape planning: introducing the ecoprofile approach. Ecol. Soc. 13:120 [Google Scholar]
  60. Verboom J, Foppen R, Chardon P, Opdam P, Luttikhuizen P. 60.  2001. Introducing the key patch approach for habitat networks with persistent populations: an example for marshland birds. Biol. Conserv. 100:89–101 [Google Scholar]
  61. Cash DW, Clark WC, Alcock F, Dickson NM, Eckley N. 61.  et al. 2003. Knowledge systems for sustainable development. PNAS 100:8086–91 [Google Scholar]
  62. Rydin Y, Pennington M. 62.  2000. Public participation and local environmental planning: the collective action problem and the potential of social capital. Local Environ 5:153–69 [Google Scholar]
  63. Lane MB, McDonald G. 63.  2005. Community-based environmental planning: operational dilemmas, planning principles and possible remedies. J. Environ. Plann. Manag. 48:709–31 [Google Scholar]
  64. Armitage DR, Plummer R, Berkes F, Arthur RI, Charles AT. 64.  et al. 2009. Adaptive co-management for social–ecological complexity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7:95–102 [Google Scholar]
  65. Healy P. 65.  2003. Collaborative planning in perspective. Plann. Theory 2:101–23 [Google Scholar]
  66. Raymond CM, Fazey I, Reed MS, Stringer LC, Robinson GM, Evely AC. 66.  2010. Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental management. J. Environ. Manag. 91:1766–77 [Google Scholar]
  67. Steingröver EG, Geertsema W, Van Wingerden WKRE. 67.  2010. Designing agricultural landscapes for natural pest control: a transdisciplinary approach in the Hoeksche Waard (The Netherlands). Landscape Ecol 25:825–38 [Google Scholar]
  68. Termorshuizen J, Opdam P. 68.  2009. Landscape services as a bridge between landscape ecology and sustainable development. Landsc. Ecol. 24:1037–52 [Google Scholar]
  69. Schröter M, Barton DN, Remme RP, Hein L. 69.  2014. Accounting for capacity and flow of ecosystem services: a conceptual model and a case study for Telemark, Norway. Ecol. Indic. 36:539–51 [Google Scholar]
  70. Liu J, Opdam P. 70.  2014. Valuing ecosystem services in community-based landscape planning: introducing a wellbeing-based approach. Landsc. Ecol. 29:1347–60 [Google Scholar]
  71. Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, Norberg J. 71.  2005. Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resourc. 30:441–73 [Google Scholar]
  72. Gonzalès R, Parrott L. 72.  2012. Network theory in the assessment of the sustainability of social-ecological systems. Geogr. Compass 6:76–88 [Google Scholar]
  73. Ernstson H, Barthel S, Andersson E, Bergström ST. 73.  2010. Scale-crossing brokers and network governance of urban ecosystem services: the case of Stockholm. Ecol. Soc. 15:428 [Google Scholar]
  74. Grashof-Bokdam C, Cormont A, Polman N, Westerhof E, Franke J, Opdam P. 74.  2017. Modeling shifts between mono- and multifunctional farming systems: the importance of social and economic drivers. Landsc. Ecol. 32:5595–607 [Google Scholar]
  75. Westerink J, Opdam P, Van Rooij S, Steingröver E. 75.  2017. Landscape services as boundary concept in landscape governance: building social capital in collaboration and adapting the landscape. Land Policy 60:408–18 [Google Scholar]
  76. Conrad E, Christie M, Fazey I. 76.  2011. Is research keeping up with changes in landscape policy? A review of the literature. J. Environ. Manag. 92:2097–108 [Google Scholar]
  77. Dressler W, Büscher B, Schoon M, Brockington D, Hayes T. 77.  et al. 2010. From hope to crisis and back again? A critical history of the global CBNRM narrative. Environ. Conserv. 37:15–15 [Google Scholar]
  78. Agrawal A. 78.  2001. Common property institutions and sustainable governance of resources. World Dev 29:101649–72 [Google Scholar]
  79. Wiersum KF, Humphries S, Van Bommel S. 79.  2013. Certification of community forestry enterprises: experiences with incorporating community forestry in a global system for forest governance. Small-Scale Forestry 12:115–31 [Google Scholar]
  80. Brockington D. 80.  2004. Community conservation, inequality and injustice: myths of power in protected area management. Conserv. Soc. 2:2411–32 [Google Scholar]
  81. Persha L, Agrawal A, Ashwini C. 81.  2011. Social and ecological synergy: local rulemaking, forest livelihoods, and biodiversity conservation. Science 331:1606–8 [Google Scholar]
  82. Arts B, Van Bommel S, Ros-Tonen M, Verschoor G. 82. , eds. 2012. Forest-People Interfaces: Understanding Community Forestry and Biocultural Diversity Wageningen, Neth.: Wageningen Acad. Publ. [Google Scholar]
  83. Urban DL, O'Neil RV, Shugart HH. 83.  1987. Landscape ecology: a hierarchical perspective can help scientists understand spatial patterns. BioScience 37:117–19 [Google Scholar]
  84. Fleishman E, Ray C, Shogren-Gulve P, Boggs CL, Murphy DD. 84.  2002. Assessing the roles of patch quality, area and isolation in predicting metapopulation dynamics. Conserv. Biol. 16:706–16 [Google Scholar]
  85. Hecht SB. 85.  2011. From eco-catastrophe to zero deforestation? Interdisciplinarities, politics, environmentalisms and reduced clearing in Amazonia. Environ. Conserv. 39:14–19 [Google Scholar]
  86. Van Noordwijk M, Tomich TP, De Foresta H, Michon G. 86.  1997. To segregate or to integrate? The question of balance between production and biodiversity conservation in complex agroforestry systems. Agrofor. Today 9:6–9 [Google Scholar]
  87. Brasser A, Ferwerda W. 87.  2015. Four Returns from Landscape Restoration. A Systemic and Practical Approach to Restore Degraded Landscapes Amsterdam: Commonland Found. [Google Scholar]
  88. McWilliams A. 88.  2015. Corporate social responsibility. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, Vol. 12 CL Cooper 1–4 Hoboken, NJ: Wiley [Google Scholar]
  89. Molenaar JW, Kessler JJ, Blackmore E. 89.  2013. Building a Roadmap to Sustainability in Agro-Commodity Production. Amsterdam: Aidenvironment [Google Scholar]
  90. Engel S, Pagiola S, Wunder S. 90.  2008. Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: an overview of the issues. Ecol. Econ. 65:663–74 [Google Scholar]
  91. Pirard R, Fishman A, Gnych S, Obidzinski K, Pacheco P. 91.  2014. Understanding ‘Deforestation-Free’: An Application to Indonesia to Inform TFD's April-May 2015 Dialogue Bogor, Indones.: Cent. Intl. For. Res. [Google Scholar]
  92. Pirard R, Gnych S, Pacheco P, Lawry L. 92.  2015. Zero-deforestation commitments in Indonesia—governance challenges Infobrief 132, Cent. Intl. For. Res. http://www.cifor.org/library/5871/zero-deforestation-commitments-in-indonesia-governance-challenges/ [Google Scholar]
  93. Lefebvre H. 93.  1991. The Production of Space Oxford: Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  94. Merriman P, Jones M, Olsson G, Sheppard E, Thrift N, Tuan Y. 94.  2012. Space and spatiality in theory. Dialogues Hum. Geogr. 2:13–22 [Google Scholar]
  95. Carter E, Donald J, Squires J. 95.  1993. Space and Place: Theories of Identity and Location. London: Lawrence & Wishart [Google Scholar]
  96. Vanclay F. 96.  2008. Place matters. Making Sense of Place F Vanclay, M Higgins, A Blackshaw 3–11 Canberra, Austr.: Natl. Mus. Austr. Press [Google Scholar]
  97. Gieryn TF. 97.  2000. A space for place in sociology. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 26:463–96 [Google Scholar]
  98. Agnew J. 98.  2001. Regions in revolt. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 25:103–10 [Google Scholar]
  99. Di Masso A, Dixon J, Durrheim K. 99.  2013. Place attachment as discursive practice. Place Attachment L Manzo, P Devine-Wright 75–86 Abingdon, UK: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  100. Jorgensen BS, Stedman RC. 100.  2001. Sense of place as an attitude: lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties. J. Environ. Psychol. 21:3233–48 [Google Scholar]
  101. Convery I, Corsane G, Davis P. 101. , eds. 2012. Making Sense of Place: Multidisciplinary Perspectives Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer [Google Scholar]
  102. Lewicka M. 102.  2011. Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years?. J. Environ. Psychol. 31:3207–30 [Google Scholar]
  103. Manzo LC, Perkins DD. 103.  2006. Finding common ground: the importance of place attachment to community participation and planning. J. Plann. Lit. 20:4335–50 [Google Scholar]
  104. Devine-Wright P. 104.  2009. Rethinking NIMBYism: the role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place-protective action. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 19:6426–41 [Google Scholar]
  105. Stedman RC. 105.  2002. Toward a social psychology of place: predicting behavior from place-based cognitions, attitude, and identity. Environ. Behav. 34:5561–81 [Google Scholar]
  106. Kaltenborn BP. 106.  1998. Effects of sense of place on responses to environmental impacts. Appl. Geogr. 18:2169–89 [Google Scholar]
  107. Devine-Wright P, Howes Y. 107.  2010. Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments: a wind energy case study. J. Environ. Psychol. 30:3271–80 [Google Scholar]
  108. Relph E. 108.  1976. Place and Placelessness London: Pion [Google Scholar]
  109. Harvey D. 109.  1993. From space to place and back again: reflections on the condition of postmodernity. See Ref. 161 3–29
  110. Casey ES. 110.  2001. Between geography and philosophy: What does it mean to be in the place-world?. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 91:4683–93 [Google Scholar]
  111. Iovino S. 111.  2012. Restoring the imagination of place. The Bioregional Imagination: Literature, Ecology, and Place T Lynch, C Glotfelty, K Armbruster 100–17 Athens, GA: Univ. Georgia Press [Google Scholar]
  112. Hartman S. 112.  2016. Leisuring landscapes: on emergence, transitions and adaptation PhD Thesis. Univ Groningen, Groningen, Neth.: [Google Scholar]
  113. Lee J, Arnason A, Nightingale A, Shucksmith M. 113.  2005. Networking: social capital and identities in European rural development. Sociol. Ruralis 45:4269–83 [Google Scholar]
  114. Bell BE, York R. 114.  2010. Community economic identity: the coal industry and ideology construction in West Virginia. Rural Sociol 75:1111–43 [Google Scholar]
  115. Cresswell T. 115.  2004. Place: A Short Introduction Malden, MA: Blackwell Publ. [Google Scholar]
  116. Escobar A. 116.  2001. Culture sits in places: reflection on globalism and subaltern strategies of localizaton. Pol. Geogr. 20:2139–74 [Google Scholar]
  117. Relph E. 117.  1976. Place and Placeless-ness London: Pion [Google Scholar]
  118. Auge M. 118.  1995. Non-Places. Introduction to An Anthropology of Super-Modernity London: Verso [Google Scholar]
  119. Woods M. 119.  2007. Engaging the global countryside: globalization, hybridity and the reconstitution of rural place. Progr. Hum. Geogr. 31:4485–507 [Google Scholar]
  120. Massey D. 120.  1993. Power geometries and a progressive sense of place. See Ref. 161 59–69
  121. Ingold T. 121.  1992. Culture and the perception of the environment. Bush Base: Forest, Farm, Culture, Environment and Development E Croll, D Parkin 39–56 London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  122. De Landa M. 122.  2006. A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity London/New York: Continuum [Google Scholar]
  123. Putnam R. 123.  1995. Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. J. Democr. 6:165–78 [Google Scholar]
  124. Bourdieu P. 124.  1986. The forms of capital. Cultural Theory: An Anthology I Szeman, T Kaposy 81–93 Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell [Google Scholar]
  125. Horlings LG. 125.  2012. The interplay between social capital, leadership and policy arrangements in European rural regions. Leadership in Regional Sustainable Development M Sotarauta, LG Horlings, J Liddle 121–44 London/New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  126. Horlings LG. 126.  2017. The role of artists and researchers in sustainable place-shaping. Perspectives of Culture in Sustainable Development: Concepts, Policies and Practices Jyväskylän, Finl.: Univ. Jyväskylä In press [Google Scholar]
  127. Sauer C. 127.  1925. The morphology of landscape. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geogr. 22:19–53 [Google Scholar]
  128. Schatzki TR. 128.  2002. The Site of the Social. A Philosophical Account of the Constitution of Social Life and Change University Park, PA: Penn. State Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  129. Horlings L, Battaglini E, Dessein J. 129.  2016. Introduction: the role of culture in territorialisation. Cultural Sustainability and Regional Development: Theories and Practices of Territorialisation J Dessein, E Battaglini, L Horlings 1–6 London/New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  130. Long N. 130.  2001. Development Sociology: Actor Perspectives London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  131. Gibson JJ. 131.  1986. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception New York: Taylor & Francis/Psychology Press [Google Scholar]
  132. Latour B. 132.  2005. Re-assembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  133. Waltz KN. 133.  1979. Theory of International Politics New York: McGraw-Hill [Google Scholar]
  134. Morgenthau H. 134.  1973. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Peace and Power New York: Knopf [Google Scholar]
  135. Bjola C, Kornprobst M. 135.  2013. Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics London/New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  136. Cox KR, Low M, Robinson J. 136.  2007. The Sage Handbook of Political Geography London: Sage [Google Scholar]
  137. Behagel JH. 137.  2012. The politics of democratic governance: the implementation of the Water Framework Directive in the Netherlands PhD Thesis, Wageningen Univ Wageningen, Neth: http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/430984 [Google Scholar]
  138. Dieperink C. 138.  1998. From open sewer to salmon run: lessons from the Rhine water quality regime. Water Policy 5:1471–85 [Google Scholar]
  139. Swain A. 139.  1997. Ethiopia, the Sudan, and Egypt: the Nile River dispute. J. Mod. Afr. Stud. 35:4675–94 [Google Scholar]
  140. Minca C. 140.  2007. Humboldt's compromise, or the forgotten geographies of landscape. Progr. Hum. Geogr. 31:2179–93 [Google Scholar]
  141. Beunen R, Opdam P. 141.  2011. When landscape planning becomes landscape governance, what happens to the science?. Landsc. Urban Plann. 100:4324–26 [Google Scholar]
  142. Lemos M, Agrawal A. 142.  2006. Environmental governance. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 31:297–325 [Google Scholar]
  143. Brenner N. 143.  2001. The limits to scale? Methodological reflections on scalar structuration. Progr. Hum. Geogr. 25:4591–614 [Google Scholar]
  144. Robertson R. 144.  1995. Glocalization: time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity. Global modernities M Featherstone, L Lash, R Robertson 25–45 London: Sage [Google Scholar]
  145. Jordan A, Lenschow A. 145.  2010. Environmental policy integration: a state of the art review. Environ. Policy Gov. 20:3147–58 [Google Scholar]
  146. Swyngedouw E. 146.  2009. The antinomies of the postpolitical city: in search of a democratic politics of environmental production. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 33:3601–20 [Google Scholar]
  147. Bulkeley H. 147.  2005. Reconfiguring environmental governance: towards a politics of scales and networks. Pol. Geogr. 24:8875–902 [Google Scholar]
  148. Smith N. 148.  1996. Spaces of vulnerability: the space of flows and the politics of scale. Critique Anthropol 16:163–77 [Google Scholar]
  149. Walker P, Fortmann L. 149.  2003. Whose landscape? A political ecology of the “exurban” Sierra. Cult. Geogr. 10:4469–91 [Google Scholar]
  150. Wilson J, Swyngedouw E. 150. , eds. 2015. The Post-Political and Its Discontents: Spaces of Depoliticisatinon, Spectres of Radical Politics Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  151. Metzger P, Allmendinger P, Oosterlynck S. 151. , eds. 2014. Planning Against the Political: Democratic Deficits in European Territorial Governance New York, London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  152. Pierre J, Peters G. 152.  2000. Governance, Politics and the State London: Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  153. Pierre J. 153.  2000. Debating Governance. Authority, Steering and Democracy Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  154. Sayer J, Margules C, Boedhihartono AK, Dale A, Sunderland T. 154.  et al. 2014. Landscape approaches: What are the pre-conditions for success?. Sustain. Sci. 10:2345–55 [Google Scholar]
  155. Sen A. 155.  1999. The possibility of social choice. Am. Econ. Rev. 89:3349–78 [Google Scholar]
  156. Arts B, Leroy P. 156. , eds. 2006. Institutional Dynamics in Environmental Governance Dordrecht: Springer [Google Scholar]
  157. Baser H, Morgan P. 157.  2008. Capacity, change and performance Pap. 58. Eur. Cent. Dev. Policy Manag Maastricht, Neth.: [Google Scholar]
  158. Van Oosten CJ. 158.  2013. Restoring landscapes, governing place: a learning approach to forest landscape restoration. J. Sustain. For.32 7:659–76 [Google Scholar]
  159. Opdam P, Westerink J, Vos C, de Vries B. 159.  2015. The role and evolution of boundary concepts in transdisciplinary landscape planning. Theory Pract 16:163–78 [Google Scholar]
  160. Star SL, Griesemer JR. 160.  1989. Institutional ecology, “translations” and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Soc. Stud. Sci. 19:387–420 [Google Scholar]
  161. Bird J, Curtis B, Putnam T, Robertson G, Tickner L. 161. , eds. 1993. Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Changes London: Routledge [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060932
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060932
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error