1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Law and Social Science
  4. Volume 12, 2016
  5. Article

Annual Review of Law and Social Science

Volume 12, 2016

Legal Socialization: Coercion versus Consent in an Era of Mistrust

Abstract

Legal socialization is the process whereby people develop their relationship with the law via the acquisition of law-related values, attitudes, and reasoning capacities. Research on legal socialization distinguishes between two different orientations toward the law: coercive and consensual. Coercive orientations are rooted in the use of force and punishment, ultimately leading to an instrumentally focused relationship built on dominance. Consensual orientations are rooted in the acquisition of values encompassing concerns over treatment, decision making, and boundaries. When authorities embody these values, they promote trust and legitimacy and foster a relationship built on shared values and the voluntary acceptance of legal authority. Despite these findings, the appropriateness of a consensual over a coercive approach is heavily contested across legal and nonlegal contexts. However, research consistently demonstrates that socializing supportive values and encouraging favorable attitudes not only motivates compliance with the law but promotes voluntary deference and willing cooperation with legal authorities.

Keyword(s): authority, delinquency, human values, juvenile justice, legal socialization, legitimacy
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085141
2016-10-27
2025-05-15
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lawsocsci/12/1/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085141.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085141&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Aizer A, Doyle JJ Jr. 2015. Juvenile incarceration, human capital, and future crime: evidence from randomly assigned judges. Q. J. Econ. 130:2759–803 [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson E. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City New York: Newton [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson RA, Otto AL. 2003. Perceptions of fairness in the justice system: a cross-cultural comparison. Soc. Behav. Personal. 31:557–64 [Google Scholar]
  4. Arum R. 2003. Judging School Discipline Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  5. Bandes SA, Blumenthal JA. 2012. Emotion and the law. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 8:161–81 [Google Scholar]
  6. Becker G. 1976. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  7. Beetham D. 1991. The Legitimation of Power London: Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  8. Bloom P. 2013. Just Babies: The Origins of Good and Evil New York: Crown [Google Scholar]
  9. Braga AA. 2005. Hot spots policing and crime prevention: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J. Exp. Criminol. 1:317–42 [Google Scholar]
  10. Brezina T. 2002. Assessing the rationality of criminal and delinquent behavior: a focus on actual utility. Rational Choice and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research and Future Challenges AR Piquero, SG Tibbetts 241–64 New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  11. Buss E. 2011. Failing juvenile courts, and what lawyers and judges can do about it. Northwest. J. Law Soc. Policy 6:318–33 [Google Scholar]
  12. Carr PJ, Napolitano L, Keating J. 2007. We never call the cops and here is why: a qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods. Criminology 45:445–80 [Google Scholar]
  13. Casey BJ. 2015. Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66:295–319 [Google Scholar]
  14. Chalfin A, McCrary J. 2014. Criminal deterrence: a review of the literature. J. Econ. Lit. In press [Google Scholar]
  15. Chory-Assad RM. 2002. Classroom justice: perceptions of fairness as a predictor of student motivation, learning, and aggression. Commun. Q. 50:58–77 [Google Scholar]
  16. Chory-Assad RM, Paulsel ML. 2004a. Classroom justice: student aggression and resistance as reactions to perceived unfairness. Commun. Educ. 53:3253–73 [Google Scholar]
  17. Chory-Assad RM, Paulsel ML. 2004b. Antisocial classroom communication. Commun. Q. 52:98–114 [Google Scholar]
  18. Cohn ES, Bucolo DO, Rebellon CJ, Van Gundy K. 2010. An integrated model of legal and moral reasoning and rule-violating behavior: the role of legal attitudes. Law Hum. Behav. 34:4295–309 [Google Scholar]
  19. Cohn ES, Trinkner RJ, Rebellon CJ, Van Gundy KT, Cole LM. 2012. Legal attitudes and legitimacy: extending the integrated legal socialization model. Vict. Offenders 7:4385–406 [Google Scholar]
  20. Cohn ES, White SO. 1990. Legal Socialization: A Study of Norms and Rules New York: Springer-Verlag [Google Scholar]
  21. Cohn ES, White SO. 1992. Taking reasoning seriously. Advances in Criminological Theory 3 F Adler, W Laufer 95–114 New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohn ES, White SO, Sanders J. 2000. Distributive and procedural justice in seven nations. Law Hum. Behav. 24:553–79 [Google Scholar]
  23. Cole LM, Cohn ES, Rebellon CJ, Van Gundy KT. 2014. Feeling guilty to remain innocent: the moderating effect of sex on guilt responses to rule-violating behavior in adolescent legal socialization. Psychol. Crime Law 20:8722–40 [Google Scholar]
  24. Collins R. 2007. Strolling while poor: how broken-windows policing created a new crime in Baltimore. Georgetown J. Poverty Law Policy 14:3419–40 [Google Scholar]
  25. Darling N, Cumsille P, Martìnez ML. 2008. Individual differences in adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority and their own obligation to obey. Child Dev 79:1103–18 [Google Scholar]
  26. Darling N, Steinberg L. 1993. Parenting style as context. Psychol. Bull. 113:487–96 [Google Scholar]
  27. Delgado R. 2008. Law enforcement in subordinated communities: innovation and response. Mich. Law Rev. 106:1193–212 [Google Scholar]
  28. Durkheim E. 1973. Moral Education New York: Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  29. Earls FJ. 1994. Violence and today's youth. Future Child 4:34–23 [Google Scholar]
  30. Easton D. 1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  31. Easton D. 1975. A reassessment of the concept of political support. Br. J. Polit. Sci. 5:435–57 [Google Scholar]
  32. Fagan J, Geller A, Davies G, West V. 2010. Street stops and Broken Windows revisited: the demography and logic of proactive policing in a safe and changing city. Race, Ethnicity, and Policing: New and Essential Readings SK Rice, MD White 309–48 New York: NYU Press [Google Scholar]
  33. Fagan J, Piquero AR. 2007. Rational choice and developmental influences on recidivism among adolescent felony offenders. J. Empir. Legal Stud. 4:4715–48 [Google Scholar]
  34. Fagan J, Tyler TR. 2005. Legal socialization of children and adolescents. Soc. Justice Res. 18:3217–42 [Google Scholar]
  35. Fagan J, Zimring FE. 2000. The Changing Borders of Juvenile Justice Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  36. Fine A, Cauffman E. 2015. Race and justice system attitude formation during the transition to adulthood. J. Dev. Life Course Criminol. 1:4325–49 [Google Scholar]
  37. Finkenauer JO. 1995. Russian Youth: Law, Deviance, and the Pursuit of Freedom New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction [Google Scholar]
  38. Fondacaro MR, Dunkle ME, Pathak MK. 1998. Procedural justice in resolving family disputes: a psychosocial analysis of individual and family functioning in late adolescent. J. Youth Adolesc. 27:101–19 [Google Scholar]
  39. Fraser M. 1996. Aggressive behavior in childhood and early adolescence. Soc. Work 41:347–61 [Google Scholar]
  40. French JRP Jr, Raven B. 1959. The bases of social power. Studies in Social Power D Cartwright 150–67 Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. Mich. Press [Google Scholar]
  41. Freud S. 1930. Civilization and Its Discontents New York: Norton [Google Scholar]
  42. Gallup. 2015. Confidence in institutions. Gallup In Depth June 2–7. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1597/confidence-institutions.aspx [Google Scholar]
  43. Gao G. 2015. What Americans think about NSA surveillance, national security, and privacy. FactTank May 29. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/05/29/what-americans-think-about-nsa-surveillance-national-security-and-privacy/ [Google Scholar]
  44. Garland D. 2001. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  45. Gau JM, Brunson RK. 2010. Procedural justice and order maintenance policing. Justice Q 27:255–79 [Google Scholar]
  46. Gendron BP, Williams KR, Guerra NG. 2011. An analysis of bullying among students within schools: estimating the effects of individual normative beliefs, self-esteem, and school climate. J. School Violence 10:150–64 [Google Scholar]
  47. Gershoff ET. 2002. Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences. Psychol. Bull. 128:539–79 [Google Scholar]
  48. Gershoff ET, Bitensky SH. 2007. The case against corporal punishment of children. Psychol. Public Policy Law 13:231–72 [Google Scholar]
  49. Gibbs JP. 1968. Crime, punishment, and deterrence. Southwest. Soc. Sci. Q. 48:4515–30 [Google Scholar]
  50. Gibson JL, Caldeira GA. 1995. The legitimacy of transnational legal institutions: compliance, support, and the European Court of Justice. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 39:2459–89 [Google Scholar]
  51. Gregory A, Ripski MB. 2008. Adolescent trust in teachers. School Psychol. Rev. 37:337–53 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gregory A, Weinstein RS. 2008. The discipline gap and African-Americans: defiance or cooperation in the high school classroom. J. School Psychol. 46:455–75 [Google Scholar]
  53. Grisso T, Steinberg L, Woolard J, Cauffman E, Scott E. et al. 2003. Juveniles' competence to stand trial: a comparison of adolescents' and adults' capacities as trial defendants. Law Hum. Behav. 63:333–63 [Google Scholar]
  54. Hamm JA, Lee J, Trinkner R, Wingrove T, Leben S, Breuer C. 2016. On the cross domain scholarship of trust in the institutional context. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust: Towards Theoretical and Methodological Integration E Shockley, TMS Neal, LM PytlikZillig, BH Bornstein 131–56 New York: Springer [Google Scholar]
  55. Hardin R. 2006. Trust Cambridge, UK: Polity [Google Scholar]
  56. Hinds L. 2007. Building police-youth relationships: the importance of procedural justice. Youth Justice 7:3195–209 [Google Scholar]
  57. Hinds L. 2009. Youth, police legitimacy and informal contact. J. Police Crim. Psychol. 24:10–21 [Google Scholar]
  58. Hirschfield PJ. 2008. Preparing for prison? The criminalization of school discipline in the USA. Theor. Criminol. 12:79–101 [Google Scholar]
  59. Hoeve M, Dubas JS, Eichelsheim VI, van der Laan PH, Smeenk W, Gerris JRM. 2009. The relationship between parenting and delinquency: a meta-analysis. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 37:749–75 [Google Scholar]
  60. Hogan R, Mills C. 1976. Legal socialization. Hum. Dev. 19:261–76 [Google Scholar]
  61. Huizinga D, Schumann K, Ehret B, Elliot A. 2004. The Effect of Juvenile Justice System Processing on Subsequent Delinquent and Criminal Behavior: A Cross-National Study Washington, DC: US Dep. Justice [Google Scholar]
  62. Humes E. 1997. No Matter How Loud I Shout New York: Simon & Schuster [Google Scholar]
  63. Huq AZ, Jackson JP, Trinkner R. 2016. Legitimating practices: revisiting the predicates of police legitimacy. Br. J. Criminol. In press [Google Scholar]
  64. Huq AZ, Tyler TR, Schulhofer SJ. 2011. Mechanisms for eliciting cooperation in counterterrorism policing: evidence from the United Kingdom. J. Empir. Legal Stud. 8:4728–61 [Google Scholar]
  65. Hyman IA, Perone DC. 1998. The other side of school violence: educator policies and practices that may contribute to student misbehavior. J. School Psychol. 36:7–27 [Google Scholar]
  66. Jackson J, Bradford B, Hough M, Myhill A, Quinton P, Tyler TR. 2012. Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. Br. J. Criminol. 52:1051–71 [Google Scholar]
  67. Jackson J, Bradford B, Stanko B, Hohl K. 2013. Just Authority? Trust in the Police in England and Wales New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  68. Jackson S, Fondacaro M. 1999. Procedural justice in resolving family conflict: implications for youth violence prevention. Law Policy 21:2101–27 [Google Scholar]
  69. Jenkins PH. 1997. School delinquency and the school social bond. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 34:3337–67 [Google Scholar]
  70. Jones JM. 2015a. Trust in U.S. judicial branch sinks to new low of 53%. Gallup Politics Sept. 18. http://www.gallup.com/poll/185528/trust-judicial-branch-sinks-new-low.aspx [Google Scholar]
  71. Jones JM. 2015b. In U.S., confidence in police lowest in 22 years. Gallup Politics June 19. http://www.gallup.com/poll/183704/confidence-police-lowest-years.aspx [Google Scholar]
  72. Justice B, Meares T. 2014. How the criminal justice system educates citizens. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 651:1159–77 [Google Scholar]
  73. Kirk DS, Papachristos AV. 2011. Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence. Am. J. Sociol. 116:1190–233 [Google Scholar]
  74. Kirk DS, Papachristos AV, Fagan J, Tyler TR. 2012. The paradox of law enforcement in immigrant communities: Does tough immigration enforcement undermine public safety?. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 64:179–98 [Google Scholar]
  75. Kohlberg L. 1963. The development of children's orientations toward a moral order. Hum. Dev. 51:8–20 [Google Scholar]
  76. Kroneberg C, Heintze I, Mehlkop G. 2010. The interplay of moral norms and instrumental incentives in crime causation. Criminology 48:1259–94 [Google Scholar]
  77. Krosnick JA, Alwin DF. 1989. Aging and susceptibility to attitude change. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 57:3416–25 [Google Scholar]
  78. Kupchik A. 2010. Homeroom Security: School Discipline in an Age of Fear New York: NYU Press [Google Scholar]
  79. Levine FJ, Tapp JL. 1977. The dialectic of legal socialization in community. Law, Justice, and the Individual in Society JL Tapp, FJ Levine 163–82 New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston [Google Scholar]
  80. MacCoun R. 1993. Drugs and the law: a psychological analysis of drug prohibition. Psychol. Bull. 113:497–512 [Google Scholar]
  81. Mackenzie DL, Wilson DB, Kider SB. 2001. Effects of correctional boot camps on offending. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 578:1126–43 [Google Scholar]
  82. Mayer MJ, Leone PE. 1999. A structural analysis of school violence and disruption: implications for creating safer schools. Educ. Treat. Children 22:333–56 [Google Scholar]
  83. Meares TL. 2000. Norms, legitimacy and law enforcement. Or. Law Rev. 79:391–416 [Google Scholar]
  84. Meares TL. 2009. The legitimacy of police among young African-American men. Marquette Law Rev 92:4651–66 [Google Scholar]
  85. Meares TL, Katyal N, Kahan DM. 2004. Updating the study of punishment. Stanford Law Rev 56:1171–210 [Google Scholar]
  86. Meares TL, Tyler T, Gardener J. 2016. Lawful or fair? How cops and laypeople view good policing. J. Crim. Law Criminol. In press [Google Scholar]
  87. Moffitt TE. 1993. Adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior. Psychol. Rev. 100:674–701 [Google Scholar]
  88. Moffitt TE. 2007. A review of research on the taxonomy of life-course persistent versus adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression DJ Flannery, AT Vazsonyi, ID Waldman 49–74 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  89. Morris MW. 2012. Race, Gender, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline New York: Afr. Am. Policy Forum [Google Scholar]
  90. Mukherjee E. 2007. Criminalizing the Classroom: The Over-Policing of New York City Schools New York: Am. Civ. Lib. Union [Google Scholar]
  91. Murphy K, Tyler TR, Curtis A. 2009. Nurturing regulatory compliance: Is procedural justice effective when people question the legitimacy of the law?. Regul. Gov. 3:11–26 [Google Scholar]
  92. Nagin DS. 1998. Criminal deterrence research at the outset of the twenty-first century. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 23, ed. M Tonry 1–42 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  93. Newman K, Harrison L, Dashiff C, Davies S. 2008. Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review. Rev. Lat.-Am. Enferm 16:1142–50 [Google Scholar]
  94. NORC. 2015. Confidence in Institutions: Trends in Americans' Attitudes Toward Government, Media, and Business Chicago: Assoc. Press, NORC Cent. Public Aff. Res. [Google Scholar]
  95. Papachristos AV, Meares TL, Fagan J. 2012. Why do criminals obey the law? The influence of legitimacy and social networks on active gun offenders. J. Crim. Law Criminol. 102:2397–440 [Google Scholar]
  96. Parsons T. 1967. Some reflections on the place of force in social process. Sociology Theory and Modern Society T Parsons 264–96 New York: Free Press [Google Scholar]
  97. Paternoster R. 2006. How much do we really know about criminal deterrence?. J. Crim. Law Criminol. 100:3765–824 [Google Scholar]
  98. Patterson G, Yoerger K. 1993. Developmental models for delinquent behavior. Mental Disorders and Crime S Hodgins 140–72 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [Google Scholar]
  99. Petrosino A, Turpin-Petrosino CT, Buehler J. 2004. “Scared straight” and other juvenile awareness programs for preventing juvenile delinquency. Campbell Syst. Rev. 9:5 doi:10.4073/csr.2004.2 [Google Scholar]
  100. Petrosino A, Turpin-Petrosino C, Guckenburg S. 2010. Formal system processing of juveniles: effects on delinquency. Campbell Syst. Rev. 6:1 doi:10.4073/csr.2010.1 [Google Scholar]
  101. Pew Res. Cent. 2013. State governments viewed favorably as federal rating hits new low. Pew Research Center U.S. Politics & Policy April 15. http://www.people-press.org/2013/04/15/state-govermnents-viewed-favorably-as-federal-rating-hits-new-low/ [Google Scholar]
  102. Pew Res. Cent. 2014. Few say police forces nationally do well in treating races equally: Most have at least “fair amount” of confidence in local police. Press Rel., Aug. 25. http://www.people-press.org/files/2014/08/8-25-14-Police-and-Race-Release.pdf [Google Scholar]
  103. Pharr SJ, Putnam RD, Dalton RJ. 2000. Trouble in the advanced democracies? A quarter-century of declining confidence. J. Democr. 11:25–25 [Google Scholar]
  104. Piquero AR, Bersani BE, Loughran TA, Fagan J. 2014. Longitudinal patterns of legal socialization in first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants, and native-born serious youthful offenders. Crime Delinq doi:10.1177/0011128714545830 [Google Scholar]
  105. Piquero AR, Fagan J, Mulvey EP, Steinberg L, Odgers C. 2005. Developmental trajectories of legal socialization among serious adolescent offenders. J. Crim. Law Criminol. 96:1267–98 [Google Scholar]
  106. Piquero AR, Pogarsky G. 2002. Beyond Stafford and Warr's reconceptualization of deterrence: personal and vicarious experiences, impulsivity, and offending behavior. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 39:2153–86 [Google Scholar]
  107. Pratt TC, Cullen FT, Blevins KR, Daigle LE, Madensen TD. 2006. The empirical status of deterrence theory: a meta-analysis. Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory—Advances in Criminological Theory 15 FT Cullen, JP Wright, KR Blevins 367–95 New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction [Google Scholar]
  108. Public Policy Poll. 2013. Congress less popular than cockroaches, traffic jams News Release, Jan. 8. http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_Natl_010813_.pdf [Google Scholar]
  109. Ramsey C, Robinson L. 2015. Interim Report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Washington, DC: Off. Community Oriented Polic. Serv. [Google Scholar]
  110. Rattner A, Yagil D, Sherman-Sega C. 2003. The sense of entitlement to violate the law: legal disobedience as a public versus a private reaction. Soc. Behav. Personal. 31:6545–56 [Google Scholar]
  111. Reaves BA. 2011. Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2008 Washington, DC: US Dep. Justice, Bur. Justice Stat. [Google Scholar]
  112. Regalado M, Sareen H, Inkelas M, Wissow LS, Halfon N. 2004. Parents' discipline of young children: results from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health. Pediatrics 113:61952–58 [Google Scholar]
  113. Resh N, Sabbagh C. 2014a. Justice, belonging and trust among Israeli middle school students. Br. Educ. Res. J. 40:61036–56 [Google Scholar]
  114. Resh N, Sabbagh C. 2014b. Sense of justice in school and civic attitudes. Soc. Psychol. Educ. 17:151–72 [Google Scholar]
  115. Rios VM. 2011. Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys New York: NYU Press [Google Scholar]
  116. Saad L. 2014. Majority continues to support pot legalization in U.S. Gallup Politics Nov. 6. http://www.gallup.com/poll/179195/majority-continues-support-pot-legalization.aspx [Google Scholar]
  117. Sampson RJ, Bartusch DJ. 1998. Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: the neighborhood context of racial differences. Law Soc. Rev. 32:4777–804 [Google Scholar]
  118. Schulhofer SJ. 1993. Rethinking mandatory minimums. Wake Forest Law Rev 28:2199–222 [Google Scholar]
  119. Scott ES, Steinberg L. 2010. Rethinking Juvenile Justice Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  120. Sherman L. 1993. Defiance, deterrence, and irrelevance. J. Res. Crime Delinq. 30:445–73 [Google Scholar]
  121. Sklansky DA. 2005. Police and democracy. Mich. Law Rev. 103:71699–830 [Google Scholar]
  122. Sklansky DA. 2006. Not your father's police department: making sense of the new demographics of law enforcement. J. Crim. Law Criminol. 96:31209–44 [Google Scholar]
  123. Skogan W, Frydl K. 2004. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press [Google Scholar]
  124. Slobogin C, Fondacaro MR. 2011. Juveniles at Risk: A Plea for Preventative Justice Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  125. Smetana JG. 2002. Culture, autonomy, and personal jurisdiction in adolescent-parent relationships. Adv. Child Dev. 29:51–87 [Google Scholar]
  126. Smith TW, Son J. 2013. General Social Survey 2012 Final Report: Trends in Public Attitudes about Confidence in Institutions Chicago: NORC, Univ. Chicago [Google Scholar]
  127. Starks B, Robinson RV. 2005. Who values the obedient child now? The religious factor in adult values for children, 1986–2002. Soc. Forces 84:1343–59 [Google Scholar]
  128. Steffensmeier D, Ulmer J. 2002. Age and the patterning of crime. Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice S Kadish 22–28 New York: Macmillan [Google Scholar]
  129. Stoudt BG, Fine M, Fox M. 2011–2012. Growing up policed in the age of aggressive policing policies. N.Y. Law School Law Rev. 56:1331–72 [Google Scholar]
  130. Straus MA, Donnelly DA. 2001. Beating the Devil out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families and Its Effects on Children New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction [Google Scholar]
  131. Sunshine J, Tyler TR. 2003. The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law Soc. Rev. 37:3513–38 [Google Scholar]
  132. Tapp JL. 1976. Psychology and the law: an overture. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 27:359–404 [Google Scholar]
  133. Tapp JL. 1987. The jury as a socialization experience: a socio-cognitive view. Advances in Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry 2 RW Rieber 1–32 Norwood, NJ: Ablex [Google Scholar]
  134. Tapp JL. 1991. The geography of legal socialization: scientific and social markers. Droit Soc 19:331–58 [Google Scholar]
  135. Tapp JL, Kohlberg L. 1971. Developing senses of law and legal justice. J. Soc. Issues 27:65–91 [Google Scholar]
  136. Tapp JL, Levine FJ. 1970. Persuasion to virtue: a preliminary statement. Law Soc. Rev. 4:4565–82 [Google Scholar]
  137. Tapp JL, Levine FJ. 1974. Legal socialization: strategies for an ethical legality. Stanford Law Rev 27:1–72 [Google Scholar]
  138. Tapp JL, Levine FJ. 1977. Law, Justice, and the Individual in Society New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston [Google Scholar]
  139. Thibaut J, Walker L. 1975. Procedural Justice: Psychological Analysis Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum [Google Scholar]
  140. Trinkner R, Cohn ES. 2014. Putting the “social” back in legal socialization: procedural justice, legitimacy, and cynicism in legal and nonlegal authorities. Law Hum. Behav. 38:6602–17 [Google Scholar]
  141. Trinkner R, Cohn ES, Rebellon CJ, Van Gundy K. 2012. Don't trust anyone over 30: parental legitimacy as a mediator between parenting style and changes in delinquent behavior over time. J. Adolesc. 35:119–32 [Google Scholar]
  142. Trinkner R, Goff PA. 2016. The color of safety: the psychology of race & policing. The SAGE Handbook of Global Policing B Bradford, B Jauregui, I Loader, J Steinberg 61–81 London: Sage [Google Scholar]
  143. Tyler TR. 1997. The psychology of legitimacy: a relational perspective on voluntary deference to authorities. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 1:323–45 [Google Scholar]
  144. Tyler TR. 2000. Social justice: outcome and procedure. Int. J. Psychol. 35:117–25 [Google Scholar]
  145. Tyler TR. 2004. Enhancing police legitimacy. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 593:184–99 [Google Scholar]
  146. Tyler TR. 2006a. Why People Obey the Law Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  147. Tyler TR. 2006b. Legitimacy and legitimation. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57:375–400 [Google Scholar]
  148. Tyler TR. 2009. Legitimacy and criminal justice: the benefits of self-regulation. Ohio State J. Crim. Law 7:307–59 [Google Scholar]
  149. Tyler TR, Boeckmann RJ. 1997. Three strikes and you are out, but why? The psychology of public support for punishing rule breakers. Law Soc. Rev. 31:2237–65 [Google Scholar]
  150. Tyler TR, Fagan J. 2008. Why do people cooperate with the police?. Ohio State J. Crim. Law 6:231–75 [Google Scholar]
  151. Tyler TR, Fagan J, Geller A. 2014. Street stops and police legitimacy: teachable moments in young urban men's legal socialization. J. Empir. Legal Stud. 11:4751–85 [Google Scholar]
  152. Tyler TR, Goff PA, MacCoun RJ. 2015. The impact of psychological science on policing in the United States: procedural justice, legitimacy, and effective law enforcement. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest 16:375–109 [Google Scholar]
  153. Tyler TR, Huo YJ. 2002. Trust in the Law New York: Russell Sage Found. [Google Scholar]
  154. Tyler TR, Jackson J. 2013. Future challenges in the study of legitimacy and criminal justice. Legitimacy and Criminal Justice: An International Exploration J Tankebe, A Liebling 83–104 Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  155. Tyler TR, Jackson J. 2014. Popular legitimacy and the exercise of legal authority: motivating compliance, cooperation and engagement. Psychol. Public Policy Law 20:78–95 [Google Scholar]
  156. Tyler TR, Lind EA. 1992. A relational model of authority in groups. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 25:115–91 [Google Scholar]
  157. Tyler TR, Trinkner R. 2016. Legal Socialization in an Era of Mistrust: Fostering Popular Legitimacy of the Law Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. In press [Google Scholar]
  158. Vignati J. 2011. “Beyond Scared Straight” is beyond common sense. Juvenile Justice Information Exchange Jan. 11. http://jjie.org/joe-vignatibeyond-scared-straight-beyond-common-sense/ [Google Scholar]
  159. Way SM. 2011. School discipline and disruptive classroom behavior. Sociol. Q. 52:346–75 [Google Scholar]
  160. Weber M. 1968. Economy and Society G Roth, C Wittich. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press [Google Scholar]
  161. White SO. 2001. Reasoning and justice. Handbook of Youth and Justice SO White 307–27 New York: Kluwer Acad./Plenum [Google Scholar]
  162. Zimring FE. 2007. The Great American Crime Decline New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085141
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error