1932

Abstract

Interest in psychedelics is booming, heralding a possible psychedelic renaissance in the United States. But policy makers interested in expanding access to psychedelic substances would be wise to heed lessons gleaned from the past 25 years of marijuana law reforms. That experience suggests that it may prove impossible to repeal or narrow the federal ban on psychedelics in the near term, but that states provide an alternative pathway to reform. Still, to blunt the risk of a federal crackdown, policy makers may need to sacrifice certain policy goals. Furthermore, until the public warms to a broader psychedelic renaissance, policy makers may pursue narrow reforms. Policy makers will also need to address thorny questions over how psychedelics will be supplied once legalized.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120621-012645
2022-10-18
2024-12-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/lawsocsci/18/1/annurev-lawsocsci-120621-012645.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120621-012645&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adlin B. 2021. Seattle becomes largest U.S. city to decriminalize psychedelics. Marijuana Moment Oct. 4. https://www.marijuanamoment.net/seattle-becomes-largest-u-s-city-to-decriminalize-psychedelics/
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Advanced Integrative Med. Sci. Inst., PLLC v. Garland, 24 F.4th 1249 (9th Cir. 2022)
  3. Angell T. 2019. Denver voters approve measure to decriminalize psychedelic mushrooms. Forbes May 8. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2019/05/08/denver-voters-approve-measure-to-decriminalize-psychedelic-mushrooms/?sh=5b1403ec3ddc
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ballotpedia 2020. Oregon Measure 109, psilocybin mushroom services program initiative https://ballotpedia.org/Oregon_Measure_109,_Psilocybin_Mushroom_Services_Program_Initiative_(2020)
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Belouin SJ, Henningfield JE. 2018. Psychedelics: where we are now, why we got here, what we must do. Neuropharmacology 142:7–19
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Caulkins JP, Kilmer B, Kleiman MAR. 2016. Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Decriminalize Nat 2020. Organizer's Handbook Oakland, CA: Decriminalize Nat https://www.decriminalizenature.org/images/decrimnaturehandbook_final_sept_19_v1.1_.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Epstein K. 2019. Oakland decriminalizes ‘magic mushrooms’ and other natural psychedelics. Washington Post June 5. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/06/05/oakland-decriminalizes-magic-mushrooms-other-natural-psychedelics/
    [Google Scholar]
  9. George H. Gallup Int. Found 1989. Poll: June 1989 Poll, Roper Cent. Public Opin. Res., Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY:
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Gonzales v.Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005)
  11. Hartogsohn I. 2017. Constructing drug effects: a history of set and setting. Drug Sci. Policy Law 3: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hill JA. 2015. Banks, marijuana, and federalism. Case West. Res. Law Rev. 65:597–647
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Hudak J, Stenglein C. 2020. Public opinion and America's experimentation with cannabis reform. Marijuana Federalism: Uncle Sam and Mary Jane J Adler 15–34 Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Hudak J, Wallack G. 2015. Ending the U.S. government's war on medical marijuana research Doc., Cent. Eff. Public Manag., Brookings Washington, DC: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Ending-the-US-governments-war-on-medical-marijuana-research.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Husak D, de Marneffe P. 2012. The Legalization of Drugs Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Jacobs A. 2021. The psychedelic revolution is coming. Psychiatry may never be the same. New York Times May 12. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/health/psychedelics-mdma-psilocybin-molly-mental-health.html
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Jacobs LG. 2017. Regulating marijuana advertising and marketing to protect the public health: navigating the constitutional minefield. Lewis Clark Law Rev. 21:1081–183
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Jaeger K. 2021. Detroit voters approve psychedelics decriminalization ballot measure. Marijuana Moment Nov. 2. https://www.marijuanamoment.net/detroit-voters-approve-psychedelics-decriminalization-ballot-measure/
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kamin S. 2016. Prosecutorial discretion in the context of immigration and marijuana law reform: the search for a limiting principle. Ohio State J. Crim. Law 14:183–206
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Kilmer B, MacCoun R. 2017. How medical marijuana smoothed the transition to marijuana legalization in the United States. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 13:181–202
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kreit A. 2013. Controlled substances, uncontrolled law. Albany Gov. Law Rev. 6:331–57
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Leff BM. 2014. Tax planning for marijuana dealers. Iowa Law Rev. 99:523–69
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Lopez G. 2016. Poll: The only drug Americans want to legalize is marijuana. Vox March 15. https://www.vox.com/2016/3/15/11224500/marijuana-legalization-war-on-drugs-poll
    [Google Scholar]
  24. MacCoun RJ 2014. The paths not (yet) taken: lower risk alternatives to full-market legalization of cannabis. Something's in the Air: Race, Crime, and the Legalization of Marijuana K Tate, JL Taylor, MQ Sawyer 40–53 New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Marks M. 2018. Psychedelic medicines for mental illness and drug abuse: overcoming social and legal obstacles. NYU J. Legis. Public Policy 21:69–140
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Marks M, Cohen IG. 2021. Psychedelic therapy: a roadmap for wider acceptance and utilization. Nat. Med. 27:1669–71
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Marlan D. 2019. Beyond cannabis: psychedelic decriminalization and social justice. Lewis Clark Law Rev. 23:851–92
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Marlan D. 2021. The movement to decriminalize psilocybin, explained. The Appeal March 1. https://theappeal.org/the-lab/explainers/the-movement-to-decriminalize-psilocybin-explained/
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Mikos RA. 2007. The populist safeguards of federalism. Ohio State Law J. 68:1669–731
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Mikos RA. 2009. On the limits of supremacy: medical marijuana and the states’ overlooked power to legalize federal crime. Vanderbilt Law Rev. 62:1421–82
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Mikos RA. 2011. A critical appraisal of the Department of Justice's new approach to medical marijuana. Stanford Law Policy Rev. 22:633–66
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Mikos RA. 2012. Can the states keep secrets from the federal government?. Univ. Pa. Law Rev. 161:103–78
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Mikos RA. 2017. Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority New York: Aspen Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Mikos RA. 2018a. Only one state has not yet legalized marijuana in some form. Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority Blog July 16. https://my.vanderbilt.edu/marijuanalaw/2018/07/only-one-state-has-not-yet-legalized-marijuana-in-some-form/
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Mikos RA. 2018b. New Congressional farm bill legalizes some marijuana. Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority Blog Dec. 13. https://my.vanderbilt.edu/marijuanalaw/2018/12/new-congressional-farm-bill-legalizes-some-marijuana/
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Mikos RA. 2019. Update: Utah scraps state marijuana distribution plan. Marijuana Law, Policy, and Authority Blog Sept. 17. https://my.vanderbilt.edu/marijuanalaw/2019/09/update-utah-scraps-state-marijuana-distribution-plan/
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Mikos RA. 2020. The evolving federal response to state marijuana reforms. Widener Law Rev 26:1–20
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Mikos RA. 2021a. POTUS and pot: why the president could not legalize marijuana through executive action. Univ. Cincinnati Law Rev. 89:668–86
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Mikos RA. 2021b. We need a Cole memorandum for magic mushrooms. Univ. Ill. Law Rev. Online 2021.87–92
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Mikos RA. 2021c. Interstate commerce in cannabis. Boston Univ. Law Rev. 101:857–95
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Mikos RA, Kam CD. 2019. Has the ‘M’ word been framed? Marijuana, cannabis, and public opinion. PLOS ONE 14:10e0224289
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Multidiscip. Assoc. Psychedelic Stud. (MAPS) 2021. Policy & advocacy. https://maps.org/policy-advocacy/
  43. Nichols DE. 2016. Psychedelics. Pharmacol. Rev. 68:264–355
    [Google Scholar]
  44. N.J. Health 2022. Medical cannabis program. https://www.nj.gov/cannabis/medicinalcannabis/
  45. Nutt D, King LA, Nichols DE. 2013. Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14:8577–85
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Pollan M. 2018. How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us about Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence New York: Penguin
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Raichv. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 850 (9th Cir. 2007)
  48. SAMSHA (Subst. Abuse Ment. Health Serv. Adm.) 2019. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Rep., US Dep. Health Hum. Serv. Washington, DC: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29393/2019NSDUHFFRPDFWHTML/2019NSDUHFFR1PDFW090120.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Schroyer J. 2021. Why red Oklahoma is home to a booming medical marijuana market. Marijuana Business Daily July 16. https://mjbizdaily.com/why-red-oklahoma-is-home-to-a-booming-medical-marijuana-market/
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Schulte G. 2021. Poll: 65 percent of voters say psychedelic substances do not have medical use. The Hill June 1. https://thehill.com/hilltv/what-americas-thinking/556304-poll-65-percent-of-voters-say-psychedelic-substances-do-not
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Smith WR, Applebaum PS. 2021. Two models of legalization of psychedelic substances: reasons for concern. JAMA 328:8697–98
    [Google Scholar]
  52. US Food Drug Adm 2020. Right to Try Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-expanded-access-and-other-treatment-options/right-try
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Van Green T. 2021. Americans overwhelmingly say marijuana should be legal for recreational or medical use. Pew Research Center April 16. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/16/americans-overwhelmingly-say-marijuana-should-be-legal-for-recreational-or-medical-use/
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Yakowicz W. 2021. U.S. cannabis sales hit record $17.5 billion as Americans consume more marijuana than ever before. Forbes March 3. https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/03/03/us-cannabis-sales-hit-record-175-billion-as-americans-consume-more-marijuana-than-ever-before/?sh=5427a6b92bcf
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Zee AV. 2009. The promotion and marketing of OxyContin: commercial triumph, public health tragedy. Am. J. Public Health 99:221–27
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120621-012645
Loading
  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error