1932

Abstract

Since at least Cicero, we have known that “money is the sinew of war.” Is it possible for a political economy of security (PES) subfield to contribute knowledge beyond Cicero's claim? This article aims to delineate the boundaries of a PES subfield by using the classic “guns versus butter” trade-off to define the existing literature within the subfield. Thinking seriously about this trade-off, including conditions under which a trade-off may not exist, raises a host of questions. The two most direct questions are: How does consuming “guns” influence the consumption of “butter”? And how does using “guns” influence the consumption of “butter”?

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912
2019-05-11
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/polisci/22/1/annurev-polisci-050317-070912.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abadie A, Gardeazabal J 2003. The economic costs of conflict: a case study of the Basque Country. Am. Econ. Rev. 93:(1) 113–32
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Acharya A 2009. Targeting Terrorist Financing: International Cooperation and New Regimes London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Adams G, Williams C 2010. Buying National Security: How America Plans and Pays for Its Global Role and Safety at Home New York: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Allen SH 2008. The domestic political costs of economic sanctions. J. Confl. Resolut. 52:6916–44
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderton CH, Brauer J 2016. Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Preventions Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Angell N 1910. The Great Illusion New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Appel BJ, Loyle CE 2012. The economic benefits of justice: post-conflict justice and foreign direct investment. J. Peace Res. 49:(5) 685–99
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Augustine NR 1983. Augustine's Laws and Major System Development Programs Reston, VA: Am. Inst. Aeronaut. Astronaut.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Avant D 2005. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Aydin A 2008. Choosing sides: economic interdependence and interstate disputes. J. Politics 70:41098–108
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bailey KC 1994. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Costs Versus Benefits New Delhi: Manohar Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Baldwin D 1985. Economic Statecraft Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Baradaran S, Findley M, Nielson D, Sharman J 2014. Funding terror. Univ. Pa. Law Rev. 162:477–536
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Barbieri K 2002. The Liberal Illusion: Does Trade Promote Peace Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Barnett MN, Levy JS 1991. Domestic sources of alliances and alignments: the case of Egypt, 1962–73. Int. Organ. 45:3369–95
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Berman E, Shapiro JN, Felter JH 2011. Can hearts and minds be bought? The economics of counterinsurgency in Iraq. J. Political Econ. 119:(4) 766–819
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Blattman C, Miguel E 2010. Civil war. J. Econ. Lit. 48:13–57
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bloomberg SB, Hess GD, Orphanides A 2004. The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism. J. Monet. Econ. 51:51007–32
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Braithwaite A, Kucik J, Maves J 2014. The costs of domestic political unrest. Int. Stud. Q. 58:3489–500
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Brawley MR 2009. Political Economy and Grand Strategy: A Neoclassical Realist View London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Brooks SG 2007. Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Brooks SG, Wohlforth W 2016. America Abroad: The United States' Global Role in the 21st Century Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Broz JL 1998. The origins of central banking: solutions to the free-rider problem. Int. Organ. 52:2231–68
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Brück T, De Groot OJ, Bozzoli C 2012. How many bucks in a bang: on the estimation of the economic costs of conflict. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Peace and Conflict MR Garfinkel, S Skaperdas 252–74 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Brück T, Wickström B-A 2004. The economic consequences of terror: guest editors' introduction. Eur. J. Political Econ. 20:2293–300
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Bull H 1977. The Anarchical Society New York: Columbia Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cappella Zielinski R 2015. The political economy of national security Int. Stud. Assoc. Venture Worksh. Rep. https://www.isanet.org/Conferences/Archive/Workshop-Grants
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Cappella Zielinski R 2016. How States Pay for War Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Cappella Zielinski R, Fordham BO, Schilde KE 2017. What goes up, must come down? The asymmetric effects of economic growth and international threat on military spending. J. Peace Res. 54:(6) 791–805
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Carpenter C 2016. How (not) to measure the “public conscience. .” Duck of Minerva Blog May 7. http://duckofminerva.com/2016/03/how-not-to-measure-the-public-conscience.html
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Carter DB, Poast P 2017. Why do states build walls? Political economy, security, and border stability. J. Confl. Resolut. 61:2239–70
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Carter J, Palmer G 2015. Keeping the schools open while the troops are away: regime type, interstate war, and government spending. Int. Stud. Q. 59:1145–57
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Caverley JD 2007. United States hegemony and the new economics of defense. Secur. Stud. 16:4598–614
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Chang Y-C 2005. Economic interdependence and international interactions: impact of third-party trade on political cooperation and conflict. Coop. Confl. 40:2207–32
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Chatagnier JT, Kavaklı KC 2017. From economic competition to military combat: export similarity and international conflict. J. Confl. Resolut. 61:71510–36
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Choi S-W, Luo S 2013. Economic sanctions, poverty, and international terrorism: an empirical analysis. Int. Interact. 39:2217–45
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Clunan AL 2006. The fight against terrorist financing. Political Sci. Q. 121:4569–96
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Colgan JD 2013. Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Collier P, Hoeffler A 1998. On economic causes of civil war. Oxford Econ. Pap. 50:4563–73
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Collier P, Hoeffler A 2004. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford Econ. Pap. 56:4563–95
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Collier P, Hoeffler A 2007. Unintended consequences: Does aid promote arms races?. Oxford Bull. Econ. Stat. 69:11–27
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Copeland DC 2014. Economic Interdependence and War Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Corbetta R, Dixon WJ 2005. Danger beyond dyads: third party participants in interstate disputes. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 22:139–61
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Cox DG, Drury AC 2006. Democratic sanctions: connecting the democratic peace and economic sanctions. J. Peace Res. 43:6709–22
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Dafoe A 2011. Statistical critiques of the democratic peace: Caveat emptor. Am. J. Political Sci. 55:2247–62
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Dafoe A, Kelsey N 2014. Observing the capitalist peace: examining market-mediated signaling and other mechanisms. J. Peace Res. 51:5619–33
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Diehl PF 1994. Substitutes or complements? The effects of alliances on military spending in major power rivalries. Int. Interact. 19:3159–76
    [Google Scholar]
  48. DiGiuseppe M 2015. Guns, butter, and debt: sovereign creditworthiness and military expenditure. J. Peace Res. 52:(5) 680–93
    [Google Scholar]
  49. DiGiuseppe M, Allen MA 2013. Tightening the belt: sovereign debt and alliance formation. Int. Stud. Q. 57:4647–59
    [Google Scholar]
  50. DiGiuseppe M, Poast P 2018. Arms versus democratic allies. Br. J. Political Sci. 48:4981–1004
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Dincecco M, Onorato MG 2017. From Warfare to Wealth Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Dombrowski PJ, Gholz E 2006. Buying Military Transformation: Technological Innovation and the Defense Industry New York: Columbia Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Downs GW, Rocke DM 1994. Conflict, agency, and gambling for resurrection: the principal-agent problem goes to war. Am. J. Political Sci. 38:2362–80
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Drezner DW 2003. The hidden hand of economic coercion. Int. Organ. 57:3643–59
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Drezner DW 2011. Sanctions sometimes smart: targeted sanctions in theory and practice. Int. Stud. Rev. 13:196–108
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Dunne P 2013. Military Keynesianism: an assessment. Cooperation for a Peaceful and Sustainable World Part 2, ed. L Junsheng, C Bo, H Na 117–29 Bingly, UK: Emerald Group Publ.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Eichengreen B, Mehl AJ, Chitu L 2017. Mars or Mercury? The geopolitics of international currency choice NBER Work. Pap 24145
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Eisenhower DD 1953. The chance for peace Address delivered before the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Apr. 16. https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/all_about_ike/speeches/chance_for_peace.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Enders W, Sandler T 2012. The Political Economy of Terrorism Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Enterline A 2010. Introduction to “CMPS” special issue: diversionary theory. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 27:5411–16
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Erickson JL 2015. Dangerous Trade: Arms Exports, Human Rights, and International Reputation New York: Columbia Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Fearon JD 2018. Cooperation, conflict, and the costs of anarchy. Int. Organ. 72:3523–59
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Fearon JD, Laitin DD 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 97:175–90
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Flandreau M, Flores JH 2012. The peaceful conspiracy: bond markets and international relations during the Pax Britannica. Int. Organ. 66:2211–41
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Flores-Macias GA, Kreps SE 2013. Political parties at war: a study of American war finance, 1789–2010. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 107:4833–48
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Fordham BO 2002. Domestic politics, international pressure, and the allocation of American Cold War military spending. J. Politics 64:163–88
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Fordham BO 2007. Revisionism reconsidered: exports and American intervention in World War I. Int. Organ. 61:2277–310
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Fordham BO 2010. Trade and asymmetric alliances. J. Peace Res. 47:6685–96
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Gartzke E 2001. Democracy and the preparation for war: Does regime type affect states' anticipation of casualties?. Int. Stud. Q. 45:3467–84
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Gartzke E 2007. The capitalist peace. Am. J. Political Sci. 51:1166–91
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Gartzke E, Li Q, Boehmer C 2001. Investing in the peace: economic interdependence and international conflict. Int. Organ. 55:2391–438
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Gartzke E, Lupu Y 2012. Trading on preconceptions: why World War I was not a failure of economic interdependence. Int. Secur. 36:4115–50
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Gates S 2002. Recruitment and allegiance: the microfoundations of rebellion. J. Confl. Resolut. 46:1111–30
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Gilady L 2018. The Price of Prestige: Conspicuous Consumption in International Relations Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Gilpin R 1975. U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment New York: Basic Books
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Gilpin R 1981. War and Change in World Politics New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Goldstein JS 1988. Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Gowa J, Mansfield ED 1993. Power politics and international trade. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 87:2408–20
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Guidolin M, La Ferrara E 2010. The economic effects of violent conflict: evidence from asset market reactions. J. Peace Res. 47:6671–84
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Haftel YZ, Hofmann SC 2017. Institutional authority and security cooperation within regional economic organizations. J. Peace Res. 54:4484–98
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Hall AR, Coyne CJ 2014. The political economy of drones. Def. Peace Econ. 25:5445–60
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Haynes K 2017. Diversionary conflict: demonizing enemies or demonstrating competence?. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 34:4337–58
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Hendrix CS 2017. Oil prices and interstate conflict. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 34:6575–96
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Henke ME 2017. The politics of diplomacy: how the United States builds multilateral military coalitions. Int. Stud. Q. 61:2410–24
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Horowitz MC 2010. The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes and Consequences for International Politics Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Horowitz MC 2016. Public opinion and the politics of the killer robots debate. Res. Politics 3:1 https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168015627183
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  87. Horowitz MC, Simpson EM, Stam AC 2011. Domestic institutions and wartime casualties. Int. Stud. Q. 55:4909–36
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Hovi J, Huseby R, Sprinz DF 2005. When do (imposed) economic sanctions work?. World Politics 57:4479–99
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Hufbauer G, Schott JJ, Elliott KA, Oegg B 2008. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered Washington, DC: Peterson Inst. Int. Econ, 3rd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Hurst CA 2010. China's ace in the hole: rare earth elements. Joint Forces Q 59:121–26
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Intriligator MD 1990. On the nature and scope of defence economics. Def. Peace Econ. 1:13–11
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Jensen NM, Young DJ 2008. A violent future? Political risk insurance markets and violence forecasts. J. Confl. Resolut. 52:4527–47
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Jervis R 1978. Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Politics 30:2186–214
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Jha S, Shayo M 2018. Valuing peace: the effects of financial market exposure on votes and political attitudes Res. Pap. 3389 Stanford Univ. Grad. Sch. Bus Stanford, CA:
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Johnson J 2015. The cost of security: foreign policy concessions and military alliances. J. Peace Res. 52:5665–79
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Johnston BR, Nedelescu OM 2006. The impact of terrorism on financial markets. J. Financ. Crime 13:17–25
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Jung SC 2014. Foreign targets and diversionary conflict. Int. Stud. Q. 58:3566–78
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Justino P 2016. The microeconomic causes and consequences of genocides and mass atrocities. Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Preventions CH Anderton, J Brauer 211–29 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Kaag J, Kreps S 2014. Drone Warfare New York: Wiley & Sons
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Keshk OMG, Pollins BM, Reuveny R 2004. Trade still follows the flag: the primacy of politics in a simultaneous model of interdependence and armed conflict. J. Politics 66:41155–79
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Kimball AL 2010. Political survival, policy distribution, and alliance formation. J. Peace Res. 47:4407–19
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Kinne BJ 2012. Multilateral trade and militarized conflict: centrality, openness, and asymmetry in the global trade network. J. Politics 74:1308–22
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Kinne BJ, Bunte J 2018. Guns or money? Defense cooperation and bilateral lending as coevolving networks. Br. J. Political Sci. In press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000030
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  104. Kirshner J 2007. Appeasing Bankers: Financial Caution on the Road to War Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Krasner SD 1976. State power and the structure of international trade. World Politics 28:317–47
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Krebs R 2005. One nation under arms? Military participation policy and the politics of identity. Secur. Stud. 14:3529–64
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Kreps S 2018. Taxing Wars: The American Way of War Finance and the Decline of Democracy Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Kriner D, Lechase B, Cappella Zielinski R 2018. Self-interest, partisanship, and the conditional influence of taxation on support for war in the USA. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 35:143–64
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Krueger AB, Malečková J 2003. Education, poverty and terrorism: Is there a causal connection?. J. Econ. Perspect. 17:4119–44
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Lee H, Mitchell SM 2012. Foreign direct investment and territorial disputes. J. Confl. Resolut. 56:4675–703
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Lektzian D, Souva M 2003. The economic peace between democracies: economic sanctions and domestic institutions. J. Peace Res. 40:6641–60
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Levy J 1989. The diversionary theory of war: a critique. Handbook of War Studies MI Midlarsky 259–88 London: Unwin-Hyman
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Levy JS, Barbieri K 2004. Trading with the enemy during wartime. Secur. Stud. 13:31–47
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Li Q, Reuveny R 2011. Does trade prevent or promote interstate conflict initiation?. J. Peace Res. 48:4437–53
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Liberman P 1996. Trading with the enemy: security and relative economic gains. Int. Secur. 21:1147–75
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Liberman P 1998. Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Lipson C 1984. International cooperation in economic and security affairs. World Politics 37:11–23
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Long AG, Leeds BA 2006. Trading for security: military alliances and economic agreements. J. Peace Res. 43:4433–51
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Lupu Y, Traag VA 2013. Trading communities, the networked structure of international relations, and the Kantian peace. J. Confl. Resolut. 57:61011–42
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Mansfield ED, Pollins BM 2001. The study of interdependence and conflict: recent advances, open questions, and directions for future research. J. Confl. Resolut. 45:6834–59
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Markowitz JN, Fariss CJ 2013. Going the distance: the price of projecting power. Int. Interact. 39:2119–43
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Martin LL 1994. Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Mastanduno M 1998. Economics and security in statecraft and scholarship. Int. Organ. 52:4825–54
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Mattes M 2012a. Democratic reliability, precommitment of successor governments, and the choice of alliance commitment. Int. Organ. 66:1153–72
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Mattes M 2012b. Reputation, symmetry, and alliance design. Int. Organ. 66:4679–707
    [Google Scholar]
  126. McDonald PJ 2009. The Invisible Hand of Peace: Capitalism, the War Machine, and International Relations Theory Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  127. McDonald PJ 2011. Complicating commitment: free resources, power shifts, and the fiscal politics of preventive war. Int. Stud. Q. 55:41095–120
    [Google Scholar]
  128. McDonald PJ, Sweeney K 2007. The Achilles' heel of liberal IR theory? Globalization and conflict in the pre–World War I era. World Politics 59:3370–403
    [Google Scholar]
  129. McKeown TJ 1983. Hegemonic stability theory and 19th century tariff levels in Europe. Int. Organ. 37:173–91
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Mearsheimer JJ 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics New York: Norton
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Meierding E 2013. Climate change and conflict: avoiding small talk about the weather. Int. Stud. Rev. 15:2185–203
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Milward AS 1977. War, Economy and Society, 1939–1945 5 Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Mintz A 1992. The Political Economy of Military Spending in the United States London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Mintz A, Stevenson RT 1995. Defense expenditures, economic growth, and the “peace dividend”: a longitudinal analysis of 103 countries. J. Confl. Resolut. 39:2283–305
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Morgan TC, Bapat N, Kobayashi Y 2014. The threat and imposition of sanctions: updating the TIES dataset. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 31:5541–58
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Morgan TC, Bapat N, Krustev V 2009. The threat and imposition of economic sanctions, 1971–2000. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 26:192–110
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Morrow JD 1991. Alliances and asymmetry: an alternative to the capability aggregation model of alliances. Am. J. Political Sci. 35:4904–33
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Morrow JD 1993. Arms versus allies: trade-offs in the search for security. Int. Organ. 47:2207–33
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Morrow JD 1994. Alliances, credibility, and peacetime costs. J. Confl. Resolut. 38:2270–97
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Morrow JD 1999. How could trade affect conflict?. J. Peace Res. 36:4481–89
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Morrow JD 2003. Assessing the role of trade as a source of costly signals. Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate ED Mansfield, BM Pollins 89–95 Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Mousseau M, Orsun OF, Ungerer JL, Mousseau DY 2013. Capitalism and peace: It's Keynes, not Hayek. Assessing the Capitalist Peace G Schneider, NP Gleditsch 80–109 London: Routledge
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Narizny K 2007. The Political Economy of Grand Strategy Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Nincic M, Cusack TR 1979. The political economy of US military spending. J. Peace Res. 16:2101–15
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Nordhaus W, Oneal JR, Russett B 2012. The effects of the international security environment on national military expenditures: a multicountry study. Int. Organ. 66:3491–513
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Nordhaus WD, Tobin J 1972. Is growth obsolete?. Economic Research: Retrospect and Prospect1–80 Cambridge, MA: NBER
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Oatley T 2015. A Political Economy of American Hegemony Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Olson M, Zeckhauser R 1966. An economic theory of alliances. Rev. Econ. Stat. 48:3266–79
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Ostrom CW, Marra RF 1986. US defense spending and the Soviet estimate. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 80:3819–42
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Papayoanou PA 1999. Power Ties: Economic Interdependence, Balancing, and War Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  151. Pape RA 1997. Why economic sanctions do not work. Int. Secur. 22:290–136
    [Google Scholar]
  152. Pearson FS 1994. The Global Spread of Arms: Political Economy of International Security Boulder, CO: Westview Press
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Peksen D 2009. Better or worse? The effect of economic sanctions on human rights. J. Peace Res. 46:159–77
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Pelc KJ 2016. Making and Bending International Rules: The Design of Exceptions and Escape Clauses in Trade Law Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  155. Peterson TM, Thies CG 2012. Beyond Ricardo: the link between intra-industry trade and peace. Br. J. Political Sci. 42:4747–67
    [Google Scholar]
  156. Piazza JA 2006. Rooted in poverty? Terrorism, poor economic development, and social cleavages. Terror. Political Violence 18:1159–77
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Pierre AJ 1982. The Global Politics of Arms Sales Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Plümper T, Neumayer E 2015. Free-riding in alliances: testing an old theory with a new method. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 32:3247–68
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Poast P 2006. The Economics of War New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Poast P 2012. Does issue linkage work? Evidence from European alliance negotiations, 1860 to 1945. Int. Organ. 66:2277–310
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Poast P 2013. Can issue linkage improve treaty credibility? Buffer state alliances as a “hard case.”. J. Confl. Resolut. 57:5739–64
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Poast P 2015. Central banks at war. Int. Organ. 69:163–95
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Polachek S 1980. Conflict and trade. J. Confl. Resolut. 24:155–78
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Polachek S, Xiang J 2010. How opportunity costs decrease the probability of war in an incomplete information game. Int. Organ. 64:1133–44
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Pollin R, Garrett-Peltier H 2009. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities. Int. J. Health Serv. 39:3443–60
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Pond A 2017. Economic sanctions and demand for protection. J. Confl. Resolut. 61:51073–94
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Powell R 1993. Guns, butter, and anarchy. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 87:1115–32
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Powers K 2004. Regional trade agreements as military alliances. Int. Interact. 30:4373–95
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Powers KL 2006. Dispute initiation and alliance obligations in regional economic institutions. J. Peace Res. 43:4453–71
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Queralt D 2018. The legacy of war on fiscal capacity. Int. Organ In press
    [Google Scholar]
  171. Rasler KA, Thompson WR 1983. Global wars, public debts, and the long cycle. World Politics 35:4489–516
    [Google Scholar]
  172. Richards D, Morgan TC, Wilson RK, Schwebach VL, Young GD 1993. Good times, bad times, and the diversionary use of force: a tale of some not-so-free agents. J. Confl. Resolut. 37:3504–35
    [Google Scholar]
  173. Ripsman NM, Paul TV 2010. Globalization and the National Security State Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  174. Ripsman NM, Zielinski RC, Schilde KE 2018. The political economy of security. The Oxford Handbook of U.S. National Security DS Reveron, NK Gvosdev, JA Cloud Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.38
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  175. Roff HM 2014. The strategic robot problem: lethal autonomous weapons in war. J. Mil. Ethics 13:3211–27
    [Google Scholar]
  176. Rosecrance R 1985. The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World New York: Basic Books
    [Google Scholar]
  177. Rosecrance R, Thompson P 2003. Trade, foreign investment, and security. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 6:377–98
    [Google Scholar]
  178. Ross M 2006. A closer look at oil, diamonds, and civil war. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 9:265–300
    [Google Scholar]
  179. Rundquist BS, Lee J-H, Rhee J 1996. The distributive politics of Cold War defense spending: some state level evidence. Legis. Stud. Q. 21:2265–81
    [Google Scholar]
  180. Russett B 1983. Prosperity and peace: presidential address. Int. Stud. Q. 27:4381–87
    [Google Scholar]
  181. Sandler T, Hartley K 2001. Economics of alliances: the lessons for collective action. J. Econ. Lit. 39:3869–96
    [Google Scholar]
  182. Scheidel W 2017. The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  183. Schelling T 1958. International Economics Boston: Allyn and Bacon
    [Google Scholar]
  184. Scheve K, Stasavage D 2012. Democracy, war, and wealth: lessons from two centuries of inheritance taxation. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 106:181–102
    [Google Scholar]
  185. Schilde K 2017. The Political Economy of European Security Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  186. Schneider G, Troeger VE 2006. War and the world economy: stock market reactions to international conflicts. J. Confl. Resolut. 50:5623–45
    [Google Scholar]
  187. Schultz KA 2015. Borders, conflict, and trade. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 18:125–45
    [Google Scholar]
  188. Schultz KA, Weingast BR 2003. The democratic advantage: institutional foundations of financial power in international competition. Int. Organ. 57:13–42
    [Google Scholar]
  189. Sechser TS, Saunders EN 2010. The army you have: the determinants of military mechanization, 1979–2001. Int. Stud. Q. 54:2481–511
    [Google Scholar]
  190. Shea PE 2014. Financing victory: sovereign credit, democracy, and war. J. Confl. Resolut. 58:5771–95
    [Google Scholar]
  191. Shea PE, Poast P 2017. War and default. J. Confl. Resolut. In press. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717707239
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  192. Silver BJ, Arrighi G 2003. Polanyi's “double movement”: the belle époques of British and US hegemony compared. Politics Soc 31:2325–55
    [Google Scholar]
  193. Singer PW 2001. Corporate warriors: rise of the privatized military industry and its ramifications for international security. Int. Secur. 26:3186–220
    [Google Scholar]
  194. Skocpol T 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  195. Slantchev BL 2012. Borrowed power: debt finance and the resort to arms. Am. Political Sci. Rev. 106:4787–809
    [Google Scholar]
  196. Smith RP 1980. The demand for military expenditure. Econ. J. 90:360811–20
    [Google Scholar]
  197. Snyder GH 1984. The security dilemma in alliance politics. World Politics 36:4461–95
    [Google Scholar]
  198. Solingen E 2012. Sanctions, Statecraft, and Nuclear Proliferation Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  199. Stiglitz JE, Blimes LJ 2008. The Three Trillion Dollar War New York: Norton
    [Google Scholar]
  200. Strange S 1970. International economics and international relations: a case of mutual neglect. Int. Aff. 46:2304–15
    [Google Scholar]
  201. Strange S 1994. States and Markets London: Continuum, 2nd ed..
    [Google Scholar]
  202. Thorpe RU 2014. The American Warfare State: The Domestic Politics of Military Spending Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    [Google Scholar]
  203. Tilly C 1990. Capital, Coercion and European States Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  204. Tir J, Karreth J 2018. Incentivizing Peace: How International Organizations Can Help Prevent Civil Wars in Member Countries Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  205. Tokdemir E, Mark BS 2018. When killers become victims: diversionary war, human rights, and strategic target selection. Int. Interact. 44:2337–60
    [Google Scholar]
  206. Tomz M 2007. Reputation and International Cooperation: Sovereign Debt Across Three Centuries Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  207. Töngür U, Hsu S, Elveren AY 2015. Military expenditures and political regimes: evidence from global data, 1963–2000. Econ. Model. 44:68–79
    [Google Scholar]
  208. Tufte ER 1978. Political Control of the Economy Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  209. Walter BF 2009. Bargaining failures and civil war. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 12:243–61
    [Google Scholar]
  210. Waltz KN 1959. Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis New York: Columbia Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  211. Waltz KN 1979. Theory of International Politics Boston: McGraw-Hill
    [Google Scholar]
  212. Ward MD 1984. The political economy of arms races and international tension. Confl. Manag. Peace Sci. 7:21–24
    [Google Scholar]
  213. Ward MD, Davis D 1992. Sizing up the “peace dividend. .” Am. Political Sci. Rev. 86:3748–58
    [Google Scholar]
  214. Weinstein JM 2005. Resources and the information problem in rebel recruitment. J. Confl. Resolut. 49:4598–624
    [Google Scholar]
  215. Wolfson M, Shabahang H 1991. Economic causation in the breakdown of military equilibrium. J. Confl. Resolut. 35:143–67
    [Google Scholar]
  216. Wood RM 2008. “A hand upon the throat of the nation”: economic sanctions and state repression, 1976–2001. Int. Stud. Q. 52:3489–513
    [Google Scholar]
  217. Zakaria F 1999. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  218. Zeitlin J 1995. Flexibility and mass production at war. Technol. Cult. 36:146–80
    [Google Scholar]
  219. Zuk G, Woodbury NR 1986. US defense spending, electoral cycles, and Soviet-American relations. J. Confl. Resolut. 30:3445–68
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070912
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error