1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Political Science
  4. Volume 18, 2015
  5. Article

Annual Review of Political Science

Volume 18, 2015

The Empiricists' Insurgency

Abstract

Research on insurgency has been invigorated during this past decade by better data, improved methods, and the urgency of understanding active engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan. This “empiricists' insurgency” reinforces a classic literature on the essential role of civilians while challenging older theories about how they affect conflict outcomes. It provides a general framework describing “irregular” insurgencies (where government capacity exceeds rebel capacity), which is analytically cohesive and empirically tested using subnational data from multiple conflicts. The new research provides guidance on intervention design, including governance improvement, development programs, and rules of engagement. The design of interventions matters: Some key evidence comes from measuring the effects of misguided policies. The framework may enable better conceived and implemented interventions, including foreign engagements with and without troop deployment, depending on the type of insurgency and mindful of political limitations. We position these findings in the literature and highlight directions for future research, including legal aspects of countering insurgency.

Keyword(s): conflict, development, economics, governance, rebellion, violence
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553
2015-05-11
2025-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/polisci/18/1/annurev-polisci-082312-124553.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adams G. 2014. Conflict of interest: military-led development insights from Afghanistan for warfighters, development practitioners, and policy makers Masters thesis, Harvard Univ. [Google Scholar]
  2. Akerlof G, Yellen J. 1994. Gang behavior, law enforcement and community behavior. Values and Public Policy H Aaron, T Mann, T Taylor, ch. 7 Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. [Google Scholar]
  3. Albertus M, Kaplan O. 2013. Land reform as a counterinsurgency policy: evidence from Colombia. J. Confl. Resolut. 57:198–231 [Google Scholar]
  4. Arjona A. 2014. Wartime institutions: a research agenda. J. Confl. Resolut. 58:1360–89 [Google Scholar]
  5. Arjona A, Kasfir N, Mampilly Z. , eds . Forthcoming Rebel Governance in Civil War Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  6. Arreguín-Toft I. 2001. How the weak win wars: a theory of asymmetric conflict. Intl. Secur. 26:93–128 [Google Scholar]
  7. Autesserre S. 2014. Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  8. Balcells L. 2010. Rivalry and revenge: violence against civilians in conventional civil wars. Intl. Stud. Q. 54:291–313 [Google Scholar]
  9. Balcells L, Steele A. 2012. Warfare, political identities, and displacement in Spain and Colombia Madrid: Cent. Estud. Avanzados Cienc. Soc. [Google Scholar]
  10. Barnett M, Zürcher C. 2008. The peacebuilder's contract: how external statebuilding reinforces weak statehood. The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations R Paris, T Sisk 23–52 New York: Routledge [Google Scholar]
  11. Beath A, Christia F, Enikolopov R. 2012. Winning hearts and minds through development? Evidence from a field experiment in Afghanistan Work. Pap. No. 2011-14, Dep. Polit. Sci., Mass. Inst. Technol. [Google Scholar]
  12. Becker G. 1968. Crime and punishment: an economic approach. J. Polit. Econ. 76:169–217 [Google Scholar]
  13. Berman E. 2009. Radical, Religious, and Violent Cambridge, MA: MIT Press [Google Scholar]
  14. Berman E, Callen M, Felter JH, Shapiro JN. 2011a. Do working men rebel? Insurgency and unemployment in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines. J. Confl. Resolut. 55:496–528 [Google Scholar]
  15. Berman E, Callen MJ, Gibson C, Long JD. 2014. Election fairness and government legitimacy in Afghanistan Natl. Bur. Econ. Res. Work. Pap. 19949 [Google Scholar]
  16. Berman E, Felter J, Kapstein E, Troland E. 2013a. Predation, taxation, investment and violence: evidence from the Philippines . Natl. Bur. Econ. Res. Work. Pap. 19266 [Google Scholar]
  17. Berman E, Felter JH, Shapiro JN, Troland E. 2013b. Modest, secure and informed: successful development in conflict zones. Am. Econ. Rev. Pap. Proc. 103:512–17 [Google Scholar]
  18. Berman E, Shapiro JN, Felter JH. 2011b. Can hearts and minds be bought? The economics of counterinsurgency in Iraq. J. Polit. Econ. 119:766–819 [Google Scholar]
  19. Besley T, Persson T. 2010. State capacity, conflict, and development. Econometrica 78:1–34 [Google Scholar]
  20. Bhavnani R, Miodownik D, Hyun Jin Choi. 2011. Three two tango: territorial control and selective violence in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. J. Confl. Resolut. 55:133–58 [Google Scholar]
  21. Biddle S, Friedman JA, Shapiro JN. 2012. Testing the surge: Why did violence decline in Iraq in 2007?. Intl. Secur. 37:7–40 [Google Scholar]
  22. Blair G, Christine Fair C, Malhotra N, Shapiro JN. 2013. Poverty and support for militant politics: evidence from Pakistan. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 57:30–48 [Google Scholar]
  23. Blair G, Imai K, Lyall J. 2014. Comparing and combining list and endorsement experiments: evidence from Afghanistan. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 58:1043–63 [Google Scholar]
  24. Blattman C, Miguel E. 2010. Civil war. J. Econ. Lit. 48:3–57 [Google Scholar]
  25. Blumenstock J, Callen M, Ghani T. 2014. Violence and financial decisions: evidence from mobile money in Afghanistan Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Washington, Seattle [Google Scholar]
  26. Böhnke JR, Zürcher C. 2013. Aid, minds and hearts. The impact of aid in conflict zones. Confl. Manage. Peace Sci. 30:5411–32 [Google Scholar]
  27. Brainard L, Chollet DH, LaFleur V. 2007. The tangled web: the poverty–insecurity nexus. Too Poor for Peace? Global Poverty, Conflict and Security in the 21st Century Brainard L, Chollet D 1–30 Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. [Google Scholar]
  28. Callen M, Gulzar S, Hasanain A, Khan Y. 2014a. The political economy of public employee absence: experimental evidence from Pakistan Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles [Google Scholar]
  29. Callen M, Gulzar S, Hasanain A, Khan Y, Rezaee A. 2014b. Personalities and public sector performance: evidence from a health experiment in Pakistan Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Calif. Los Angeles [Google Scholar]
  30. Callen M, Isaqzadeh M, Long JD, Sprenger C. 2014c. Violence and risk preference: experimental evidence from Afghanistan. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:123–48 [Google Scholar]
  31. Callen M, Long JD. 2015. Institutional corruption and election fraud: evidence from a field experiment in Afghanistan. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:354–81 [Google Scholar]
  32. Casey K, Glennerster R, Miguel E. 2012. Reshaping institutions: evidence on aid impacts using a preanalysis plan. Q. J. Econ.1755–1812 [Google Scholar]
  33. Cederman L-E, Weidmann NB, Gleditsch KS. 2011. Horizontal inequalities and ethnonationalist civil war: a global comparison. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 105:478–95 [Google Scholar]
  34. Ciccone A. 2011. Economic shocks and civil conflict: a comment. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 3:215–27 [Google Scholar]
  35. Clutterbuck R. 1966. The Long, Long War: Counterinsurgency in Malaya and Vietnam New York: Praeger [Google Scholar]
  36. Collier P. 2000. Rebellion as a quasi-criminal activity. J. Confl. Resolut. 44:839–53 [Google Scholar]
  37. Collier P, Hoeffler A. 2004. Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 56:563–95 [Google Scholar]
  38. Condra LN. 2010. Ethnic Group Rebellion against the State: Perils of the Periphery San Diego, CA: Inst. Global Confl. Coop. (IGCC) [Google Scholar]
  39. Condra LN, Felter JH, Iyengar RK, Shapiro JN. 2010. The effect of civilian casualties in Afghanistan and Iraq Natl. Bur. Econ. Res. Work. Pap. No. 16152 [Google Scholar]
  40. Condra LN, Shapiro JN. 2012. Who takes the blame? The strategic effects of collateral damage. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 56:167–87 [Google Scholar]
  41. Crenshaw M, Pimlott J. 1997. Encyclopedia of World Terrorism Armonk, NY: Sharpe [Google Scholar]
  42. Crost B, Felter JH, Johnston P. 2014a. Aid under fire: development projects and civil conflict. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:1833–56 [Google Scholar]
  43. Crost B, Felter JH, Johnston PB. 2014b. Conditional cash transfers, civil conflict and insurgent influence: experimental evidence from the Philippines Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Colorado [Google Scholar]
  44. Cunningham KG, Bakke KM, Seymour LJM. 2012. Shirts today, skins tomorrow: dual contests and the effects of fragmentation in self-determination disputes. J. Confl. Resolut. 56:67–93 [Google Scholar]
  45. Dal Bó E, Dal Bó P. 2011. Workers, warriors, and criminals: social conflict in general equilibrium. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 9:646–77 [Google Scholar]
  46. Daly SZ. 2014. State strategies in multi-ethnic territories: explaining variation in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc. Br. J. Polit. Sci. 44:381–408 [Google Scholar]
  47. de Figueiredo R, Weingast B. 2001. Vicious cycles: endogenous political extremism and political violence Presented at Am. Polit. Sci. Assoc. Annu. Meet., Washington, DC [Google Scholar]
  48. Douglass RW. 2012. Hearts, minds, or bodies: the strategy of selective violence in civil war Work. pap., Dep. Politics, Princeton Univ. [Google Scholar]
  49. Downes AB. 2006. Desperate times, desperate measures: the causes of civilian victimization in war. Intl. Secur. 30:152–95 [Google Scholar]
  50. Downes AB. 2007. Draining the sea by filling the graves: investigating the effectiveness of indiscriminate violence as a counterinsuregency strategy. Civil Wars 9:420–44 [Google Scholar]
  51. Driscoll J, Lidow N. 2014. Representative surveys in insecure environments: a case study of Mogadishu, Somalia. J. Survey Stat. Methodol. 2:78–95 [Google Scholar]
  52. Dube O, Vargas JF. 2013. Commodity price shocks and civil conflict: evidence from Colombia. Rev. Econ. Stud. 80:1384–1421 [Google Scholar]
  53. Dube O, Garcia-Ponte O, Thom K. 2014. From maize to haze: agricultural shocks and growth of the Mexican drug sector Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., New York Univ. [Google Scholar]
  54. Ellis S. 1999. The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War New York: New York Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  55. Fair C, Kuhn P, Malhotra N, Shapiro J. 2014. Economic Shocks and Civic Engagement: Evidence from the 2010–11 Pakistani Floods Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  56. Fearon JD. 2004. Why do some civil wars last so much longer than others?. J. Peace Res. 41:275–301 [Google Scholar]
  57. Fearon J. 2008. Economic development, insurgency, and civil war. Institutions and Economic Performance E Helpman 292–328 Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  58. Fearon JD, Humphreys M, Weinstein JM. 2009. Can development aid contribute to social cohesion after civil war? Evidence from a field experiment in post-conflict Liberia. Am. Econ. Rev. Pap. Proc. 99:287–91 [Google Scholar]
  59. Fearon JD, Laitin DD. 2003. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 97:75–90 [Google Scholar]
  60. Felter JH. 2005. Taking guns to a knife fight: a case for empirical study of counterinsurgency PhD thesis, Stanford Univ. [Google Scholar]
  61. Flanigan ST. 2008. Nonprofit service provision by insurgent organizations—the cases of Hizballah and the Tamil Tigers. Stud. Confl. Terrorism 31:499–519 [Google Scholar]
  62. Galula D. 1964. Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice Westport, CT: Praeger [Google Scholar]
  63. Gelpi C, Feaver P, Reifler J. 2005/2006. Success matters: casualty sensitivity and the war in Iraq. Intl. Secur. 30:7–46 [Google Scholar]
  64. Ghani A, Lockhart C. 2009. Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  65. Grossman H. 1999. Kleptocracy and revolutions. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 51:267–83 [Google Scholar]
  66. Hazelton JL. 2011. Compellence and accommodation in counterinsurgency warfare Masters thesis, Brandeis Univ. [Google Scholar]
  67. Heger L. 2010. In the cross-hairs: examining the factors that make terrorists likely to attack civilians PhD thesis, Univ. Calif. San Diego [Google Scholar]
  68. Hinton W. 1966. Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press [Google Scholar]
  69. Huang R. 2014. The wartime origins of postwar democratization: civil war, rebel governance, and political regimes Unpublished manuscript, Texas A&M Univ. [Google Scholar]
  70. Humphreys M, Sanchez de la Sierra R, Van der Windt P. 2014. Social engineering in the tropics: case study evidence from East Congo Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Columbia Univ. [Google Scholar]
  71. Humphreys M, Weinstein JM. 2008. Who fights? The determinants of participation in civil war. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 52:436–55 [Google Scholar]
  72. Kalyvas SN. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  73. Kalyvas SN. 2012. Micro-level studies of violence in civil war: refining and extending the control-collaboration model. Terrorism Polit. Violence 24:658–68 [Google Scholar]
  74. Kalyvas SN, Balcells L. 2010. International system and technologies of rebellion: how the end of the cold war shaped internal conflict. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 104:415–29 [Google Scholar]
  75. Kalyvas SN, Kocher MA. 2009. The dynamics of violence in Vietnam: an analysis of the Hamlet Evaluation System (HES). J. Peace Res. 46:335–55 [Google Scholar]
  76. Kaplan O. 2013. Protecting civilians in civil war: the institution of the ATCC in Colombia. J. Peace Res. 50:351–67 [Google Scholar]
  77. Kapstein EB, Converse N. 2008. The Fate of Young Democracies New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  78. Keister J. 2010. States within states: the social contracts of armed groups PhD thesis, Univ. Calif. San Diego [Google Scholar]
  79. Kilcullen D. 2006. Counterinsurgency redux. Survival 48:111–30 [Google Scholar]
  80. Kuran T. 1991. Now out of never: the element of surprise in the East European revolution of 1989. World Polit. 44:7–48 [Google Scholar]
  81. Kuran T. 1995. The inevitability of future revolutionary surprises. Am. J. Sociol. 100:1528–51 [Google Scholar]
  82. Kuran T. 1997. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  83. Lake DA. 2010. Building legitimate states after civil wars. Strengthening Peace in Post-Civil War States: Transforming Spoilers into Stakeholders M Hoodie, CA Hartzell 29–52 Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  84. Leites N, Wolf C. 1970. Rebellion and Authority: An Analytic Essay on Insurgent Conflicts Chicago: Markham [Google Scholar]
  85. Levi M. 1997. Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  86. Lidow NH. Forthcoming. Violent Order: Understanding Rebel Governance through Liberia's Civil War Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  87. Lohmann S. 1994. The dynamics of informational cascades: the Monday demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989–91. World Polit. 47:42–101 [Google Scholar]
  88. Long A. 2010. First war syndrome: military culture, professionalization, and counterinsurgency doctrine PhD thesis, Mass. Inst. Technol. [Google Scholar]
  89. Lyall J. 2009. Does indiscriminate violence incite insurgent attacks? Evidence from Chechnya. J. Confl. Resolut. 53:331–62 [Google Scholar]
  90. Lyall J. 2013. Dynamic coercion in civil war: evidence from air operations in Afghanistan Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Yale Univ. [Google Scholar]
  91. Lyall J, Blair G, Imai K. 2013. Explaining support for combatants during wartime: a survey experiment in Afghanistan. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 107:679–705 [Google Scholar]
  92. Lyall J, Wilson I. 2009. Rage against the machines: explaining outcomes in counterinsurgency wars. Intl. Organ. 63:67–106 [Google Scholar]
  93. Magaloni B, Matanock AM, Romero V, Díaz-Cayeros A. 2014. Living in fear: the dynamics of extortion in Mexico's criminal insurgency Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Stanford Univ. [Google Scholar]
  94. Mansuri G, Rao V. 2004. Community-based and driven development: a critical review. World Bank Res. Obs. 19:1–39 [Google Scholar]
  95. Mao T-T. 1937. On Guerilla Warfare Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press [Google Scholar]
  96. Matanock AM. 2013. Bullets for ballots: electoral participation provisions in peace agreements and conflict recurrence Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Calif. Berkeley [Google Scholar]
  97. Matanock AM. 2014. Governance delegation agreements: shared sovereignty as a substitute for limited statehood. Governance 27:4589–612 [Google Scholar]
  98. Matanock AM, García-Sánchez M. 2013. Controlling hearts and minds? Examining popular support for the military in Colombia Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Calif. Berkeley [Google Scholar]
  99. Matsuzaki R. 2012. Building institutions under foreign occupation: police reform in colonial Taiwan versus the Philippines Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Stanford Univ. [Google Scholar]
  100. Merom G. 2003. How Democracies Lose Small Wars: State, Society, and the Failures of France in Algeria, Israel in Lebanon, and the United States in Vietnam Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  101. Metternich NW, Dorff C, Gallop M, Weschle S, Ward MD. 2013. Antigovernment networks in civil conflicts: how network structures affect conflictual behavior. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 57:892–911 [Google Scholar]
  102. Miguel E, Satyanath S. 2010. Understanding transitory rainfall shocks, economic growth and civil conflict Natl. Bur. Econ. Res. Work. Pap. 16461 [Google Scholar]
  103. Miguel E, Satyanath S. 2011. Re-examining economic shocks and civil conflict. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. 3:228–32 [Google Scholar]
  104. Miguel E, Satyanath S, Sergenti E. 2004. Economic shocks and civil conflict: an instrumental variables approach. J. Polit. Econ. 112:725–53 [Google Scholar]
  105. Moehler DC. 2010. Democracy, governance, and randomized development assistance. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 628:30–46 [Google Scholar]
  106. Nagl JA. 2002. Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife Westport, CT: Praeger [Google Scholar]
  107. Nielsen RA, Findley MG, Davis ZS, Candland T, Nielson DL. 2011. Foreign aid shocks as a cause of violent armed conflict. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 55:219–32 [Google Scholar]
  108. Nunn N, Qian N. 2012. U.S. food aid and civil conflict. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:1630–66 [Google Scholar]
  109. Padró i, Miquel G, Yared P. 2012. The political economy of indirect control. Q. J. Econ. 127:947–1015 [Google Scholar]
  110. Pape R, Bauer V, Jenkins G, Ruby K. 2014. Unified Theory of Nationalist Militant Targeting Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  111. Petersen RD. 2002. Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  112. Popkin SL. 1979. The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press [Google Scholar]
  113. Powell R. 2013. Monopolizing violence and consolidating power. Q. J. Econ. 128:807–59 [Google Scholar]
  114. Prunier G. 2009. Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  115. Reno W. 1999. Warlord Politics and African States Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner [Google Scholar]
  116. Rosenfeld B, Imai K, Shapiro JN. 2014. An empirical validation study of popular survey methodologies for sensitive questions Work. pap., Dep. Politics, Princeton Univ. [Google Scholar]
  117. Sanaei A. 2014. Rationally impatient citizens: Can democracies fight long asymmetric wars? Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Calif. Berkeley [Google Scholar]
  118. Shapiro JN. 2013. The Terrorist's Dilemma: Managing Violent Covert Organizations Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  119. Shapiro JN, Fair CC. 2010. Understanding support for Islamist militancy in Pakistan. Intl. Secur. 34:79–118 [Google Scholar]
  120. Shapiro JN, Weidmann N. 2015. Is the phone mightier than the sword? Cell phones and insurgent violence in Iraq. Intl. Organ. In press [Google Scholar]
  121. SIGIR (Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction) 2012. The human toll of reconstruction or stabilization operations during Operation Iraqi Freedom Washington, DC: Off. Spec. Insp. Gen. Iraq Reconstr. [Google Scholar]
  122. Staniland P. 2013. Losing control: militarized elections and the politics of violence in South Asia Work. pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Chicago [Google Scholar]
  123. Staniland P. 2014. Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  124. Steele A. 2011. Electing displacement: political cleansing in Apartadó, Colombia. J. Confl. Resolut. 55:423–45 [Google Scholar]
  125. Stoll D. 1993. Between Two Armies in the Ixil Towns of Guatemala New York: Columbia Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  126. Swinton ED. 1904. The Defence of Duffer's Drift Ft. Leavenworth, KS: Combat Stud. Inst., US Army Command Gen. Staff Coll. [Google Scholar]
  127. Thompson RGK. 1966. Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam New York: Praeger [Google Scholar]
  128. US Army 2007. Field Manual 3–24, Counterinsurgency Field Manual. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  129. Valentino B, Huth P, Balch-Lindsay D. 2004. “Draining the sea”: mass killing and guerrilla warfare. Intl. Organ. 58:375–407 [Google Scholar]
  130. Vargas G. 2009. Urban irregular warfare and violence against civilians: evidence from a Colombian city. Terrorism Polit. Violence 21:110–32 [Google Scholar]
  131. Variyar M. 2015. After Jordania pilot, ISIS burns three Iraqis alive. Intl. Bus. Times Feb. 7. http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-jordanian-pilot-isis-burns-three-iraqis-alive-622759 [Google Scholar]
  132. Verwimp P. 2005. An economic profile of peasant perpetrators of genocide: micro-level evidence from Rwanda. J. Dev. Econ. 77:423–42 [Google Scholar]
  133. Walter BF. 2002. Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  134. West B. 2003. The Village. New York: Pocket Books [Google Scholar]
  135. Zhukov YM. 2014. Population resettlement in war: theory and evidence from Soviet archives. J. Confl. Resolut. In press. doi: 10.1177/0022002713520590 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553
Loading
The Empiricists' Insurgency
Annual Review of Political Science 18, 443 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error