1932

Abstract

The superfamily of transposable elements is one of the most diverse and widespread Class II transposable elements. Within the larger assemblage, the -like elements (MLEs) and the -like elements (TLEs) are distinct families differing characteristically in the composition of the “D,D(35)E” cation-binding domain. Based on levels of sequence similarity, the elements in each family can be subdivided further into several smaller subfamilies. MLEs and TLEs both have an extraordinarily wide host range. They are abundant in insect genomes and other invertebrates and are found even in some vertebrate species including, in the case of , humans, in which one element on chromosome 17p has been implicated as a hotspot of recombination. In spite of the extraordinary evolutionary success of the elements, virtually nothing is known about their mode of regulation within genomes. There is abundant evidence that the elements are disseminated to naive host genomes by horizontal transmission, and there is a substantial base of evidence for inference about the subsequent population dynamics. Studies of engineered elements and induced mutations in the transposase have identified two mechanisms that may be operative in regulation. One mechanism is overproduction inhibition, in which excessive wild-type transposase reduces the rate of excision of a target element. A second mechanism is dominant-negative complementation, in which certain mutant transposase proteins antagonize the activity of the wild-type transposase. The latter process may help explain why the vast majority of MLEs in nature undergo “vertical inactivation” by multiple mutations and, eventually, stochastic loss. There is also evidence that elements can be mobilized in hybrid dysgenesis; in particular, certain dysgenic crosses in result in mobilization of a TLE designated as well as the mobilization of other unrelated transposable elements.

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/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.337
1997-12-01
2024-10-11
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  • Article Type: Review Article
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